2023 Polish parliamentary election

2023 Polish parliamentary election

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Registered	29,532,595
Turnout	74.4% ( 12.6pp)
Sejm
All 460 seats in the Sejm 231 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Majority party Minority party Third party   Leader Mateusz Morawiecki [a] Donald Tusk Szymon Hołownia Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz Party PiS PO PL2050 / PSL Alliance United Right Civic Coalition Third Way Last election 235 seats, 43.6% 134 seats, 27.4% 30 seats, 8.6% Seats won 194 157 65 Seat change 41 23 35 Popular vote 7,640,854 6,629,402 3,110,670 Percentage 35.4% 30.7% 14.4% Swing 8.2 pp 3.3 pp 5.8 pp   Fourth party Fifth party   Leader Włodzimierz Czarzasty Robert Biedroń Sławomir Mentzen Krzysztof Bosak Party NL NN / RN Alliance The Left Confederation Last election 49 seats, 12.6% 11 seats, 6.8% Seats won 26 18 Seat change 23 7 Popular vote 1,859,018 1,547,364 Percentage 8.6% 7.2% Swing 4.0 pp 0.4 pp
Government before election Second Morawiecki cabinet PiS (ZP) Government after election Third Tusk cabinet [b] KO—PSL—PL2050—NL
Senate
All 100 seats in the Senate 51 seats needed for a majority
Party Vote % Seats +/– KO 28.91 41 −2 ZP 34.81 34 −14 TD 11.50 11 +8 Lewica 5.29 9 +7 Independent 5.66 5 +1 This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 15 October 2023 to elect members of the Sejm and Senate. A referendum containing four questions concerning economic and immigration policy of the government was held simultaneously.

In the previous 2019 Polish parliamentary election, the ruling right-wing Law and Justice Party (PiS) had held onto its majority in the Sejm with Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki forming a second government. The PiS sought to win a third term which would be unprecedented in Polish history. The opposition, including the Civic Platform Party and others, secured a Senate majority. In the lead-up to the 2023 elections, opposition leader and former prime minister, Donald Tusk, led the Civic Coalition political alliance in opposition to the PiS.

The United Right alliance placed first for the third straight election and won a plurality of seats but fell short of a Sejm majority. The opposition, consisting of the Civic Coalition, Third Way, and The Left, achieved a combined total vote of 54%, managing to form a majority coalition government. ^{[1] [2]} In the Senate, the opposition electoral alliance Senate Pact 2023 won a plurality of the vote and a majority of seats. Voter turnout was 74.4%, the highest in contested elections and the highest since the fall of the communist Polish People's Republic, beating previous records set in 1989 and 2019.

Background

See also: 2020–2021 women's strike protests in Poland and Polish cash-for-visa scandal

2019 Polish parliamentary election

Further information: 2019 Polish parliamentary election and Second Cabinet of Mateusz Morawiecki

The 2019 parliamentary election saw a record high turnout, with over 60% of registered electors participating. It also saw the centre-left, in the form of Lewica, entering the Sejm after four years on the outside looking in. Conversely, the far right united under the Konfederacja (Kon) banner to enter one of the two chambers of parliament for the first time since the 2005 elections. ^[3]

Right-wing parties, coalesced around the ruling national-conservative Law and Justice (PiS) within the United Right (ZP) alliance, won the highest percentage of votes ever received since the complete return to democracy in 1991, maintaining their majority in the Sejm, but losing it in the Senate. The PiS party president, Jarosław Kaczyński, thus saw his position as the country's strongman strengthened, despite occupying no governmental position. This result saw the second reelection of a majority government since the fall of the Eastern Bloc. Despite not defeating PiS, the main opposition party, the liberal Civic Platform (PO), itself within the Civic Coalition (KO) alliance, progressed in the senate, though without winning a majority of seats on its own. The opposition altogether did win a majority of seats in the senate, thanks to Lewica, the Polish Coalition (PSL) and independent candidates' gains. ^{[3] [4]}

One month after the vote, the incumbent Prime Minister, Mateusz Morawiecki, formed his second government. Its composition showed the so-called "moderate" right strengthened, which Morawiecki was part of, alongside a weakening of the "radical" right, led by the Justice minister Zbigniew Ziobro. This strategy was mainly to appeal to the more moderate electorate for the 2020 Polish presidential election. ^[5] Morawiecki's government received the Sejm's confidence on 19 November with 237 votes for, 214 against and three abstentions. ^{[6] [7]}

2020 presidential election

Further information: 2020 Polish presidential election

The 2020 presidential election saw the reelection of incumbent president Andrzej Duda, a former member of Law and Justice. ^[8] Originally planned in May, the elections were very affected by the then ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The government's proposal to maintain the election in May but only through postal votes launched a strong polemic, with the opposition denouncing the unequal campaigning capacities of the incumbent president compared to other candidates within the context of the lockdown and quarantine measures. The election was then postponed to late June following a compromise within the ruling coalition and the opposition's approval, partly thanks to the latter's control of the Senate. ^[9]

Despite the pandemic, both rounds of voting saw higher turnouts, with Duda facing the Mayor of Warsaw, Rafał Trzaskowski, a member of Civic Platform. Duda beat Trzaskowski, gathering 51% of the votes against the latter's 49%. These results were the most closely fought presidential elections since the return of democracy. ^[10]

Duda's victory allows PiS take advantage from his presidential veto in case of an opposition victory in the legislative elections, with the opposition needing a three-fifths majority, which currently amounts to 276 seats, to override one. ^[11]

2023 Polish protests

Main article: 2023 Polish protests

In May 2023, a law previously passed by the Sejm with the votes of the governing parties came into force, which provides for the establishment of a commission that can, without a court order, exclude politicians from public office for a period of ten years if, in their opinion, the politician was influenced by Russian interests. According to the law, the commission must examine whether this applies to Polish government politicians from 2007 (after PiS' defeat in the 2007 election). According to critics, the law could have been used as an instrument to prohibit selected opposition politicians from taking part in the parliamentary elections. ^[12] Polish media therefore spoke of a "Lex Tusk" – a law aimed at the opposition leader and former prime minister Donald Tusk (2007–2014), who could have been excluded from the parliamentary elections in October 2023 as the potentially most promising opposition candidate. ^[13] PiS party circles repeatedly accused Tusk of making Poland dependent on energy imports from Russia during his term as head of government. The law drew strong criticism from the United States and the European Union, which expressed concern that the law jeopardized freedom and fairness in elections in Poland. President Duda then softened the law by introducing an amendment to the Sejm on 2 June 2023, which deprived the proposed commission of the previously planned right to impose a ban on political activity. ^[14]

On 4 June 2023 (the anniversary of the first partially free elections in Poland in 1989) according to organizers, citing the city administration, half a million people took part in a "Great March for Democracy" organized by Tusk's Civic Platform in Warsaw to protest against the law. ^[15] There were also protests with tens of thousands of participants in other cities, including Krakow, Szczecin and Częstochowa. The demonstration in Warsaw was joined by numerous civil rights movements, the Civic Platform spoke of the largest demonstration in Poland's history since the fall of communism in 1989. The protest march through the center of Warsaw was also led by the former Polish President Lech Wałęsa. ^{[16] [17]}

