Walter Fauntroy

Last updated

Dorothy Simms
​
(m. 1957)​
Walter Fauntroy
Walter Fauntroy.jpg
Delegate to the
U.S. House of Representatives
from the District of Columbia's
at-large district
In office
March 23, 1971 –January 3, 1991
Children2
Education Virginia Union University (BA)
Yale University (BDiv)

Walter Edward Fauntroy Jr. (born February 6, 1933) is an American pastor, civil rights activist, and politician who was the Washington, D.C. delegate to the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1991. He was a candidate for the 1972 and 1976 Democratic presidential nominations as a favorite son. [1] [2]

Contents

Biography

Early life and education

The fourth of seven children, Walter Fauntroy was born and raised in Washington, D.C.. His mother, Ethel (Vines) Fauntroy, was a homemaker. His father, William Thomas Fauntroy Sr., [3] was a clerk in the U.S. Patent Office. Walter grew up in the Shaw community in Northwest Washington, and attended the New Bethel Baptist Church just a few blocks from his home.

He graduated second in his class at Washington's all-black Dunbar High School in 1951, and the members of his church held fund-raising dinners to provide him with a college scholarship. When he graduated from Dunbar in 1952, his church gave him enough money to pay for his first year at Virginia Union University in Richmond. He pledged Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity while at Virginia Union, where he graduated with honors in 1955, and then earned a B.Div. from Yale Divinity School in 1958. [4]

Civil rights leader

During his stay at Virginia Union University, Fauntroy met the 22-year-old Martin Luther King Jr., himself an ordained Baptist minister. With much in common, the two men formed a friendship that began with an all-night discussion of theology. Fauntroy joined the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and upon his return to Washington, D.C., became an influential lobbyist for civil rights in Congress. Fauntroy also helped to coordinate the 1963 March on Washington at which King gave his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. Fauntroy and King watched President John F. Kennedy's 1963 address on civil rights. After the speech, King jumped up and declared, "Walter, can you believe that white man not only stepped up to the plate, he hit it over the fence!"

After completing his education, Fauntroy became pastor of the New Bethel Baptist Church. He returned home with an unorthodox view of Christian service that his parishioners immediately embraced. Believing that religion was something more than a Sunday morning ritual, Fauntroy took part in civil rights demonstrations, sit-ins, and marches – both in Washington, D.C., and elsewhere.

As director of the Washington Bureau of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Fauntroy served as D.C. Coordinator of the historic March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963, and a coordinator for the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches and the 1966 March Against Fear. President Lyndon Johnson appointed him Vice Chairman of the White House Conference on Civil Rights in 1966 and Vice Chairman of the D.C. City Council in 1967.

Fauntroy also founded and led the Model Inner City Community Organization (MICCO). This organization, which Fauntroy headed until 1971, used federal grants to improve inner city neighborhoods using black architects, city planners, and construction engineers to design and build homes, schools, stores, and other projects in urban Washington. At one time the budget for MICCO was well over $30 million, a community planning and neighborhood development group in Washington, D.C., that established and began to implement the Shaw Urban Renewal Project.

Fauntroy played a key role after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., meeting both with President Johnson and with activist Stokely Carmichael during the immediate aftermath. Fauntroy urged people, in person, on TV, and over radio, to adhere to King's policy of nonviolence. He also led a prayer at King's funeral. [5]

Because his religious beliefs placed a premium on community service, Fauntroy gravitated toward the political arena. In 1967, he was named vice-chairperson of the Washington City Council, a nine-member body appointed directly by the president of the United States. Fauntroy sat on the city council for two years, resigning when his commitments as director of MICCO began to take all of his time.

Belying his previous ecumenicism, Fauntroy asked the United States Supreme Court to stop same-sex marriage from taking place in the District of Columbia in March 2010, pending a "vote by the people".

