| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All 460 seats in the Sejm 231 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Opinion polls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Registered | 30,253,556 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnout | 18,678,457 (61.7%) 10.8pp | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Seats won by Sejm district | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 13 October 2019. All 460 members of the Sejm and 100 senators of the Senate were elected. The ruling Law and Justice (PiS) retained its majority in the Sejm, but lost its majority in the Senate to the opposition. With 43.6% of the popular vote, Law and Justice received the highest vote share by any party since Poland returned to democracy in 1989. The turnout was the highest for a parliamentary election since the first free elections after the fall of communism in 1989. [1] For the first time after 1989, the ruling party controlled one house, while the opposition controlled the other.
Following the 2015 parliamentary elections the Law and Justice (PiS) party was able to form a majority government, after receiving 235 seats to the 138 won by their main competitor, Civic Platform, the first time in the post-communist era that a party had won an outright majority in parliamentary elections. [2] [3] Beata Szydło became Prime Minister on 16 November 2015 heading a cabinet that also included Solidary Poland and Poland Together, which ran on joint lists with Law & Justice.
On 23 December 2015 the Sejm passed a law, which reorganized the Constitutional Court, introducing a requirement for a two-thirds majority and the mandatory participation of at least 13, instead of 9 of the 15 judges. In addition, in early 2016 the PiS government passed a law which began the process of giving the government full control of state radio and television. [4] In protest, the Committee for the Defence of Democracy, with help from the Modern party and Civic Platform, started demonstrations across the country. [5]
In December 2016 a parliamentary crisis took place, after the Marshal of the Sejm Marek Kuchciński excluded a Civic Platform's MP Michał Szczerba from the Sejm's proceedings. [6] In protest, members of the opposition occupied the Sejm's rostrum. The Marshal, unable to proceed in the main session chamber, moved the session to the smaller Column Hall. [7] Some politicians and commentators supporting Law and Justice accused opposition of attempting a "coup d'état". [8] It ended fruitlessly for the opposition, though the Modern party was disgraced, as its leader, Ryszard Petru, was photographed flying to Madeira, with fellow MP Joanna Schmidt, during the tense situation. [9] Modern's opinion poll ratings fell as a result.
In December 2017 Mateusz Morawiecki succeeded Beata Szydło as Prime Minister. [10]
December 6, 2018 the Pro-Polish Coalition was formed [11] [12] - an alliance of KORWiN and the National Movement, with more parties joining later in order to contest the 2019 Elections to the European Parliament. The alliance later changed its name to just "Confederation".
In February 2019 the Wiosna party was founded as a left wing anticlerical party. [13] For the 2019 European Parliament elections, the opposition formed a wide coalition, the European Coalition, with the exception of Wiosna. However, PiS won the European elections. Following the loss, the European Coalition dissolved and the Confederation lost many member parties and leaders. [14] In June 2019 Modern and the Civic Platform formed a joint parliamentary club. [15] August 6, the Left was formed, a de facto coalition of Razem, SLD and Wiosna, de jure carrying the SLD name. [16] On August 8, 2019 PSL allied with Kukiz'15 in an alliance named "Polish Coalition". [17]
The 460 members of the Sejm are elected by open party-list proportional representation in 41 multi-member districts. Each district has between 7 and 20 seats.
Seats are allocated using the D'Hondt method, with a 5% threshold for single parties and 8% threshold for coalitions (thresholds are waived for national minorities).
The Senate is elected using first-past-the-post voting in single-member districts. [18] Candidates for Deputies are nominated either by the electoral committees of the various political parties and or by individual voter committees. [19]
Overall, the Sejm includes 460 MPs. Should a party have 231 or more deputies in Parliament, it has an absolute majority and could govern by itself, without a coalition partner.
The constitution can be amended with a supermajority of two-thirds, or 307 deputies.
The date of the election, 13 October, was set by the President of Poland, Andrzej Duda.