Electoral system

Further information: Elections in Poland

The President of Poland set the election day to be Sunday, 15 October 2023. ^[18] This date was consistent with requirements posed in Article 98 Section 2 of the Polish Constitution, whereby the election is to take place within the final 30 days of the current term of Parliament (ending 11 November 2023). The vote ought to be held on a non-working day – a Sunday or a public holiday. Other possible dates included 22 October 29 October, 1 November, 5 November and 11 November. ^[19]

The process of election for the Sejm is through party-list proportional representation via the D'Hondt method in multi-seat constituencies, ^[20] with a 5% threshold for single party (KW) and citizen committees (KWW) and an 8% threshold for coalitions (KKW). National minority committees, such as the German minority, can apply to be exempt from the nation-wide threshold, and in such case participate in the d'Hondt seat distribution within their constituency, in this specific case Opole, regardless of the national share of votes. ^[21] Contrary to popular belief, minority committees are not guaranteed seats in the parliament. ^[22]

The 100 Senate constituencies

Senators are elected by first-past-the-post method in 100 constituencies. Most of the opposition (Civic Coalition, New Left and Third Way) signed a so-called senate pact , under which the parties agreed to enter one commonly accepted candidate in each district. ^[23] This strategy has previously granted them 51 seats despite losing the Sejm. ^[24]

Lists

Electoral committees registered in all constituencies

List				Ideology	Political position	Leader(s)	Parliamentary leader(s)	2019 result		Seats before the election		Candidates
								Votes (%)	Seats in Sejm	Sejm (list)	Senate (list)	Sejm	Senate
	1	BS	Nonpartisan Local Government Activists Bezpartyjni Samorządowcy	Regionalism Localism	Centre-left	Robert Raczyński  [ pl ]	N/A	0.8%	0 / 460	0 / 460	0 / 100	902	40
	2	TD	Third Way Trzecia Droga List Polish People's Party (PSL) Poland 2050 (PL2050) Union of European Democrats (UED) Agreement for Democracy (PdD) Centre for Poland (CdP)	Centrism Christian democracy Liberalism	Centre to centre-right	Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz Szymon Hołownia	Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz Paulina Hennig-Kloska	8.6%	30 / 460	33 / 460	5 / 100	918	28
	3	NL	New Left Nowa Lewica List New Left (NL) Left Together (LR) Polish Socialist Party (PPS) Labour Union (UP) Social Democracy of Poland (SDPL) Freedom and Equality (WiR)	Social democracy Progressivism	Centre-left to left-wing	Włodzimierz Czarzasty Robert Biedroń	Krzysztof Gawkowski Marcelina Zawisza [25]	12.6%	49 / 460	45 / 460	1 / 100	912	14
	4	PiS	Law and Justice Prawo i Sprawiedliwość List Law and Justice (PiS) Sovereign Poland (SP) Republicans (R) Kukiz'15 (K'15) Renew PR (OdN) Polish Affairs (PS)	National conservatism	Right-wing	Jarosław Kaczyński Mateusz Morawiecki (PM candidate)	Ryszard Terlecki	43.6%	235 / 460	235 / 460	46 / 100	918	96
	5	KON	Confederation Liberty and Independence Konfederacja Wolność i Niepodległość List National Movement (RN) New Hope (NN) Confederation of the Polish Crown (KKP) Real Europe Movement – Europa Christi (RPE) Real Politics Union (UPR) Right Wing of the Republic (PR)	Libertarian conservatism Polish nationalism	Right-wing to far-right	Sławomir Mentzen Krzysztof Bosak	Krzysztof Bosak	6.8%	11 / 460	11 / 460	0 / 100	913	65
	6	KO	Civic Coalition Koalicja Obywatelska List Civic Platform (PO) Modern (.N) Polish Initiative (iPL) The Greens (Z) Good Movement (DR) AGROunia (AU) Yes! For Poland (T!DP)	Liberalism	Big tent	Donald Tusk	Borys Budka	27.4%	134 / 460	129 / 460	41 / 100	919	49

Electoral committees registered in more than one constituency

List				Ideology	Political position	Leader	# of constituencies	Candidates
								Sejm	Senate
	7	PJJ	There is One Poland Polska Jest Jedna	Right-wing populism Vaccine hesitancy	Far-right	Rafał Piech	39	579	4
	9	RDiP	Prosperity and Peace Movement Ruch Dobrobytu i Pokoju	Populism Economic nationalism	Big tent	Maciej Maciak	11	155	3
	10	NK	Normal Country Normalny Kraj	Anti-establishment Right-wing populism	Right-wing	Wiesław Lewicki	4	61	1

Electoral committees registered in a single constituency

List			Ideology	Political position	Leader	Parliamentary leader	2019 result		Current number of seats		Constituency	Candidates
							Votes (%)	Seats in Sejm	Sejm (list)	Senate (list)		Sejm	Senate
	AP	Anti-party Antypartia	Anti-establishment Direct democracy	Centre	Marek Ciesielczyk  [ pl ]	N/A	N/A	0 / 460	0 / 460	0 / 100	8 – Zielona Góra	16	0
	MN	German Minority Mniejszość Niemiecka	Minority interests Social market economy	Centre-left	Ryszard Galla	Ryszard Galla	0.2% [c]	1 / 460	1 / 460	0 / 100	21 – Opole	24	1
	RNP	Repair Poland Movement Ruch Naprawy Polski	National conservatism Right-wing populism	Right-wing	Romuald Starosielec	N/A	N/A	0 / 460	0 / 460	0 / 100	18 – Siedlce	16	3

Electoral committees with candidates only for the Senate

List			Ideology	Political position	Leader	Candidates
	MP	Mirosław Piasecki Candidate for Senator RP Mirosław Piasecki Kandydat na Senatora RP	Populism [26] Single-winner voting [27]	Centre-right [28]	Mirosław Piasecki	2
	ND-T	New Democracy - Yes Nowa Demokracja – Tak	Economic progressivism Regionalism	Centre-left to left-wing	Marek Materek	5
	PS'23	Senate Pact Independents Pakt Senacki 2023	Pro-Europeanism Localism	Big tent	N/A	6
	PL 2050	Polska 2050 [d]	Social liberalism Pro-industry self-regulation [29]	Centre-left	Włodzimierz Zydorczak	3
	Piraci	Polish Pirate Party Polska Partia Piratów	Pirate politics Freedom of information	Centre	Janusz Wdzięczak	1
	PO	Civic Agreement Porozumienie Obywatelskie	Civic engagement	Centre	Andrzej Dyszewski Rafał Skiba	2
	ŚR	Silesians Together Ślonzoki Razem	Localism Silesian autonomism	Centre-left	Leon Swaczyna	2
	WiS	Free and Solidary Wolni i Solidarni	Solidarism Conservatism	Right-wing	Jan Miller	3
	W	Wolnościowcy [e]	Libertarianism Minarchism	Right-wing	Artur Dziambor	1
	Z	United Zjednoczeni	Solidarism Economic nationalism	Left-wing	Wojciech Kornowski	2
	ZChR	Union of Christian Families Zjednoczenie Chrześcijańskich Rodzin	National conservatism Political Catholicism	Far-right	Bogusław Rogalski	5
	ZS	Slavic Union Związek Słowiański	Agrarianism Economic nationalism	Syncretic	Włodzimierz Rynkowski	2
	Other electoral committees with a single candidate					21