Congressional career

The District of Columbia had no formal representation in Congress before 1970. That year, President Nixon signed the District of Columbia Delegate Act that gave the District one non-voting delegate to Congress. Fauntroy wanted the job. With the support of his fellow pastors in the city – and with appearances by his friend Coretta Scott King — he defeated two primary opponents who had both spent twice as much money as he did. Having won the primary by a substantial margin, Fauntroy easily beat Republican John A. Nevius and other candidates, including future D.C. council members Julius Hobson of the D.C. Statehood Party and Douglas E. Moore, who ran as an independent. [6] Fauntroy was sworn in March 23, 1971, becoming the first delegate to represent the citizens of the District of Columbia as a member of the United States House of Representatives in almost 100 years.

Although Fauntroy's status in the Congress did not allow him to vote on the House floor, he was allowed a vote in committee and could introduce legislation on any issue. Fauntroy therefore became influential with the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) as a liberal with an agenda that included the concerns of inner city residents, the poor, and minorities. Fauntroy's special quest was for home rule – and eventually statehood – for the District of Columbia. Using his considerable political clout, he oversaw legislation that provided for direct election of a mayor and a city council in Washington by 1973. Fauntroy briefly considered running for mayor of Washington himself but instead decided to stay in Congress. He was returned to his office five times over the ensuing years, sometimes with as much as 85 percent of the vote.

In Congress, he was a founding member of the Congressional Black Caucus. He chaired the Caucus in 1981 and led the organization in presenting, for the first time, a budget to be debated by the House. The "Constructive Alternative Budget" was debated on the House floor for two days. He was a member of the House Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs Committee, Congressman Fauntroy chaired for six years the Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and for four years chaired the Subcommittee on International Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy. He also chaired, for fifteen years, the Bipartisan/Bicameral Task Force on Haiti.

Fauntroy authored the Black Leadership Family Plan For the Unity, Survival and Progress of Black People in 1982. The booklet laid out a strategy for Black social, political, and economic development. On Thanksgiving Eve in 1984, Fauntroy along with Randall Robinson and Mary Francis Berry launched the Free South Africa Movement which included their arrest for a sit in at the South African Embassy in Washington, D.C.

Presidential campaigns as favorite son

During the 1972 Democratic presidential primaries, Fauntroy campaigned in the D.C. primary as a favorite son candidate [1] and won the largely uncontested event with 21,217 (71.78%) votes against 8,343 (28.22%) for unpledged delegates. [7]

In the 1976 Democratic presidential primaries, he again participated in the D.C. primary, this time losing to eventual nominee Jimmy Carter; he placed second overall according to some measurements, [8] but received zero delegates at the Democratic convention.

Post-congressional career

Fauntroy in 1996 Civil rights Icon Walter Fauntroy 2 (48592037327).jpg
Fauntroy in 1996

Fauntroy stepped down from his seat in Congress in 1990 to run for mayor of Washington, D.C.. He was defeated by Sharon Pratt Kelly, finishing in fifth with 7%. He told the Washington Post: "I put together a very careful and thorough plan, but unfortunately that never got over. But I believe that all things work together for the good of those who love the Lord." Indeed, Fauntroy returned to the New Bethel Baptist Church, where he resumed a full-time ministry and rededicated himself to community service.

Fauntroy also founded Walter E. Fauntroy & Associates, a consulting firm that provides lobbying services for a variety of clients. The first and biggest client to sign on with Fauntroy was Nelson Mandela's African National Congress (ANC). Since 1992, Fauntroy has been lobbying Congress to pass legislation to create an "enterprise fund" for South Africa. He has been actively encouraging new private U.S. investment in South Africa as well. "I'm having a great time," Fauntroy told the Washington Post from his new offices on Connecticut Avenue. "The chances are very slim that I would run for local office in the District."

He is president of the National Black Leadership Roundtable (NBLR), the national network vehicle of the Congressional Black Caucus that he founded in 1977. In that capacity, as a part of the NBLR's Seven Point Program, he is co-chair of the Sudan Campaign, chairman of the Business Enterprise Development, LLC and currently heads up a U.S.-based private sector effort to cure extreme poverty in Africa by the year 2025 in pursuit of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. The drive is undertaken by the Roundtable in partnership with the Zimbabwe Progress Fund (ZPF) and is known as the Millennium Villages Project. Its focus is upon villages in sub-Saharan Africa.

