British Empire in fiction

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Neptune Resigning to Britannia the Empire of the Sea by William Dyce, 1847. William Dyce-Neptune Resigning to Britannia the Empire of the Sea.jpg
Neptune Resigning to Britannia the Empire of the Sea by William Dyce, 1847.

The British Empire has often been portrayed in fiction. Originally such works described the Empire because it was a contemporary part of life; nowadays fictional references are also frequently made in a steampunk context.

Contents

Historical events

This section includes fiction that attempts to re-create historical events.

This is an incomplete list. Please add significant examples in order of date published

Prose

Films

Set in Africa

Set in Australasia

Set in Europe

Set in India

Set in the United States

Television

Period fiction

This section deals with fictional characters set within the wider backdrop of the British Empire.

This is an incomplete list. Please add significant examples in order of date published

Prose

Set on an isolated island

  • Robinson Crusoe (1719) by Daniel Defoe: Crusoe finds himself stranded on an isolated Island. From a few belongings he rebuilds English civilization and christens a tribesman. A drama fueled by capitalism, Christian faith and efforts to 'colonialize' and 'civilize' both the island and the tribesman.
  • The Coral Island (1857) by R.M. Ballantyne tells the story of three children shipwrecked on a South Pacific island. William Golding parodied the optimism of the book in his satire Lord of the Flies (1954).

Set in Africa

  • King Solomon's Mines (1885) by Sir Henry Rider Haggard introduces Allan Quatermain – a British hunter and explorer, but who displays a remarkably modern attitude to de-colonialization, and shows a great respect for the African cultures. Nevertheless, he is a patriot. Quatermain appears in a total of eighteen stories by Haggard, fourteen of which are novel-length.
  • She (1887) by Sir Henry Rider Haggard is the first of four novels featuring Ayesha, also called She-Who-Must-Be-Obeyed, an immortal queen ruling the ruins of the lost African city of Kôr. It features three British adventurers who are captured by Ayesha's subjects. In one of these explorers she recognises the reincarnation of Kallikrates, an ancient Greco-Egyptian priest whom she loved.
  • Heart of Darkness (1899) a reflection on the savage Belgian empire compared to Britain's and the many kinds of evil perceived to be in Africa.
  • The Four Feathers (1902) by A.E.W. Mason tells the story of British officer Harry Faversham, who resigns his commission from his regiment just prior to the Battle of Omdurman, in the Sudan, in 1898. He questions his own true motives, and resolves to redeem himself in combat, travelling on his own to the Sudan.
  • Sanders of the River (1911) by Edgar Wallace, highly popular at the time, and its various sequels – The People of the River (1911), Bosambo of the River (1914), Bones of the River (1923), Sanders (1926), Again Sanders (1928) – focus on the adventures of a British governor in a fictional African colony loosely modeled on Nigeria, where British power in maintained by gunboats sailing up and down a major river. The protagonist is not gratuitously cruel, and by the standards of his time is open-minded towards the culture of the African tribes under his rule. Nevertheless, he (like the author and the general British public at the time) takes for granted the right of Britain to rule over the natives and the necessity of using brute force against any attempt at rebellion.
  • Weep Not, Child (1964) by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o

Set in Asia

  • "The Sandokan novels" (1888 onwards) by Emilio Salgari portray the eponymous fictional pirate in his struggles against the British Empire.
  • Burmese Days (1934) by George Orwell is the somewhat autobiographical story of John Flory and a small, corrupt and bigoted group of British Imperialists living in Burma.
  • Tai-Pan (1966) by James Clavell is the second book in Clavell's Asian Saga. It concerns European and American traders who move into Hong Kong in 1841 towards the end of the First Opium War (18391842).
  • The Singapore Grip (1978) by J. G. Farrell is the final book in Farrell's empire trilogy. It is set in 1939 just before the Japanese invasion of Singapore and is a reflection on the final days of the Empire.
  • Noble House (1981) by James Clavell is an epic novel set in Hong Kong in 1963.
Set in India