The Constitution of Poland requires that the next election should take place on a non-working day, Sunday or national holiday, within the 30-day period before the expiry of the 4-year period beginning from the commencement of the current Sejm's and Senate's term of office. [20] Elections can be held earlier under certain conditions, for instance, if the Sejm is dissolved or if no government is formed in time limit set by the constitution. [21]
Since the former Sejm and Senate first sitting took place on 12 November 2015, [22] possible dates were Sundays 13 October, 20 October, 27 October, 3 November and 10 November 2019. The other possible but unlikely dates were public holidays 1 November (All Saints' Day) and 11 November (Independence Day) 2019.
List | Ideology | European Union position | Leader | Standing pre-campaign | Number of constituencies | # of candidates | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sejm | Senate | Sejm | Senate | |||||||
6 | Right Wing of the Republic | Social conservatism, political Catholicism | Soft Euroscepticism | Bogusław Kiernicki | 1 / 460 | 0 / 100 | 1 | 18 | 1 | |
7 | Action of Disappointed Retirees and Pensioners | Pensioners' rights, solidarism | Soft Euroscepticism | Wojciech Kornowski | 0 / 460 | 0 / 100 | 3 | 53 | 0 | |
8 | Coalition of Nonpartisan and Local Government Activists | Decentralization, pro-single-member districts | Pro-Europeanism | Robert Raczyński | 0 / 460 | 0 / 100 | 19 | 405 | 14 | |
9 | Skuteczni | Classical liberalism, direct democracy | Soft Euroscepticism | Piotr Liroy-Marzec | 1 / 460 | 0 / 100 | 5 | 75 | 0 | |
10 | German Minority | German minority interests, regionalism | Pro-Europeanism | Ryszard Galla | 1 / 460 | 0 / 100 | 1 | 24 | 2 |
Name | Ideology | European Union position | Leader | Candidates | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sejm | Senate | |||||
Restore the Law | Pro-single-member districts, populism | Soft Euroscepticism | Janusz Sanocki | Skuteczni list | 7 | |
Polish Left | Social democracy, third way | Pro-Europeanism | Jacek Zdrojewski | 3 | ||
List of Mirosław Piotrowski to the Senate | National Catholicism, Christian right | Soft Euroscepticism | Mirosław Piotrowski | 3 | ||
Self-Defence | Agrarian socialism, left-wing nationalism | Hard Euroscepticism | Lech Kuropatwiński | 2 | ||
Unity of the Nation | National conservatism, national Catholicism | Soft Euroscepticism | Gabriel Janowski | 2 | ||
Silesians Together | Localism, Silesian autonomism | Pro-Europeanism | Leon Swaczyna | Polish Coalition list | 2 | |
List of Kukiz'15 to the Senate | Pro-single-member districts, direct democracy | Pro-Europeanism | Paweł Kukiz | Polish Coalition list | 2 | |
Other electoral committees with only one candidate | Various | 38 |
List | Slogan in Polish | Unofficial English translation | |