In 2005, along with fellow former African-American Democratic congressman, the Reverend Floyd Flake, he joined with U.S. Representative Walter Jones (R-NC) to support the Houses of Worship Freedom of Speech Restoration Act (H.R. 235), which would have allowed tax-exempt religious institutions to engage more directly in current politics. [9]

Robust and athletic through most of his life, Fauntroy was diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1993, treated, and cured. He took his condition public to demystify the illness and to assure those who might be afflicted by it that they could be cured. He and his wife, Dorothy, also adopted an abandoned baby whom they named Melissa Alice.

According to an April 25, 2015 Washington Post story, Fauntroy had been out of the country since 2012, and his exact whereabouts were unknown, even to his wife and family. He occasionally phoned from a Dubai number to briefly check on people. But he gave no information on his location or exact details on his current life. [10] On June 23, 2016, the Washington Post reported that U.S. officials had contacted Fauntroy in Ajman, United Arab Emirates and provided assistance in arranging his return to the United States, which was expected to occur in late June or early July 2016. [11] He returned on June 27, 2016, and was arrested at Dulles International Airport on charges related to check fraud. [12] He was released the next day. In September 2016, the bad check charge was dropped once Fauntroy paid back $20,000. [13]

In 2018, his financial problems placed him in danger of losing his home. [14]

Criticism

In 1995, Fauntroy pleaded guilty to a felony charge of filing a false disclosure statement in 1989. He had falsely reported making a $23,887 donation to a Washington church at the end of 1988. [15]

In 2012, Fauntroy disappeared and presumably fled the United States after a bench warrant was issued for his arrest in conjunction with allegations he had written a fraudulent check for $55,000. Fauntroy's wife was eventually forced to file for bankruptcy. While his whereabouts were initially unknown to even his family, it was assumed Fauntroy was living somewhere in the Persian Gulf. In 2016, Fauntroy returned to the United States and was arrested at Washington Dulles International Airport. He had been hiding in Ajman, the capital of the Emirate of Ajman in the United Arab Emirates. [16]

Opposition to gay marriage

Despite his prominent role in the civil rights movement, Fauntroy had publicly opposed gay rights for some time. In 1983, he acted to bar LGBT inclusion in the program of Washington's 20th anniversary observance of Martin Luther King Jr.'s 1963 March on Washington, although the chief organizer of that march, longtime civil rights activist Bayard Rustin, was an openly gay man. [17]

Fauntroy has been criticized by supporters of gay rights [18] for his support in 2001 of the Federal Marriage Amendment. [19]

In January 2007, Fauntroy was asked to speak at a Martin Luther King Jr. Day celebration in Eugene, Oregon. The city's human rights commission, knowing Fauntroy was against gay marriage, decided to withdraw from the event, which caused a firestorm of criticism. Ultimately, the commission rejoined the event. [20] [21]

In 2009, Fauntroy, along with six other pastors from Maryland and Washington, D.C., filed suit in D.C. Superior Court attempting to force a referendum to keep the District from recognizing out-of-state same-sex marriages. [22] The D.C. Board of Elections and Ethics had blocked the referendum because it is illegal to put on the ballot a referendum on any issue covered by the Human Rights Act.

Opposition to the Tea Party Movement

Fauntroy viewed the grassroots conservative Tea Party movement as a racist political group. In an August 26, 2010 article by ABC, Fauntroy said, "We are going to take on the barbarism of war, the decadence of racism, and the scourge of poverty, that the Ku Klux – I meant to say the Tea Party," Fauntroy told a news conference today at the National Press Club. "You all forgive me, but I – you have to use them interchangeably." [23]