Electoral committees withdrawn before the election

Liberal Poland – Entrepreneurs' Strike has registered electoral lists in 17 constituencies, however on 13 October 2023 the committee has announced its intention to withdraw from the race. The committee's candidates will appear on the ballot, although votes for them will be counted as invalid. ^[30]

List				Ideology	Political position	Leader	# of constituencies	Candidates
								Sejm	Senate
	8	PL!SP	Liberal Poland – Entrepreneurs' Strike Polska Liberalna Strajk Przedsiębiorców	Libertarianism Populism	Centre-right	Paweł Tanajno	17	321	0

Electoral committees

Within the stipulated deadline for submitting electoral committees, 94 committees were applied for registration, of which 85 were registered: two coalitions, 40 political parties and 43 voters. 46 committees declared running for both the Sejm and the Senate, three only for the Sejm and 36 only for the Senate. ^{[31] [32]}

Electoral committees

	Type	Committee	Status	Sejm lists	Senate lists
1	Party	Confederation Liberty and Independence	Fielded lists	Yes	Yes
2	Party	New Left [f]	Fielded lists	Yes	Yes
3	Party	Nonpartisan Local Government Activists	Fielded lists	Yes	Yes
4	Party	Liberal Poland Entrepreneurs' Strike	Fielded lists	Yes	No
5	Party	Patriots Poland	Registered	Declared	No
6	Party	There is One Poland	Fielded lists	Yes	Yes
7	Coalition	Civic Coalition PO .N iPL Zieloni	Fielded lists	Yes	Yes
8	Party	Slavic Union	Fielded lists	Declared	Yes
9	Party	Freedom Party	Registered	Declared	Declared
10	Coalition	Third Way PSL-PL2050 of Szymon Hołownia	Fielded lists	Yes	Yes
11	Party	Law and Justice	Fielded lists	Yes	Yes
12	Party	Social Movement AGROunia Yes	Self-dissolved [g]	Declared	Declared
13	Party	Non-partisans	Registered	Declared	Declared
14	Party	Anti-party	Fielded lists	Yes	Declared
15	Party	Union of Christian Families	Fielded lists	Declared	Yes
16	Party	United	Fielded lists	Declared	Yes
17	Party	Responsibility	Registered	Declared	Declared
18	Party	Normal Country	Fielded lists	Yes	Yes
19	Voters	Prosperity and Peace Movement	Fielded lists	Yes	Yes
20	Party	Free Europe	Registered	Declared	Declared
21	Party	Poland 2050 [d]	Fielded lists	Declared	Yes
22	Party	Repair of Poland Movement	Fielded lists	Yes	Yes
23	Party	Piast – Unity of Thought of European Nations and the World	Registered	Declared	Declared
24	Voters	German Minority	Fielded lists	Yes	Yes
25	Party	Silesians Together	Fielded lists	Declared	Yes
26	Party	Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland	Registered	Declared	Declared
27	Voters	Andrzej Dziuba – Senate Pact	Fielded lists	No	Yes
28	Party	Polish Pirate Party	Fielded lists	No	Yes
29	Voters	Pact Senate for Citizens	Fielded lists	No	Yes
30	Voters	Marcin Nowak	Fielded lists	No	Yes
31	Party	New Hope	Registered	Declared	Declared
32	Voters	Krzysztof Kwiatkowski – Senate Pact	Fielded lists	No	Yes
33	Voters	Krzysztof Lechowski	Fielded lists	No	Yes
34	Voters	Civic Pact Lasecki	Fielded lists	No	Yes
35	Voters	Lidia Staroń – Always on the Side of People	Fielded lists	No	Yes
36	Voters	Robert Roguski	Fielded lists	No	Yes
37	Voters	"Future of Poland"	Rejected	No	Declared
38	Party	Free and Solidary	Fielded lists	Declared	Yes
39	Voters	Independent Candidate Dawid Borowiak	Fielded lists	No	Yes
40	Voters	Polish Anti-war Movement	Rejected	No	Declared
41	Voters	Mirosław Augustyniak Candidate For Senator of the Republic of Poland	Fielded lists	No	Yes
42	Voters	Dariusz Męczykowski	Fielded lists	No	Yes
43	Voters	Jan Maria Jackowski	Fielded lists	No	Yes
44	Party	People's Party "Ojcowizna" RP	Registered	Declared	Declared
45	Party	Congress of the New Right	Registered	Declared	Declared
46	Voters	Prof. Joanna Senyszyn	Registered	No	Declared
47	Voters	Professor Krzysztof Gutkowski	Fielded lists	No	Yes
48	Party	New Democracy - Yes	Fielded lists	No	Yes
49	Voters	Wadim Tyszkiewicz – Senate Pact	Fielded lists	No	Yes
50	Voters	Civic Agreement	Fielded lists	No	Yes
51	Party	Social Alternative	Registered	Declared	Declared
52	Voters	Our Left	Fielded lists	Declared	Yes
53	Party	The Right	Registered	No	Declared
54	Voters	Zygmunt Frankiewicz – Senate Pact	Fielded lists	No	Yes
55	Voters	Beata Mnich	Fielded lists	No	Yes
56	Party	Self-Defence	Registered	Declared	Declared
57	Voters	Józef Zając	Fielded lists	No	Yes
58	Party	Wolnościowcy	Fielded lists	Declared	Yes
59	Voters	Jerzy Markowski	Registered	No	Declared
60	Voters	Liberal Democracy	Registered	Declared	Declared
61	Party	Republican Party	Registered	Declared	Declared
62	Party	Silesian Regional Party	Registered	Declared	Declared
63	Party	Unity of Poles Movement	Registered	Declared	Declared
64	Voters	Lucyna Kulińska in the Service of the Republic	Registered	No	Declared
65	Voters	Non-partisan Anti-system	Fielded lists	Declared	Yes
66	Voters	Yes for Senate RP Jan Kuriata	Fielded lists	No	Yes
67	Voters	Mirosław Piasecki Candidate For Senator of the Republic of Poland	Fielded lists	No	Yes
68	Voters	of Zamojszczyzna	Fielded lists	No	Yes
69	Voters	Nonpartisan Local Government Activists of Galicia	Registered	Declared	Declared
70	Party	Fourth Republic of Poland	Registered	Declared	Declared
71	Voters	Social Poland	Registered	Declared	No
72	Party	Public Interest	Registered	Declared	Declared
73	Voters	Believe in Poland	Registered	Declared	Declared
74	Voters	E-parliament-New Civilization	Registered	No	Declared
75	Voters	Independent is Alive	Registered	Declared	Declared
76	Voters	Kajetan Gornig	Registered	No	Declared
77	Voters	Mariusz Kazimierz Wójtowicz	Fielded lists	No	Yes
78	Voters	Mateusz Pazdan "Cooperation and Honesty"	Rejected	No	Declared
79	Party	Conservative Party	Registered	Declared	Declared
80	Voters	Candidate of the Mountain Land	Fielded lists	No	Yes
81	Voters	From Greater Poland to the Senate	Registered	No	Declared
82	Party	National Movement	Registered	Declared	Declared
83	Voters	Krzysztof Wawrzyniec Borkowski Senate Pact	Fielded lists	No	Yes
84	Voters	Greater Poland Senate Initiative	Fielded lists	No	Yes
85	Voters	Together for Częstochowa	Registered	Declared	Declared
86	Voters	Royal Cities	Rejected	No	Declared
87	Voters	European Left	Fielded lists	No	Yes
88	Voters	"Royal Senate"	Rejected	No	Declared
89	Party	"Piast" Faction	Registered	Declared	Declared
90	Voters	Local Government Initiative Together	Registered	Declared	Declared
91	Voters	Fair Elections	Rejected	Declared	Declared
92	Voters	ROP	Rejected	Declared	Declared
93	Voters	Dr Rafał Stachura – Senate Pact	Rejected	No	Declared
94	Party	Compatriots	Registered	Declared	Declared