---|---|---|---|
Polish Coalition | Łączymy Polaków | We connect Poles | |
Law and Justice | Dobry czas dla Polski | A good time for Poland | |
The Left | Łączy nas przyszłość Wybierz przyszłość | The future unites us Choose the future | |
Confederation | Polska dla Ciebie | Poland for you | |
Civic Coalition | Jutro może być lepsze; Współpraca, a nie kłótnie | Tomorrow can be better; Cooperation, not quarrels | |
Coalition of Nonpartisans and Local Government Activists | Ty też jesteś bezpartyjny! | You are also nonpartisan! | |
Effective | Odpowiedzialna Polska | Responsible Poland | |
German Minority | Opolskie! Ma znaczenie | Opole! It matters |
Party or alliance | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United Right | Law and Justice | 6,516,252 | 35.28 | 187 | −6 | ||
Solidary Poland | 331,467 | 1.79 | 10 | +1 | |||
Agreement | 291,506 | 1.58 | 16 | +10 | |||
Republican Party | 9,972 | 0.05 | 1 | New | |||
Independents and others | 902,738 | 4.89 | 21 | –5 | |||
Total | 8,051,935 | 43.59 | 235 | 0 | |||
Civic Coalition | Civic Platform | 3,589,053 | 19.43 | 102 | −24 | ||
.Modern | 315,209 | 1.71 | 8 | +3 | |||
Polish Initiative | 113,278 | 0.61 | 2 | New | |||
The Greens | 96,720 | 0.52 | 3 | +3 | |||
Independents and others | 946,095 | 5.12 | 19 | −16 | |||
Total | 5,060,355 | 27.40 | 134 | −32 | |||
The Left | Democratic Left Alliance | 873,450 | 4.73 | 23 | +23 | ||
Left Together | 509,318 | 2.76 | 6 | +6 | |||
Spring | 483,113 | 2.62 | 15 | New | |||
Independents and others | 454,065 | 2.46 | 5 | +5 | |||
Total | 2,319,946 | 12.56 | 49 | +49 | |||
Polish Coalition | Polish People's Party | 972,339 | 5.26 | 19 | +3 | ||
Union of European Democrats | 29,832 | 0.16 | 1 | New | |||
Independents and others [lower-alpha 11] | 576,352 | 3.12 | 10 | −27 | |||
Total | 1,578,523 | 8.55 | 30 | −28 | |||
Confederation | KORWiN | 448,946 | 2.43 | 5 | +5 | ||
National Movement | 356,902 | 1.93 | 5 | +2 | |||
Confederation of the Polish Crown | 31,148 | 0.17 | 1 | New | |||
Independents and others | 419,957 | 2.27 | 0 | 0 | |||
Total | 1,256,953 | 6.81 | 11 | +8 | |||
Nonpartisan Local Government Activists | 144,773 | 0.78 | 0 | New | |||
German Minority | 32,094 | 0.17 | 1 | 0 | |||
Effective | 18,918 | 0.10 | 0 | New | |||
Action of Disappointed Retirees and Pensioners | 5,448 | 0.03 | 0 | New | |||
Right Wing of the Republic | 1,765 | 0.01 | 0 | −1 | |||
Total | 18,470,710 | 100.00 | 460 | 0 | |||
Valid votes | 18,470,710 | 98.89 | |||||
Invalid/blank votes | 207,747 | 1.11 | |||||
Total votes | 18,678,457 | 100.00 | |||||
Registered voters/turnout | 30,253,556 | 61.74 | |||||
Source: National Electoral Commission, National Electoral Commission |
Constituency | Turnout | PiS | KO | SLD | PSL | KWiN | MN | Others | Lead | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | % | Seats | ||||