Set in Australasia

Set in Canada

Set in Europe

Set in the United States

Set in various locations

  • Jules Verne's Around the World in Eighty Days (1873) is in many ways a travelogue of the British Empire as it was at the time of writing – as symbolised by the fact that the protagonists travel halfway around the world and still remain within British territory where British law runs, (and then they go to Japan which at the time of writing was under strong British influence, and from there to the United States, a country created by breakaway British colonists).
  • The Aubrey–Maturin series by Patrick O'Brian is a sequence of 20 nautical historical novels, and one unfinished, set during the Napoleonic Wars and centering on the friendship between Captain Jack Aubrey of the Royal Navy and his ship's surgeon Stephen Maturin, who is also a natural philosopher and secret agent. The first novel, Master and Commander, was published in 1969 and the last finished novel in 1999. The 21st novel of the series, left unfinished at O'Brian's death in 2000, appeared in print in late 2004.
  • The Light that Failed (1890) by Rudyard Kipling. Most of the novel is set in London, but many important events throughout the story occur in Sudan or India.
  • The Flashman Series (1969 onwards) by George MacDonald Fraser shows the British Empire between 1839 and 1891 and from the eyes of the dastardly Flashman – the bully from Tom Brown's Schooldays. Many famous people from the time are mentioned usually in a bad light, or with flaws (e.g. Lord Cardigan, in Flashman and Flashman at the Charge )
  • The Thorn Birds by Colleen McCullough (1977) Set in various places including New Zealand at the end of the 18th century.
  • The Sharpe Series (1981 onwards) A series of books which follow the career of Richard Sharpe from India, through the Napoleonic Wars and beyond.

Theatre

Audio

Films

Set in Africa

Set in Asia

Set in India
  • The Green Goddess (1923 film) and The Green Goddess (1930 film) are two films depicting a group of British citizens who crash in India and are threatened with execution by the local Raja.
  • Bonnie Scotland (1935) A comedy which sees Laurel and Hardy join a Scottish regiment and sent to India.
  • Gunga Din (1939) loosely based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling combined with elements of his novel Soldiers Three. The film is about three British sergeants and their native water bearer who fight the Thuggee, a religious cult of ritualistic stranglers in colonial India.
  • Kim (1950) An adaptation of the Kipling novel starring Errol Flynn.
  • King of the Khyber Rifles (1952) A half-caste British officer in 19th-century India battles the prejudices of both his Army colleagues and the local populace while trying to help put down a rebellion led by a greedy local ruler. Adapted from the Talbot Mundy novel.
  • Bhowani Junction (1956) is an adaptation of the novel set amidst the turbulence of the British withdrawal from India.
  • Carry On... Up the Khyber (1968) is a comedy film starring Sid James as Queen Victoria's Governor in the British India province of Khalabar near the Khyber Pass.
  • Shatranj Ke Khilari (1977) based on Munshi Premchand's short story of the same name, set in 1856 and shows the life and customs of 19th-century India on the eve of the Indian rebellion of 1857.
  • Junoon (1978) chronicles the period of 1857 to 1858 when the soldiers of the East India Company mutinied and many smaller kingdoms joined the soldiers in the hope of regaining their territories from the British.
  • Kranti (1981) A film taking place in 19th-century British India and is the story of the fight for independence from the British in the years spanning from 1825 to 1875. It tells the story of two men who led the war against British Rule, Sanga (Dilip Kumar) and Bharat (Manoj Kumar) both of whom call themselves Kranti.
  • A Passage to India (1984) film of the book of the same name.
  • Kim (1984) A second adaptation of the Kipling novel.
  • The Deceivers (1988) a film of the novel by John Masters on the Thuggee movement in India during British imperial rule.
  • Earth (1998) is set in Lahore before and during the partition of India.
  • Hey Ram (2000), a film set against the backdrop of the Indian Independence movement.
  • Lagaan (2001), set in late 19th-century India, follows a cricket game between British officers and local Indian villagers.
  • Kisna: The Warrior Poet (2005) set during the last days of the British in India.
  • Water (2005) a film set in 1938 India and a sequel to the 1998 film "Earth".
  • Gunga Din (1939) a film about three British sergeants and Gunga Din, their native bhisti (water bearer), who fight the Thuggee, a cult of murderous Indians in colonial British India.

Set in Australasia

Set in the Caribbean

Set in Europe

Set in the United States

Television

Other fiction

This section also has works with fictional characters set in the Empire, but also include supernatural or fantastical elements.

This is an incomplete list. Please add significant examples in order of date published

Prose

Comics

Audio

Films

Television

Computer games

Alternative histories

The alternate history section details books that examine what would have happened if history had unfolded differently. A common feature of stories written by American authors is a British victory in the revolutionary war. For novels in which Britain is defeated by Nazi Germany in 1940, see Axis victory in World War II and Category:Alternate Nazi Germany novels.

This is an incomplete list. Please add significant examples in order of date published

Comics

Audio

Television

Speculative futures

There are many examples of speculative fiction were a British empire different from the historical empire is featured, but these cannot be called alternative realities, as they are not written from the point of view of a change in the past but as speculations about the future.

This is an incomplete list. Please add significant examples in order of date published

Prose

Films

Notes

  1. The New England series by James Philip consists of Empire Day (2018), Two Hundred Lost Years (2018), Travels Through The Wind (2019), Remember Lost Achilles (2019), George Washington's Ghost (2020), and Imperial Crisis (2020)