Timeline

With the President setting the election date to be 15 October 2023, the following schedule was approved by the National Electoral Commission (PKW): ^[33]

Timeline of the 2023 Polish parliamentary election

Date Event description until 28 August Parties, coalitions and citizen groups can register electoral committees with PKW Regional voting commissions are to be formed and registered until 6 September at 16:00 Electoral committees are to deliver lists of candidates until 11 September Voting commissions in medical and care facilities, prisons, jails, and student dormitories are to be formed and registered until 15 September Voting districts, the location of polling stations, including accessibility information are to be announced Ship captains are to register maritime voting districts Electoral committees are to recommend members for polling stations until 25 September Local voting commissions are to be constituted Foreign voting districts and polling stations abroad are to be announced until 2 October Disabled and senior voters (60 years of age and above) can: apply to vote by mail, also to receive Braille-ready ballots apply to receive free-of-charge transport to and from the polling station in their place of residence – in municipalities with no public transport available until 5 October Regional voting commissions are to announce candidate lists in their districts Public transport arrangements in rural and semi-rural districts are to be announced

Date Event description until 6 October Disabled and senior voters can authorize proxy voters until 10 October Citizen electoral committees of national minorities can apply to waive the 5% vote threshold between 1 September and 12 October Voters can: apply to vote outside their registered address in their country or abroad; or receive a certificate to vote at any polling station in the country Soldiers, border guards and other service members can apply to vote in their place of service between 30 September and 13 October Polish public radio and TV stations are to broadcast electoral committees' announcements free of charge On 13 October at 24:00 The electoral campaign is to formally conclude Election silence commences: no political broadcasts, social media posts or issuing of new physical advertising materials is allowed . On 15 October The vote takes place between 7:00 and 21:00 Projected results of the exit poll are announced

Opinion polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2023 Polish parliamentary election

Results

Sejm

See also: List of Sejm members (2023–2027)

PiS remained the largest party in the Sejm, but with about 35% of the vote, lost its majority and was unable to form a government. The three main opposition groups, Civic Coalition, Third Way and New Left, took 54% of the votes, winning enough seats to allow them to take power. ^[34] According to the final vote count by the National Electoral Commission, Law and Justice won 194 seats, the Civic Coalition 157, the Third Way 65, The Left 26, and the Confederation Liberty and Independence 18. ^[35]

Although the German Minority Electoral Committee did win 5.37% of the vote in the Opole region in this election, they came 6th instead of the expected 5th place, falling 5,372 votes short. The Opole Voivodeship represents a total of 12 Sejm seats, and as the 5th place was taken by the far-right Confederation Liberty and Independence, the last 12th seat, which had previously been won by German Minority, went to them instead. ^[36] As a result, the German Minority Electoral Committee failed to win any parliamentary seat for the first time in 32 years. ^[37]

For detailed results by constituency and party breakdown, see Results breakdown of the 2023 Polish parliamentary election (Sejm).

Results of the 2023 Polish parliamentary election by powiats

Results of the 2023 Polish parliamentary election by gminas

Results of Sejm elections 1991–2023

Results by party Results by coalition
Party or alliance				Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	United Right		Law and Justice	6,286,250	29.11	157	−30
			Sovereign Poland	465,024	2.15	18	+8
			The Republicans	99,373	0.46	4	+3
			Kukiz'15 [h]	74,959	0.35	2	New
			Independents	715,248	3.31	13	−8
		Total		7,640,854	35.39	194	−41
	Civic Coalition		Civic Platform	4,992,932	23.12	122	+20
			Modern	375,776	1.74	6	−2
			Polish Initiative	252,021	1.17	3	+1
			The Greens	67,392	0.31	3	0
			AGROunia	53,571	0.25	1	New
			Good Movement	8,254	0.04	0	New
			Independents [i]	879,645	4.07	22	+3
		Total		6,629,402	30.70	157	+23
	Third Way		Poland 2050 [j]	1,561,542	7.23	33	New
			Polish People's Party [k]	1,189,629	5.51	28	+9
			Centre for Poland	70,117	0.32	3	+3
			Union of European Democrats	21,056	0.10	0	−1
			Independents and others	268,326	1.24	1	−9
		Total		3,110,670	14.41	65	+35
	The Left		New Left	1,199,503	5.55	19	−19
			Left Together	453,730	2.10	7	+1
			Independents and others	205,785	0.95	0	−5
		Total		1,859,018	8.61	26	−23
	Confederation		New Hope	551,901	2.56	6	+1
			Confederation [l]	341,188	1.58	7	+7
			National Movement	199,149	0.92	0	−5
			Confederation of the Polish Crown	182,573	0.85	2	+1
			Independents and others	268,985	1.25	3	+3
		Total		1,547,364	7.17	18	+7
	Nonpartisan Local Government Activists			401,054	1.86	0	0
	There is One Poland			351,099	1.63	0	New
	German Minority			25,778	0.12	0	−1
	Prosperity and Peace Movement			24,850	0.12	0	New
	Normal Country			4,606	0.02	0	New
	Anti-party			1,156	0.01	0	New
	Repair Poland Movement			823	0.00	0	New
Total				21,593,295	100.00	460	0
Valid votes				21,596,674	98.31
Invalid/blank votes				370,217	1.69
Total votes				21,966,891	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				29,532,595	74.38
Source: National Electoral Commission, National Electoral Commission