1 – Legnica | 57.80 | 42.40 | 6 | 25.02 | 3 | 16.43 | 2 | 7.17 | 1 | 5.85 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | 17.38 |
2 – Wałbrzych | 55.83 | 40.54 | 4 | 32.09 | 3 | 12.35 | 1 | 7.25 | 0 | 5.42 | 0 | - | - | 2.34 | 8.45 |
3 – Wrocław | 65.89 | 34.67 | 5 | 32.80 | 5 | 15.41 | 2 | 7.45 | 1 | 6.46 | 1 | - | - | 3.21 | 1.87 |
4 – Bydgoszcz | 59.90 | 36.43 | 5 | 31.05 | 4 | 15.17 | 2 | 9.02 | 1 | 7.05 | 0 | - | - | 1.29 | 5.38 |
5 – Toruń | 56.37 | 40.38 | 6 | 26.42 | 4 | 14.83 | 2 | 10.88 | 1 | 6.33 | 0 | - | - | 1.16 | 13.96 |
6 – Lublin | 60.88 | 55.39 | 9 | 19.30 | 3 | 7.81 | 1 | 9.10 | 1 | 7.07 | 1 | - | - | 1.32 | 36.09 |
7 – Chełm | 54.40 | 59.50 | 8 | 14.80 | 2 | 6.83 | 1 | 11.86 | 1 | 5.84 | 0 | - | - | 1.16 | 44.70 |
8 – Zielona Góra | 57.20 | 34.30 | 4 | 31.27 | 4 | 15.61 | 2 | 11.63 | 1 | 7.19 | 1 | - | - | 0.00 | 3.03 |
9 – Łódź | 68.32 | 32.90 | 4 | 35.82 | 4 | 20.10 | 2 | 4.53 | 0 | 6.65 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | 2.92 |
10 – Piotrków Trybunalski | 61.81 | 56.21 | 6 | 15.64 | 1 | 10.95 | 1 | 10.44 | 1 | 6.76 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | 40.57 |
11 – Sieradz | 60.92 | 49.81 | 7 | 20.48 | 3 | 11.98 | 1 | 10.29 | 1 | 5.88 | 0 | - | - | 1.56 | 29.33 |
12 – Kraków I | 62.86 | 53.48 | 6 | 23.04 | 2 | 8.51 | 0 | 7.90 | 0 | 7.06 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | 30.44 |
13 – Kraków II | 68.57 | 39.56 | 6 | 30.48 | 4 | 13.01 | 2 | 7.27 | 1 | 7.99 | 1 | - | - | 1.69 | 9.08 |
14 – Nowy Sącz | 60.28 | 65.80 | 8 | 13.83 | 1 | 6.07 | 0 | 7.35 | 1 | 6.95 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | 51.97 |
15 – Tarnów | 60.47 | 59.59 | 7 | 14.00 | 1 | 5.94 | 0 | 13.35 | 1 | 7.11 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | 45.59 |
16 – Płock | 57.68 | 52.45 | 6 | 16.85 | 2 | 8.76 | 1 | 15.17 | 1 | 5.24 | 0 | - | - | 1.53 | 35.60 |
17 – Radom | 60.84 | 57.82 | 6 | 17.15 | 2 | 7.43 | 0 | 10.20 | 1 | 5.89 | 0 | - | - | 1.51 | 40.67 |
18 – Siedlce | 60.98 | 59.76 | 9 | 13.94 | 2 | 6.45 | 0 | 11.94 | 1 | 6.49 | 0 | - | - | 1.42 | 45.82 |
19 – Warsaw I | 79.75 | 27.49 | 6 | 42.05 | 9 | 18.19 | 3 | 4.75 | 1 | 7.51 | 1 | - | - | 0.00 | 14.56 |
20 – Warsaw II | 70.56 | 40.89 | 6 | 28.61 | 4 | 13.09 | 1 | 8.60 | 1 | 6.63 | 0 | - | - | 2.19 | 12.28 |
21 – Opole | 52.91 | 37.64 | 5 | 26.71 | 4 | 11.74 | 1 | 10.31 | 1 | 5.70 | 0 | 7.90 | 1 | 0.00 | 10.93 |
22 – Krosno | 56.37 | 63.36 | 8 | 15.94 | 2 | 6.04 | 0 | 7.85 | 1 | 6.81 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | 47.42 |
23 – Rzeszów | 60.13 | 62.38 | 10 | 14.39 | 2 | 6.59 | 1 | 7.79 | 1 | 8.25 | 1 | - | - | 0.60 | 47.99 |
24 – Białystok | 56.97 | 52.04 | 8 | 21.04 | 3 | 9.09 | 1 | 9.33 | 1 | 6.96 | 1 | - | - | 1.55 | 31.00 |
25 – Gdańsk | 64.21 | 32.10 | 4 | 41.31 | 6 | 13.47 | 1 | 5.90 | 0 | 7.21 | 1 | - | - | 0.00 | 9.21 |