2011 Libyan civil war

Fauntroy visited Libya on a "peace mission" during the 2011 Libyan civil war. [24] He remained there through the invasion of Tripoli, amongst the journalists holed up at the Rixos Al Nasr, where all Western media was based; this fact was confirmed by CNN reporter Matthew Chance on August 23, 2011, who noted on Twitter that Fauntroy was among the journalists being held within the hotel. [25] He was released with the rest of the foreign nationals on August 25, 2011, and returned to Washington, where he took part in remembrances of the anniversary of Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech. [26]

In an interview with The Afro in early September 2011, Fauntroy claimed to have witnessed Danish and French special forces soldiers on the ground in Libya, beheading and maiming civilians and rebels alike and placing responsibility for the violence on the Libyans. He also said he believed "more than 90 percent of the Libyan people love [Muammar] Gaddafi", the Libyan strongman opposed by the rebel movement. He defended Gaddafi and condemned his opponents, including NATO, saying, "We believe the true mission of the attacks on Gaddafi is to prevent all efforts by African leaders to stop the recolonization of Africa." The Afro noted that it was unable to confirm any aspects of Fauntroy's story, and there has been no independent corroboration of his claims. [27]

Personal life

Fauntroy was married to the former Dorothy Simms of Petersburg, Virginia. She died in June 2023. Together they have two children: Marvin Keith and Melissa Alice.

Awards and honors

In recognition of Fauntroy's humanitarian service, both his alma maters, Virginia Union University and Yale University, have conferred honorary Doctor of Law Degrees on him. He also holds honorary degrees from Howard University and Georgetown University Law Center.

The National Urban Coalition honored Fauntroy with its Hubert H. Humphrey Humanitarian Award in 1984.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Civil rights movement</span> 1954–1968 U.S. social movement

The civil rights movement was a social movement and campaign in the United States from 1954 to 1968 that aimed to abolish legalized racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement in the country, which was most commonly employed against African Americans. The movement had origins in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century, and had modern roots in the 1940s. After years of direct actions and grassroots protests, the movement made its largest legislative and judicial gains during the 1960s. The movement's major nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience campaigns eventually secured new protections in federal law for the civil rights of all Americans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</span> 1963 civil rights movement demonstration

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, also known as simply the March on Washington or the Great March on Washington, was held in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963. The purpose of the march was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans. At the march, final speaker Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech in which he called for an end to racism and racial segregation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">District of Columbia's at-large congressional district</span> At-large U.S. House district for the District of Columbia

The District of Columbia's at-large congressional district is a congressional district encompassing all of Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States. Article One of the United States Constitution instructs that only "States" may be represented in the United States Congress. Because the District of Columbia does not meet that criterion, the member elected from the at-large district is not permitted to participate in votes on the floor of the House. Instead, constituents of the seat elect a non-voting delegate to the chamber. Though the delegate lacks full voting privileges, they are permitted to sit on, cast votes in, and chair congressional committees and subcommittees. The delegate may also join party caucuses, introduce legislation, and hire staff to assist with constituent services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eleanor Holmes Norton</span> American lawyer and politician (born 1937)

Eleanor Holmes Norton is an American politician, lawyer, and human rights activist. Norton serves as a congressional delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives, where she has represented the District of Columbia since 1991 as a member of the Democratic Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Progressive National Baptist Convention</span> American Christian denomination (1961-)

The Progressive National Baptist Convention (PNBC), incorporated as the Progressive National Baptist Convention, Inc., is a Baptist denomination emphasizing civil rights and social justice. The headquarters of the Progressive National Baptist Convention are in Washington, D.C. Part of the Black church tradition, since its organization, the denomination has member churches outside the United States, particularly in the Caribbean and Europe. It is a member of the National Council of Churches and the Baptist World Alliance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walter Washington</span> Mayor of the District of Columbia from 1975 to 1979

Walter Edward Washington was an American civil servant and politician. After a career in public housing, Washington was the chief executive of the District of Columbia from 1967 to 1979, serving as the first and only Mayor-Commissioner of the District of Columbia from 1967 to 1974, and as the first Mayor of the District of Columbia from 1975 to 1979.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1968 Washington, D.C., riots</span>

Following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., a leading African-American civil rights activist, on April 4, 1968, Washington, D.C., experienced a four-day period of violent civil unrest and rioting. Part of the broader riots that affected at least 110 U.S. cities, those in Washington, D.C.—along with those in Chicago and in Baltimore—were among those with the greatest numbers of participants. President Lyndon B. Johnson called in the National Guard to the city on April 5, 1968, to assist the police department in quelling the unrest. Ultimately, 13 people were killed, with approximately 1,000 people injured and over 6,100 arrested.