By constituency

Constituency	Law and Justice		Civic Coalition		Third Way		The Left		Confederation		Nonpartisan Local Government Activists		There is One Poland		Others
	%	Seats	%	Seats	%	Seats	%	Seats	%	Seats	%	Seats	%	Seats	%	Seats
1 – Legnica	34.80	5	33.78	5	10.75	1	9.51	1	6.33	0	3.34	0	1.49	0	–	–
2 – Wałbrzych	33.34	3	37.17	4	12.13	1	7.98	0	6.02	0	1.80	0	1.57	0	–	–
3 – Wrocław	26.66	4	36.94	6	13.74	2	11.35	1	6.98	1	2.89	0	1.44	0	–	–
4 – Bydgoszcz	30.45	4	35.01	5	15.06	2	9.92	1	6.42	0	1.67	0	1.47	0	–	–
5 – Toruń	34.06	5	29.52	4	15.68	2	11.25	1	6.37	1	1.44	0	1.25	0	0.42 [m]	0
6 – Lublin	45.48	8	20.32	3	15.87	2	5.72	1	8.38	1	1.60	0	2.30	0	0.35 [m]	0
7 – Chełm	50.75	7	17.40	2	13.04	2	5.62	0	7.79	1	2.08	0	2.83	0	0.48 [m]	0
8 – Zielona Góra	27.76	4	37.73	5	15.07	2	9.27	1	6.51	0	2.31	0	1.12	0	0.22 [n]	0
9 – Łódź	26.82	3	41.07	5	11.89	1	12.22	1	5.57	0	1.23	0	1.20	0	–	–
10 – Piotrków Trybunalski	46.60	6	21.69	2	13.73	1	6.39	0	7.62	0	2.17	0	1.38	0	0.43 [m]	0
11 – Sieradz	41.46	6	25.89	3	14.50	2	7.73	1	6.82	0	1.62	0	1.45	0	0.52 [m]	0
12 – Kraków I	42.86	5	24.24	2	14.97	1	6.04	0	7.88	0	1.78	0	2.22	0	–	–
13 – Kraków II	30.68	5	30.73	5	16.86	2	11.04	1	7.71	1	1.51	0	1.47	0	–	–
14 – Nowy Sącz	53.73	6	16.10	2	11.58	1	3.18	0	8.73	1	2.49	0	4.18	0	–	–
15 – Tarnów	48.67	5	17.02	2	18.64	2	4.00	0	7.99	0	1.38	0	2.30	0	–	–
16 – Płock	44.11	5	22.40	3	17.07	2	6.52	0	6.52	0	2.03	0	1.35	0	–	–
17 – Radom	48.68	6	20.96	2	13.98	1	5.34	0	7.31	0	1.71	0	1.53	0	0.50 [m]	0
18 – Siedlce	48.62	7	18.71	2	15.51	2	4.85	0	8.21	1	1.86	0	1.90	0	0.35 [o]	0
19 – Warsaw I	20.14	4	43.23	9	13.25	3	13.45	3	6.24	1	1.37	0	1.32	0	–	–
20 – Warsaw II	31.74	4	35.23	4	15.06	2	7.06	1	7.06	1	2.27	0	1.59	0	–	–
21 – Opole	31.26	4	33.59	5	12.74	1	7.24	1	6.49	1	1.57	0	1.74	0	5.37 [p]	0
22 – Krosno	54.70	7	15.85	2	13.79	1	4.47	0	8.62	1	2.07	0	–	–	0.50 [m]	0
23 – Rzeszów	51.60	9	17.70	3	12.42	2	4.87	0	9.48	1	1.53	0	2.40	0	–	–
24 – Białystok	42.39	7	20.84	3	18.86	3	4.84	0	9.79	1	1.16	0	1.64	0	0.47 [m]	0
25 – Gdańsk	25.20	3	41.70	6	14.70	2	9.41	1	6.23	0	1.44	0	1.32	0	–	–
26 – Słupsk	29.24	4	37.91	6	13.59	2	8.33	1	7.21	1	1.62	0	2.10	0	–	–
27 – Bielsko-Biała I	36.71	4	28.67	3	14.55	1	7.77	0	7.84	1	1.73	0	2.46	0	0.28 [q]	0
28 – Częstochowa	36.35	3	29.11	3	14.72	1	9.41	0	6.56	0	2.09	0	1.74	0	–	–
29 – Katowice I	30.16	3	36.06	4	13.34	1	9.21	1	6.95	0	1.90	0	2.38	0	–	–
30 – Bielsko-Biała II	38.06	4	29.98	3	12.45	1	6.84	0	8.00	1	2.27	0	2.40	0	–	–
31 – Katowice II	30.88	4	36.79	5	13.27	1	8.46	1	6.70	1	1.80	0	2.10	0	–	–
32 – Katowice III	29.74	3	30.30	3	9.85	1	21.60	2	5.69	0	1.45	0	1.37	0	–	–
33 – Kielce	47.07	8	20.93	4	13.80	2	6.83	1	6.55	1	2.88	0	1.38	0	0.55 [r]	0
34 – Elbląg	35.20	4	31.87	3	15.40	1	8.11	0	6.54	0	1.44	0	1.12	0	0.33 [q]	0
35 – Olsztyn	32.33	4	33.07	4	16.11	1	8.09	1	6.93	0	1.98	0	1.48	0	–	–
36 – Kalisz	35.85	5	28.85	4	16.16	2	8.52	1	6.98	0	2.39	0	1.52	0	–	–
37 – Konin	38.69	4	23.99	2	16.63	2	9.48	1	6.97	0	2.35	0	1.38	0	0.51 [m]	0
38 – Piła	29.11	3	34.87	4	17.66	2	7.84	0	6.87	0	1.91	0	1.74	0	–	–
39 – Poznań	19.57	2	44.09	5	16.54	2	12.31	1	5.90	0	1.59	0	–	–	–	–
40 – Koszalin	31.36	3	38.69	4	12.35	1	8.72	0	6.02	0	1.63	0	1.24	0	–	–
41 – Szczecin	28.79	4	40.13	6	12.62	1	9.39	1	5.94	0	1.62	0	1.12	0	0.39 [m]	0
Poland	35.4	194	30.7	157	14.4	65	8.6	26	7.2	18	1.9	0	1.6	0	0.3	0
Source: National Electoral Commission

Senate

See also: List of Polish senators (2023–2027)

Largest electoral alliance in each Senate constituency

Winning party in each Senate constituency

For detailed results by constituency and party breakdown, see Results breakdown of the 2023 Polish parliamentary election (Senate).