26 – Słupsk | 62.79 | 36.43 | 5 | 35.85 | 5 | 12.47 | 2 | 7.94 | 1 | 7.30 | 1 | - | - | 0.00 | 0.58 |
27 – Bielsko-Biała I | 64.91 | 46.76 | 5 | 27.20 | 3 | 11.48 | 1 | 7.13 | 0 | 7.42 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | 19.56 |
28 – Częstochowa | 61.22 | 44.28 | 4 | 22.63 | 2 | 15.59 | 1 | 8.68 | 0 | 6.07 | 0 | - | - | 2.75 | 21.65 |
29 – Katowice I | 59.18 | 37.75 | 4 | 32.61 | 4 | 13.38 | 1 | 5.99 | 0 | 7.67 | 0 | - | - | 2.61 | 5.14 |
30 – Bielsko-Biała II | 60.41 | 48.28 | 5 | 27.71 | 3 | 9.68 | 1 | 5.64 | 0 | 7.17 | 0 | - | - | 1.54 | 20.57 |
31 – Katowice II | 64.00 | 39.19 | 5 | 37.20 | 5 | 11.92 | 1 | 4.37 | 0 | 7.33 | 1 | - | - | 0.00 | 1.99 |
32 – Katowice III | 62.99 | 37.13 | 4 | 29.66 | 3 | 21.90 | 2 | 4.85 | 0 | 6.45 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | 7.47 |
33 – Kielce | 57.70 | 55.18 | 10 | 16.65 | 3 | 9.95 | 1 | 9.88 | 1 | 5.95 | 1 | - | - | 2.40 | 38.53 |
34 – Elbląg | 52.71 | 40.86 | 4 | 28.43 | 2 | 11.64 | 1 | 10.89 | 1 | 5.66 | 0 | - | - | 2.52 | 12.43 |
35 – Olsztyn | 54.32 | 38.82 | 5 | 26.46 | 3 | 13.84 | 1 | 13.19 | 1 | 6.97 | 0 | - | - | 0.71 | 12.36 |
36 – Kalisz | 59.67 | 42.48 | 6 | 24.72 | 3 | 13.43 | 2 | 12.80 | 1 | 6.57 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | 17.76 |
37 – Konin | 59.08 | 47.29 | 5 | 20.48 | 2 | 15.04 | 1 | 9.81 | 1 | 6.74 | 0 | - | - | 0.64 | 26.81 |
38 – Piła | 59.11 | 35.64 | 4 | 30.60 | 3 | 13.28 | 1 | 13.86 | 1 | 6.62 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | 5.04 |
39 – Poznań | 73.13 | 25.33 | 3 | 45.38 | 5 | 16.49 | 2 | 6.20 | 0 | 6.61 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | 20.05 |
40 – Koszalin | 55.46 | 36.83 | 3 | 32.31 | 3 | 15.44 | 1 | 9.43 | 1 | 5.98 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | 4.52 |
41 – Szczecin | 59.36 | 35.11 | 4 | 35.71 | 5 | 15.25 | 2 | 7.40 | 1 | 6.53 | 0 | - | - | 0.00 | 0.60 |
Poland | 61.74 | 43.59 | 235 | 27.40 | 134 | 12.56 | 49 | 8.55 | 30 | 6.81 | 11 | 0.17 | 1 | 0.92 | 16.19 |
Source: National Electoral Commission |
Party or alliance | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United Right | Law and Justice | 5,799,409 | 31.86 | 38 | −1 | ||
Agreement | 356,123 | 1.96 | 2 | −1 | |||
Solidary Poland | 271,915 | 1.49 | 2 | 0 | |||
Independents | 1,682,746 | 9.25 | 6 | −10 | |||
Total | 8,110,193 | 44.56 | 48 | −13 | |||
Civic Coalition | Civic Platform | 4,481,803 | 24.62 | 34 | +7 | ||
Independents and others | 2,008,503 | 11.03 | 9 | +3 | |||
Total | 6,490,306 | 35.66 | 43 | +9 | |||
Polish Coalition | Polish People's Party | 865,413 | 4.75 | 2 | +2 | ||
Union of European Democrats | 176,496 | 0.97 | 1 | New | |||
Total | 1,041,909 | 5.72 | 3 | +2 | |||
The Left | Democratic Left Alliance | 302,312 | 1.66 | 0 | 0 | ||
Spring | 64,172 | 0.35 | 1 | New | |||