This is a timeline of African-American history, the part of history that deals with African Americans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Julius Hobson</span> American activist and politician (1922–1977)

Julius Wilson Hobson was an activist and politician who served on the Council of the District of Columbia and the District of Columbia Board of Education.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph Lowery</span> American minister and civil rights activist (1921–2020)

Joseph Echols Lowery was an American minister in the United Methodist Church and leader in the civil rights movement. He founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference with Martin Luther King Jr. and others, serving as its vice president, later chairman of the board, and its third president from 1977 to 1997. Lowery participated in most of the major activities of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, and continued his civil rights work into the 21st century. He was called the "Dean of the Civil Rights Movement".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</span> U.S. national memorial in Washington, D.C.

The Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial is a national memorial located in West Potomac Park next to the National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States. It covers four acres (1.6 ha) and includes the Stone of Hope, a granite statue of civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King Jr. carved by sculptor Lei Yixin. The inspiration for the memorial design is a line from King's "I Have a Dream" speech: "Out of the mountain of despair, a stone of hope." The memorial opened to the public on August 22, 2011, after more than two decades of planning, fundraising, and construction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poor People's Campaign</span> 1968 US anti-poverty campaign

The Poor People's Campaign, or Poor People's March on Washington, was a 1968 effort to gain economic justice for poor people in the United States. It was organized by Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and carried out under the leadership of Ralph Abernathy in the wake of King's assassination in April 1968.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.)</span> Public high school in Washington, D.C., United States

Paul Laurence Dunbar High School is a historically black public secondary school located in Washington, D.C. The school was America's first public high school for black students.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twelfth Street YMCA Building</span> United States historic place

Twelfth Street YMCA Building, also known as Anthony Bowen YMCA, was home to the first African American chapter of YMCA, founded in 1853 by Anthony Bowen. It is located at 1816 12th Street NW in the U Street Corridor (Cardozo/Shaw) neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The building was reopened on February 20, 2000, as the Thurgood Marshall Center in honor of the first African American Associate Justice to serve on the United States Supreme Court. The Thurgood Marshall Center now serves as a community center for residents of the U Street Corridor and Shaw neighborhoods. The permanent organization of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity was established in the Bowen Room.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Channing E. Phillips</span> American activist and minister

Channing Emery Phillips was an American minister, civil rights leader, and social activist based in Washington, D.C. In 1968, he was the first African American in history to be placed in nomination for president of the United States by a major political party.

The Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, or Prayer Pilgrimage to Washington, was a 1957 demonstration in Washington, D.C., an early event in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. It was the occasion for Martin Luther King Jr.'s Give Us the Ballot speech.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lily-white movement</span> 19th century Republican anti-African-American movement

The Lily-White Movement was an anti-black political movement within the Republican Party in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was a response to the political and socioeconomic gains made by African-Americans following the Civil War and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which eliminated slavery and involuntary servitude.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">King assassination riots</span> Riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

The King assassination riots, also known as the Holy Week Uprising, were a wave of civil disturbance which swept across the United States following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968. Some of the biggest riots took place in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Chicago, and Kansas City.