Results by party Results by coalition
Party or alliance				Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Civic Coalition		Civic Platform	5,107,360	23.86	36	+2
			Independents	1,079,935	5.05	5	−4
		Total		6,187,295	28.91	41	−2
	Third Way		Polish People's Party	1,282,952	5.99	4	+2
			Poland 2050 [s]	726,740	3.40	5	New
			Union of European Democrats	198,074	0.93	1	0
			Centre for Poland	177,158	0.83	1	New
			Independents	77,436	0.36	0	New
		Total		2,462,360	11.50	11	+8
	The Left		New Left	659,650	3.08	5	+4
			Left Together	294,150	1.37	2	New
			Polish Socialist Party	59,980	0.28	1	0
			Labour Union	55,372	0.26	1	+1
			Independents	62,487	0.29	0	New
		Total		1,131,639	5.29	9	+7
	Senate Pact independents [t]			573,060	2.68	4	+1
	Senate Pact 2023 total			10,354,354	48.38	65	+14
	United Right		Law and Justice	6,352,852	29.68	29	−9
			Sovereign Poland	131,649	0.62	1	−1
			The Republicans	64,020	0.30	0	New
			Independents	901,354	4.21	4	−2
		Total		7,449,875	34.81	34	−14
	Confederation Liberty and Independence			1,443,836	6.75	0	0
	Nonpartisan Local Government Activists			1,049,919	4.91	0	0
	New Democracy - Yes			95,691	0.45	0	New
	Mirosław Piasecki Candidate for Senator RP			58,102	0.27	0	0
	There is One Poland			55,418	0.26	0	New
	Union of Christian Families			51,206	0.24	0	New
	Silesians Together			50,274	0.23	0	0
	Free and Solidary			42,956	0.20	0	New
	Civic Agreement			41,592	0.19	0	New
	Polska 2050 [d]			30,763	0.14	0	New
	German Minority Electoral Committee			29,390	0.14	0	0
	Polish Pirate Party			27,286	0.13	0	New
	Slavic Union			25,802	0.12	0	0
	Prosperity and Peace Movement			20,672	0.10	0	New
	Repair Poland Movement			15,236	0.07	0	New
	United			13,422	0.06	0	New
	Wolnościowcy			4,053	0.02	0	New
	Normal Country			2,177	0.01	0	0
	Independents and other committees with a single candidate			540,974	2.53	1	−3
Total				21,402,998	100.00	100	0
Valid votes				21,402,998	97.53
Invalid/blank votes				541,886	2.47
Total votes				21,944,884	100.00
Registered voters/turnout				29,532,595	74.31
Source: National Electoral Commission

By constituency

#	Voivodeship	Commission	#	Result		Elected Member
1	Lower Silesian	Legnica	I		The Left gain from Law and Justice	Waldemar Witkowski
2			II		Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice	Marcin Zawiła  [ pl ]
3			III		The Left gain from Law and Justice	Małgorzata Sekuła-Szmajdzińska
4		Wałbrzych	I		Civic Coalition hold	Agnieszka Kołacz-Leszczyńska
5			II		Law and Justice hold	Aleksander Szwed
6		Wrocław	I		Third Way gain from Civic Coalition	Kazimierz Michał Ujazdowski
7			II		Civic Coalition hold	Grzegorz Schetyna
8			III		Civic Coalition hold	Barbara Zdrojewska
9	Kuyavian-Pomeranian	Bydgoszcz	I		Civic Coalition hold	Andrzej Kobiak
10			II		Civic Coalition hold	Ryszard Brejza  [ pl ]
11		Toruń	I		Civic Coalition hold	Tomasz Lenz
12			II		Third Way hold	Ryszard Bober
13			III		The Left gain from Law and Justice	Krzysztof Kukucki  [ pl ]
14	Lublin	Lublin	I		Law and Justice hold	Stanisław Gogacz
15			II		Law and Justice hold	Grzegorz Czelej
16			III		Third Way gain from Civic Coalition	Jacek Trela  [ pl ]
17		Chełm	I		Law and Justice hold	Grzegorz Bierecki
18			II		Independent gain from Law and Justice	Józef Zając
19			III		Law and Justice hold	Jerzy Chróścikowski
20	Lubusz	Zielona Góra	I		Third Way gain from Civic Coalition	Mirosław Różański  [ pl ]
21			II		Civic Coalition hold	Władysław Komarnicki
22			III		Senate Pact independent hold	Wadim Tyszkiewicz
23	Łódź	Łódź	I		Civic Coalition hold	Artur Dunin
24			II		Senate Pact independent hold	Krzysztof Kwiatkowski
25		Sieradz	I		Law and Justice hold	Przemysław Błaszczyk
26			II		The Left gain from Law and Justice	Marcin Karpiński  [ pl ]
27			III		Law and Justice hold	Michał Seweryński
28		Piotrków Trybunalski	I		Law and Justice hold	Wiesław Dobkowski
29			II		Law and Justice hold	Rafał Ambrozik
30	Lesser Poland	Kraków	I		Law and Justice hold	Andrzej Pająk
31			II		Law and Justice hold	Marek Pęk
32			III		Civic Coalition hold	Jerzy Fedorowicz
33			IV		Civic Coalition hold	Bogdan Klich
34		Tarnów	I		Law and Justice hold	Włodzimierz Bernacki
35			II		Law and Justice hold	Kazimierz Wiatr
36		Nowy Sącz	I		Law and Justice hold	Jan Hamerski
37			II		Law and Justice hold	Wiktor Durlak
38	Masovian	Płock	I		Third Way gain from Law and Justice	Waldemar Pawlak
39			II		Law and Justice hold	Krzysztof Bieńkowski  [ pl ]
40		Warszawa	I		Civic Coalition hold	Jolanta Hibner
41			II		Third Way hold	Michał Kamiński
42			III		Civic Coalition hold	Marek Borowski
43			IV		Civic Coalition hold	Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska
44			V		Civic Coalition hold	Adam Bodnar
45			VI		The Left gain from Civic Coalition	Magdalena Biejat
46		Siedlce	I		Law and Justice hold	Robert Mamątow
47			II		Law and Justice hold	Maciej Górski  [ pl ]
48			III		Law and Justice hold	Waldemar Kraska
49		Radom	I		Law and Justice hold	Stanisław Karczewski
50			II		Law and Justice hold	Wojciech Skurkiewicz
51	Opole	Opole	I		Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice	Tadeusz Jarmuziewicz
52			II		The Left gain from Civic Coalition	Piotr Woźniak  [ pl ]
53			III		Civic Coalition hold	Beniamin Godyla
54	Subcarpathian	Rzeszów	I		Law and Justice hold	Janina Sagatowska
55			II		Law and Justice hold	Zdzisław Pupa
56			III		Law and Justice hold	Józef Jodłowski  [ pl ]
57		Krosno	I		Law and Justice hold	Alicja Zając
58			II		Law and Justice hold	Mieczysław Golba
59	Podlaskie	Białystok	I		Law and Justice hold	Marek Komorowski
60			II		Third Way gain from Law and Justice	Maciej Żywno
61			III		Law and Justice hold	Anna Bogucka-Skowrońska
62	Pomeranian	Słupsk	I		Civic Coalition hold	Kazimierz Kleina
63			II		The Left gain from Civic Coalition	Anna Górska
64			III		Civic Coalition hold	Sławomir Rybicki
65		Gdańsk	I		Civic Coalition hold	Bogdan Borusewicz
66			II		Civic Coalition hold	Ryszard Świlski
67			III		Civic Coalition hold	Leszek Czarnobaj
68	Silesian	Częstochowa	I		Law and Justice hold	Ryszard Majer
69			II		The Left hold	Wojciech Konieczny
70		Katowice	I		Senate Pact independent gain from Civic Coalition	Zygmunt Frankiewicz
71			II		Civic Coalition hold	Halina Bieda
72		Bielsko-Biała	I		Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice	Henryk Siedlaczek
73			II		Third Way gain from Law and Justice	Piotr Masłowski  [ pl ]
74		Katowice	III		Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice	Gabriela Morawska-Stanecka
75			IV		Senate Pact independent gain from Civic Coalition	Andrzej Dziuba  [ pl ]
76			V		Civic Coalition hold	Beata Małecka-Libera
77			VI		Civic Coalition hold	Joanna Sekuła
78		Bielsko-Biała	III		Civic Coalition hold	Agnieszka Gorgoń-Komor
79			IV		Law and Justice hold	Andrzej Kalata  [ pl ]
80		Katowice	VII		The Left gain from Civic Coalition	Maciej Kopiec  [ pl ]
81	Świętokrzyskie	Kielce	I		Law and Justice hold	Jacek Włosowicz
82			II		Law and Justice hold	Jarosław Rusiecki
83			III		Law and Justice hold	Krzysztof Słoń
84	Warmian-Masurian	Elbląg	I		Civic Coalition hold	Jerzy Wcisła
85			II		Third Way gain from Law and Justice	Gustaw Marek Brzezin
86		Olsztyn	I		Civic Coalition gain from Independent	Ewa Kaliszuk  [ pl ]
87			II		Civic Coalition gain from Law and Justice	Jolanta Piotrowska  [ pl ]
88	Greater Poland	Piła	I		Civic Coalition hold	Adam Szejnfeld
89			II		Third Way hold	Jan Filip Libicki
90		Poznań	I		Civic Coalition hold	Waldy Dzikowski
91			II		Civic Coalition hold	Rafał Grupiński
92		Konin	I		Third Way gain from Civic Coalition	Grzegorz Fedorowicz  [ pl ]
93			II		Law and Justice hold	Leszek Galemba  [ pl ]
94		Kalisz	I		Civic Coalition hold	Wojciech Ziemniak
95			II		Civic Coalition hold	Ewa Matecka
96			III		Civic Coalition hold	Janusz Pęcherz
97	West Pomeranian	Szczecin	I		Civic Coalition hold	Tomasz Grodzki
98			II		Civic Coalition hold	Magdalena Kochan
99		Koszalin	I		Civic Coalition hold	Janusz Gromek
100			II		Civic Coalition gain from Independent	Stanisław Gawłowski
Source: National Electoral Commission