Polish Socialist Party | 49,261 | 0.27 | 1 | +1 | |||
Total | 415,745 | 2.28 | 2 | +2 | |||
Nonpartisan Local Government Activists | 331,385 | 1.82 | 0 | New | |||
Confederation | 144,124 | 0.79 | 0 | 0 | |||
Polish Left | 94,988 | 0.52 | 0 | New | |||
Restore the Law | 92,006 | 0.51 | 0 | New | |||
Silesians Together | 50,071 | 0.28 | 0 | New | |||
German Minority Electoral Committee | 49,138 | 0.27 | 0 | 0 | |||
Kukiz'15 to the Senate | 46,210 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | |||
Mirosław Piotrowski to the Senate | 33,967 | 0.19 | 0 | New | |||
Right Wing of the Republic | 21,943 | 0.12 | 0 | New | |||
Unity of the Nation | 18,327 | 0.10 | 0 | New | |||
Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland | 13,510 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | |||
Independents and other committees with a single candidate | 1,247,526 | 6.85 | 4 | 0 | |||
Total | 18,201,348 | 100.00 | 100 | 0 | |||
Valid votes | 18,201,348 | 97.45 | |||||
Invalid/blank votes | 476,582 | 2.55 | |||||
Total votes | 18,677,930 | 100.00 | |||||
Registered voters/turnout | 30,253,556 | 61.74 | |||||
Source: National Electoral Commission, National Electoral Commission |
Sociology of the electorate | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | Turnout [24] | Law and Justice | Civic Coalition | The Left | Polish Coalition | Confederation | Others | |
Total vote | 61.1% | 43.6% | 27.4% | 12.6% | 8.6% | 6.8% | 1.1% | |
Sex | ||||||||
Men | 60.8% | 44.2% | 24.7% | 11.6% | 9.5% | 8.9% | 1.1% | |
Women | 61.5% | 43.1% | 29.9% | 13.1% | 8.7% | 4.1% | 1.1% | |
Age | ||||||||
18–29 years old | 46.4% | 26.3% | 24.3% | 18.4% | 9.7% | 19.7% | 1.6% | |
30–39 years old | 60.3% | 36.9% | 29.9% | 12.9% | 10.5% | 8.2% | 1.6% | |
40–49 years old | 75.7% | 41.0% | 31.8% | 12.1% | 9.9% | 4.1% | 1.1% | |
50–59 years old | 59.6% | 51.2% | 26.3% | 9.5% | 9.4% | 2.8% | 0.8% | |
60 or older | 66.2% | 55.8% | 25.2% | 10.4% | 6.9% | 1.1% | 0.6% | |
Occupation | ||||||||
Company owner | 29.8% | 38.8% | 12.4% | 9.4% | 8.6% | 1.0% | ||
Manager/expert | 26.8% | 39.6% | 15.9% | 8.6% | 8.0% | 1.1% | ||
Admin/services | 38.8% | 30.0% | 13.7% | 9.7% | 6.4% | 1.4% | ||
Farmer | 67.7% | 7.9% | 3.7% | 16.5% | 3.4% | 0.8% | ||
Student | 22.4% | 25.1% | 24.3% | 9.1% | 17.5% | 1.6% | ||
Unemployed | 56.1% | 16.8% | 7.8% | 11.0% | 6.8% | 1.5% | ||
Retired | 56.9% | 24.4% | 10.7% | 6.4% | 1.1% | 0.5% | ||
Others | 42.1% | 26.1% | 12.5% | 9.8% | 8.0% | 1.5% | ||
Agglomeration | ||||||||
Rural | 56.4% | 16.9% | 7.8% | 11.6% | 6.0% | 1.3% | ||
<50,000 pop. | 41.7% | 28.2% | 12.7% | 9.9% | 6.4% | 1.1% | ||
51,000 - 200,000 pop. | 38.5% | 32.2% | 14.2% | 7.1% | 6.9% | 1.1% | ||
201,000 - 500,000 pop. | 32.6% | 39.1% | 14.9% | 5.3% | 7.5% | 0.6% | ||
>500,000 pop. | 27.1% | 40.7% | 19.9% | 5.6% | 6.1% | 0.6% | ||