This is a timeline of the civil rights movement in the United States, a nonviolent mid-20th century freedom movement to gain legal equality and the enforcement of constitutional rights for people of color. The goals of the movement included securing equal protection under the law, ending legally institutionalized racial discrimination, and gaining equal access to public facilities, education reform, fair housing, and the ability to vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael K. Fauntroy</span> American political scientist

Michael K. Fauntroy is an American political scientist. He was formerly a professor in the political science department at Howard University, where he has also been the associate chair. In 2018 he became the acting director of the Ronald W. Walters Leadership and Public Policy Center at Howard University. He studies African American politics, interest groups, and American political parties and partisanship. In 2021, he takes on a new role at George Mason University where he previously spent 11 years at prior to Howard. He has published books on the struggle for self-governance in Washington, D.C., and the relationship between African American voters and the Republican Party.

References

  1. 1 2 Apple Jr, R. W. (December 8, 1971). "Black in Capital to Enter Primary; Fauntroy to Run May 2 as Favorite-Son Candidate". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
  2. ↑ "Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Mar 07, 1972". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  3. ↑ "Fauntroy, Walter E. (1933- ) - The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed". www.blackpast.org. March 26, 2008. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  4. ↑ "The Honorable Reverend Walter Fauntroy's Biography". The HistoryMakers. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  5. ↑ Risen, Clay (2009). "April 5: 'Any Man's Death Diminishes Me'". A nation on fire : America in the wake of the King assassination . Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   978-0-470-17710-5.
  6. ↑ "Fauntroy Election Certified". The Washington Post . April 6, 1971. p. C6. Archived from the original on June 22, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
  7. ↑ "Our Campaigns - DC US President - D Primary Race - May 02, 1972". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  8. ↑ "Our Campaigns - DC US President - D Primary Race - May 04, 1976". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  9. ↑ "Senators Brownback and Coburn to Join Jones Calling for Freedom of Speech for America's Houses of Worship." Congressman Walter B. Jones. March 1, 2005. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
  10. ↑ Shapira, Ian (April 25, 2015). "Walter Fauntroy's long, unexplained absence hasn't shaken his wife's faith" . Retrieved April 5, 2018– via www.washingtonpost.com.
  11. ↑ Shapira, Ian. "Walter Fauntroy vows to return from UAE to face legal, financial troubles". Washington Post. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
  12. ↑ Shapira, Ian. "Civil rights leader Walter Fauntroy arrested at Dulles International Airport". Washington Post. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
  13. ↑ "Catching Up with Former D.C. Del. Walter Fauntroy". July 13, 2017.
  14. ↑ "Former DC Congressman Walter Fauntroy in danger of losing his home". February 20, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
  15. ↑ "Walter Fauntroy, Pastor, and Activist born". African American Registry. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
  16. ↑ Shapira, Ian (June 27, 2016). "Civil rights leader Walter Fauntroy arrested at Dulles International Airport" . Retrieved April 5, 2018– via www.washingtonpost.com.
  17. ↑ Lassiter, Chevry. "Bayard Rustin – The Civil Rights Movemeznt's Lost Prophet". Washington Informer. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  18. ↑ Gallagher, Maggie. "Hate Speech from Gay Marriage Advocates." August 5, 2001. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
  19. ↑ Gallagher, Maggie. "Do We Need a Federal Marriage Amendment?." July 16, 2001. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
  20. ↑ "Eugene Weekly : Letters : 1.25.07". Archived from the original on June 22, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
  21. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 22, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ↑ Same-sex marriage battle heads to court, The Washington Post, June 17, 2009.
  23. ↑ "Tea Party Spells KKK, Rights Leader Says". ABC News. August 27, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  24. ↑ Pershing, Ben (August 23, 2011). "Norton: Former D.C. Del. Walter Fauntroy is safe in Libya". The Washington Post.
  25. ↑ "Twitter. It's what's happening". twitter.com. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  26. ↑ Ruane, Michael E. "Remembering MLK and the march of 1963" . Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  27. ↑ Mohammed, Valencia (September 7, 2011). "Walter Fauntroy, Feared Dead in Libya, Returns Home—Guess Who He Saw Doing the Killing". Afro. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
U.S. House of Representatives
Constituency reestablished Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives
from the District of Columbia's at-large congressional district
1971–1991		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus
1981–1983		Succeeded by
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.