Electorate demographics

Demographic		Turnout	Law and Justice	Civic Coalition	Third Way	The Left	Confederation	Nonpartisan Local Government Activists	There is One Poland	Others
Total vote		73.9%	36.1%	31.0%	14.0%	8.6%	6.8%	2.0%	1.3%	0.2%
Sex
Men		73.1%	36.3%	29.4%	13.9%	6.8%	10.2%	2.0%	1.2%	0.2%
Women		74.7%	35.9%	32.5%	14.1%	10.1%	3.7%	2.1%	1.4%	0.2%
Age
18–29 years old		70.9%	14.4%	27.6%	17.9%	17.4%	17.8%	3.5%	1.2%	0.2%
30–39 years old		73.9%	25.7%	28.8%	18.3%	10.4%	11.8%	3.0%	1.7%	0.3%
40–49 years old		80.5%	31.6%	34.5%	16.5%	8.1%	5.2%	2.2%	1.7%	0.2%
50–59 years old		84.4%	43.7%	32.3%	12.9%	5.1%	3.2%	1.5%	1.2%	0.1%
60 or older		66.5%	52.8%	31.0%	8.2%	5.2%	1.1%	0.8%	0.8%	0.1%
Occupation
Company owner		n/a	20.3%	42.2%	15.9%	7.4%	10.9%	1.6%	1.5%	0.2%
Manager/expert		n/a	18.4%	40.4%	19.2%	11.3%	7.3%	2.0%	1.2%	0.2%
Admin/services		n/a	29.2%	31.6%	17.2%	10.7%	7.1%	2.5%	1.5%	0.2%
Farmer		n/a	66.6%	9.5%	11.5%	3.0%	5.3%	2.2%	1.5%	0.4%
Worker		n/a	49.6%	19.8%	11.1%	5.1%	9.6%	3.1%	1.5%	0.2%
Student		n/a	11.0%	31.0%	18.6%	21.6%	13.4%	3.1%	1.1%	0.2%
Unemployed		n/a	45.2%	21.4%	11.8%	7.7%	9.0%	3.1%	1.5%	0.3%
Retired		n/a	53.4%	30.6%	7.8%	5.5%	1.1%	0.8%	0.7%	0.1%
Others		n/a	34.7%	27.4%	15.8%	8.9%	8.5%	2.9%	1.6%	0.2%
Agglomeration
Rural		70.3%	47.6%	21.2%	13.4%	5.9%	7.8%	2.4%	1.4%	0.3%
<50,000 pop.		74.1%	33.7%	33.4%	14.7%	8.3%	6.5%	2.1%	1.2%	0.1%
51,000 - 200,000 pop.		73.9%	29.7%	36.7%	13.8%	9.9%	6.4%	1.8%	1.5%	0.2%
201,000 – 500,000 pop.		82.6%	23.9%	41.4%	15.8%	10.7%	5.4%	1.8%	0.8%	0.2%
>500,000 pop.		81.2%	21.1%	42.9%	14.0%	14.5%	5.5%	1.3%	0.7%	0.0%
Education
Elementary		n/a	62.6%	15.4%	7.7%	4.7%	6.1%	2.5%	0.8%	0.2%
Vocational		n/a	61.5%	18.1%	8.3%	4.2%	4.6%	2.1%	1.0%	0.2%
Secondary		n/a	37.7%	29.9%	13.0%	8.1%	7.7%	2.2%	1.2%	0.2%
Higher		n/a	22.2%	38.6%	17.8%	11.1%	6.8%	1.8%	1.5%	0.2%
Sejm vote in 2019
	Law and Justice	n/a	87.7%	2.0%	3.5%	1.1%	2.8%	1.4%	1.4%	0.1%
	Civic Coalition	n/a	1.0%	73.6%	16.1%	7.2%	1.1%	0.7%	0.2%	0.1%
	The Left	n/a	2.3%	23.1%	14.1%	57.3%	1.0%	1.7%	0.4%	0.1%
	Polish Coalition	n/a	14.1%	14.1%	57.8%	7.0%	2.7%	3.3%	1.0%	0.0%
	Confederation	n/a	6.8%	8.9%	11.1%	3.0%	63.3%	3.4%	3.1%	0.4%
	Others	n/a	6.7%	19.0%	36.2%	17.8%	6.6%	7.7%	4.5%	1.5%
Didn't vote		n/a	14.7%	27.1%	18.7%	13.3%	19.8%	4.0%	1.8%	0.6%
Don't remember		n/a	20.9%	26.1%	24.6%	12.4%	8.8%	4.3%	2.3%	0.6%
Second-round president vote in 2020
	Andrzej Duda	n/a	81.4%	2.7%	4.7%	1.5%	6.0%	1.8%	1.8%	0.1%
	Rafał Trzaskowski	n/a	1.4%	60.7%	19.8%	13.7%	2.8%	1.1%	0.3%	0.2%
Didn't vote		n/a	14.7%	27.1%	18.7%	13.3%	19.8%	4.0%	1.8%	0.6%
Don't remember		n/a	20.9%	26.1%	24.6%	12.4%	8.8%	4.3%	2.3%	0.6%
Source: Ipsos [38]