Education | ||||||||
Elementary | 63.3% | 12.0% | 8.1% | 9.3% | 6.5% | 0.8% | ||
Vocational | 64.0% | 15.8% | 5.9% | 9.6% | 3.7% | 1.0% | ||
Secondary | 45.6% | 25.5% | 12.2% | 8.9% | 6.8% | 1.0% | ||
Higher | 30.1% | 36.6% | 15.9% | 9.0% | 7.1% | 1.3% | ||
Second-round president vote in 2015 | ||||||||
Andrzej Duda | 79.9% | 4.8% | 3.0% | 6.1% | 5.5% | 0.7% | ||
Bronisław Komorowski | 2.7% | 60.9% | 22.0% | 10.9% | 2.7% | 0.8% | ||
Didn't vote | 20.1% | 27.0% | 22.2% | 11.8% | 16.8% | 2.1% | ||
Don't remember | 28.3% | 26.9% | 15.1% | 14.8% | 12.0% | 2.9% | ||
Sejm vote in 2015 | ||||||||
Law and Justice | 90.4% | 2.2% | 1.2% | 3.6% | 2.3% | 0.3% | ||
Civic Platform | 3.7% | 68.8% | 16.1% | 8.5% | 2.2% | 0.7% | ||
Kukiz'15 | 22.2% | 16.1% | 12.2% | 21.9% | 23.9% | 3.7% | ||
Modern | 4.4% | 53.7% | 27.5% | 8.7% | 4.3% | 1.4% | ||
United Left | 2.5% | 18.0% | 71.4% | 6.0% | 1.5% | 0.6% | ||
Polish People's Party | 8.9% | 9.0% | 10.0% | 68.4% | 2.7% | 1.0% | ||
KORWiN | 8.3% | 10.1% | 6.5% | 6.8% | 65.8% | 2.5% | ||
Together | 5.7% | 22.8% | 55.5% | 10.3% | 4.9% | 0.8% | ||
Others | 16.6% | 26.9% | 13.9% | 13.1% | 12.4% | 17.1% | ||
Didn't vote | 23.3% | 27.2% | 22.1% | 10.6% | 14.9% | 1.9% | ||
Don't remember | 34.2% | 24.0% | 14.8% | 15.0% | 9.3% | 2.7% | ||
Source: Ipsos [25] |
The Democratic Left Alliance was a social-democratic political party in Poland. It was formed on 9 July 1991 as an electoral alliance of centre-left parties, and became a single party on 15 April 1999. It was the major coalition party in Poland between 1993 and 1997, and between 2001 and 2005, with four Prime ministers coming from the party: Józef Oleksy, Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz, Leszek Miller and Marek Belka. It then faded into opposition, overshadowed by the rise of Civic Platform and Law and Justice.
The Polish People's Party is an agrarian political party in Poland. It is currently led by Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz.
From 1989 through 1991, Poland engaged in a democratic transition which put an end to the Polish People's Republic and led to the foundation of a democratic government, known as the Third Polish Republic, following the First and Second Polish Republic. After ten years of democratic consolidation, Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union on 1 May 2004.
Poland has a multi-party political system. On the national level, Poland elects the head of state – the president – and a legislature. There are also various local elections, referendums and elections to the European Parliament.
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 25 September 2005. Thirty million voters were eligible to vote for all 460 members of the lower house, the Sejm and all 100 members of the upper house, the Senate.
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 23 September 2001 to elect deputies to both houses of the National Assembly. The election concluded with an overwhelming victory for the centre-left Democratic Left Alliance – Labor Union, the electoral coalition between the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) and the Labour Union (UP), which captured 41% of the vote in the crucial lower house Sejm. The 2001 election is recognized as marking the emergence of both Civic Platform (PO) and Law and Justice (PiS) as players in Polish politics, while also witnessing the outright collapse of the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) and its former coalition partner, the Freedom Union (UW).
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 21 October 2007, after the Sejm voted for its own dissolution on 7 September. The election took place two years before the maximum tenure of four years, with the previous elections having been in September 2005. The early elections were a result of serious allegations of massive corruption on the part of Andrzej Lepper, leader of the Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland, whose party served as a junior coalition partner to the government of Prime Minister Jarosław Kaczyński. All 460 seats in the Sejm and all 100 seats in the Senate were up for election.
Parliamentary elections to both the Senate and the Sejm were held in Poland on 9 October 2011. The previous election, in 2007, resulted in a Civic Platform–Polish People's Party government. All seats of both Houses were up for re-election.
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 25 October 2015 for the eighth term of the Sejm and Senate, which ran from 12 November 2015 until 2019.
The New Hope is a right-wing political party in Poland. It is currently led by Sławomir Mentzen.
Kukiz'15 is a right-wing populist political party in Poland led by Paweł Kukiz.
Modern is a centrist to centre-left political party in Poland. It is currently led by Adam Szłapka.
The Agreement, formally known as Jarosław Gowin's Agreement, is a centre-right political party in Poland.
The United Right was a parliamentary group formed by Jarosław Gowin and Zbigniew Ziobro with their respective parties, Poland Together and United Poland. After their cooperation at 2015 Polish parliamentary election with the Law and Justice party, 'United Right' became a media label for the ruling right-wing political alliance of Law and Justice with its aforementioned partners in Poland.
In the run up to the 2023 Polish parliamentary election, various organisations carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intention in Poland. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. The date range for these opinion polls are from the previous parliamentary election, held on 13 October 2019, to the day of the election, held on 15 October 2023.
Nonpartisan Local Government Activists is a Polish political movement. Operating mainly at a regional level in a decentralised manner, it participates in elections as a national committee joining the individual regional counterparts. The organisation initially started out in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship before expanding to the rest of the country. The party is a heavily decentralised and federated organisation that fields candidates for local governments, often creating and cooperating with local committees and regional organisations. The BS lacks a central leadership and regional structures. The parties rule themselves separately and autonomously. Nonpartisan Local Government Activists frequently acts as a minor partner of regional governing coalitions, such as in the voivodeships of Lubuskie and Lower Silesia.
On Sunday 26 May 2019, a vote was held to elect the Polish delegation to the European Parliament. Polish voters elected 52 MEPs, compared to 51 in the 2014 election. The increased number of MEPs is a result of the 2018 reapportionment of seats in the European Parliament. Following the United Kingdom's announcement, that it will participate in elections to the European Parliament on May 23, Poland will continue to be represented by 51 MEPs. The 52nd MEP will take up their mandate immediately after the UK leaves the European Union. Following the announcement of the election results, the National Electoral Commission indicated Dominik Tarczyński from Lesser Poland and Świętokrzyskie will take up the 52nd seat.
The Polish Coalition is a political alliance in Poland. It is led by the Polish People's Party.
The 2023 Polish parliamentary election took place on Sunday, 15 October 2023, per the Polish Constitution. Seats in both the lower house, the Sejm, and the Senate were contested. At the polls, a referendum - containing four questions concerning economic and immigration policy of the government - was also voted on.
The Piotr Liroy-Marzec's Effective , shortened to Effective is a Polish political group founded by Piotr Liroy-Marzec in 2017. Until 2019, Skuteczni only functioned as an association, registered in 2019 as a political party.