Analysis

Turnout was 74.7% among women and 73.1% among men, with both giving similar levels of support for the government and two leading opposition parties, Civic Coalition and Third Way. ^{[39] [40]} Analysts identified a "youthquake" in which voting by Poland's young voters had a disproportionate impact on the election outcome. Turnout for ages 18–29 reached 68.8%, compared to 46.4% in the previous elections of 2019; among these voters, support for the ruling party fell to 14.9% from 26.3% four years earlier. ^[41]

Aftermath

Leaders of the three opposition parties after signing the coalition agreement.

President Andrzej Duda later announced that he would hold consultations separately with every parliamentary party leader on 24 and 25 October. ^[42] On 24 October, leaders of the Civic Coalition, the Polish People's Party, Poland 2050, and The Left stated they are ready to form a government with Donald Tusk as their candidate for prime minister. ^[43] However, Duda had a maximum of 30 days to call parliament into session, especially if he wanted the ruling Law and Justice party to try to build a government. Opposition parties had called on Duda to allow them to form a government as soon as possible and respect the will of the voters. Representatives of Duda stated that he would do so within the timeframe that the Constitution demands and allows. ^[44]

On 6 November, Duda named Law and Justice's incumbent prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki as his prime ministerial nominee. ^[45] This move was criticized by the opposition, as the United Right was 40 seats short of a majority and no other bloc had agreed to join them for coalition talks. ^[46]

On 10 November, Civic Coalition, Poland 2050, Polish People's Party and New Left signed a coalition agreement with Tusk as their candidate for prime minister. The opposition parties wanted to sign the agreement before the Sejm's first sitting in order to show that they stood ready to govern. Morawiecki was required to secure the Sejm's confidence within two weeks of being sworn in. Under the Constitution, if Morawiecki failed to do so, the Sejm would then designate its own candidate for prime minister, and Duda would be required to appoint that candidate before 11 December. Most commentators expected Morawiecki to come up short of the support needed to govern, as no other party willing to go into coalition with PiS would give it enough support to command the confidence of the Sejm. ^[47]

On 13 November, the newly elected Sejm held its first session. Szymon Hołownia, leader of Poland 2050, was elected Marshal of the Sejm, winning over the incumbent Elżbieta Witek of PiS. ^[48] Later that day, on the first meeting of the Senate, former Marshal of the Sejm Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska of Civic Coalition was elected Marshal of the Senate. ^[49]

On 27 November, Mateusz Morawiecki was sworn in by President Duda for an unprecedented third term as Prime Minister. ^[50] His cabinet had been mockingly dubbed the "Two Weeks Government" by Polish media due to its low likelihood of passing the confidence vote. ^{[51] [52] [53]} Though the far-right Confederation Liberty and Independence had been suggested by commentators as a potential coalition partner, Krzysztof Bosak, leader of the Confederation component National Movement, told Politico Europe that "there is no chance" of Confederation supporting a PiS government. Even had Confederation supported PiS, the United Right would have still been well short of a majority in the Sejm. Former prime minister Leszek Miller joked that the Morawiecki government would not survive even as long as a house fly, saying on Twitter that "Morawiecki's government will not even have time to pupate, let alone lay eggs." ^[54]

On 11 December, Morawiecki's caretaker cabinet lost a vote of confidence in the Sejm by 190 votes to 266. ^{[55] [56]} Later that day, the Sejm nominated Tusk for prime minister, who was subsequently confirmed by 248 votes in favour and 201 against. ^[57] Tusk's cabinet was sworn in on 13 December. ^[58]

Notes

1. Jarosław Kaczyński is the leader of the Law and Justice party and named Mateusz Morawiecki as prime ministerial candidate
2. Following the election, Mateusz Morawiecki was first designated as Prime Minister by the President Andrzej Duda with a United Right minority government. He took the oath of office for his third term on 27 November 2023. On 11 December 2023, Morawiecki's government was defeated in a motion of confidence vote, 190 against 266, prompting the fall of his government. The same day, Donald Tusk was elected as prime minister appointee by 248 against 201, being confirmed to the post on 13 December.
3. National minority committees are not subject to the 5% threshold.
4. Not related to Poland 2050 of Szymon Hołownia.
5. Individual candidates running on Third Way and Confederation lists.
6. The Left registered its committee under the New Left party to circumvent the 8% electoral threshold for electoral coalitions.
7. New Democracy - Yes left the coalition after AGROunia announced it will run on Civic Coalition lists.
8. Kukiz'15 previously ran under Polish Coalition as independents. The result does not include Paweł Kukiz who is not a party member, but got elected with 43,292 votes.
9. Two of the elected independents are also members of Yes! For Poland.
10. Includes 233,917 votes and 2 seats for supported independents.
11. Includes 23,051 votes and 1 seat for supported independents.
12. Confederation was registered as a party to circumvent the 8% electoral threshold for electoral coalitions. Five of its elected members are part of National Movement, one of New Hope and one of Confederation of the Polish Crown.
13. Prosperity and Peace Movement
14. Anti-party
15. Normal Country – 0.19, Repair Poland Movement – 0.15
16. German Minority
17. Normal Country
18. Prosperity and Peace Movement – 0.35, Normal Country – 0.20
19. Includes 104,047 votes and 1 seat for supported independents.
20. Wadim Tyszkiewicz, Krzysztof Kwiatkowski, Bogusław Waksmundzki, Krzystof Borkowski, Zygmunt Frankiewicz and Andrzej Dziuba ran as independents officially supported by the Senate Pact. Additionally Wadim Tyszkiewicz is a member of Yes! For Poland.

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