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Brown dwarfs are substellar objects that have more mass than the biggest gas giant planets, but less than the least massive main-sequence stars. Their mass is approximately 13 to 80 times that of Jupiter (MJ) -- not big enough to sustain nuclear fusion of ordinary hydrogen (1H) into helium in their cores, but massive enough to emit some light and heat from the fusion of deuterium (2H). The most massive ones can fuse lithium (7Li).
Teegarden's Star is an M-type red dwarf in the constellation Aries, 12.5 light-years from the Solar System. Although it is near Earth it is a dim magnitude 15 and can only be seen through large telescopes. This star was found to have a very large proper motion of about 5 arcseconds per year. Only seven stars with such large proper motions are currently known.
A rogue planet is an interstellar object of planetary mass which is not gravitationally bound to any star or brown dwarf. Rogue planets may originate from planetary systems in which they are formed and later ejected, or they can also form on their own, outside a planetary system. The Milky Way alone may have billions to trillions of rogue planets, a range the upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will likely be able to narrow.
2M1207, 2M1207A or 2MASS J12073346–3932539 is a brown dwarf located in the constellation Centaurus; a companion object, 2M1207b, may be the first extrasolar planetary-mass companion to be directly imaged, and is the first discovered orbiting a brown dwarf.
DENIS J1048−3956 is an exceptionally small, dim ultra-cool red dwarf star about 13.2 light years from Earth in the southern constellation of Antlia, among the stars closest to Earth. This star is very dim with an apparent magnitude of about 17, and will require a telescope with a camera to be seen. It was discovered in 2000 by Xavier Delfosse and Thierry Forveille, with the assistance of nine other astronomers.
DENIS-P J020529.0−115925 is a brown dwarf system in the constellation of Cetus. It is located 64 light-years away, based on the system's parallax. It was first found in the Deep Near Infrared Survey of the Southern Sky.
2MASS J12373919+6526148 is a brown dwarf object with late spectral type T in the constellation of Draco, nearly 34 light-years away from the Sun. The substellar object could likely host a very low-mass companion, possibly in the planetary regime. This has been inferred from unusual Hα emission that it exhibited in the past.
2MASS J04151954−0935066 is a brown dwarf of spectral class T8, in the constellation Eridanus about 18.6 light-years from Earth. This is a reference (standard) object for the definition of the T8 spectral class.
2MASS J21392676+0220226 is a brown dwarf located 34 light-years from Earth in the constellation Aquarius. Its surface is thought to be host to a massive storm, resulting in large variability of its color. It is a member of the Carina-Near moving group. This brown dwarf was discovered in the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS).
SDSS J141624.08+134826.7 is a nearby wide binary system of two brown dwarfs, located in constellation Boötes. The system consists of L-type component A and T-type component B.
2MASS J11145133−2618235, or 2M1114−26, or 2M1114−2618, or 2MASS 1114−26, or 2MASS J1114−2618) is a nearby brown dwarf of spectral class T7.5, located in constellation Hydra at approximately 18 light-years from Earth.
Luhman 16 is a binary brown-dwarf system in the southern constellation Vela at a distance of approximately 6.5 light-years from the Sun. These are the closest-known brown dwarfs and the closest system found since the measurement of the proper motion of Barnard's Star in 1916, and the third-closest-known system to the Sun. The primary is of spectral type L7.5 and the secondary of type T0.5 ± 1. The masses of Luhman 16 A and B are 33.5 and 28.6 Jupiter masses, respectively, and their ages are estimated to be 600–800 million years. Luhman 16 A and B orbit each other at a distance of about 3.5 astronomical units with an orbital period of approximately 27 years.
WISE J0521+1025 is a nearby brown dwarf of spectral type T7.5, located in constellation Orion at approximately 5.0 pc from Earth.
DENIS-P J1058.7-1548 is a brown dwarf of spectral type L3, located in constellation Crater at approximately 17.3 parsecs or 56.5 light-years from Earth. Its spectrum was used as a standard to define the spectral class L3 back in 1997. With a surface temperature of between 1700 and 2000 K, it is cool enough for clouds to form. Variations in its brightness in visible and infrared spectra suggest it has some form of atmospheric cloud cover.
DENIS-P J1228.2-1547 is a system of two nearly equal brown dwarfs, both are of spectral types L5.5:, located in constellation Corvus at approximately 20.2 parsecs or 66.0 light-years from Earth.
2MASS J15031961+2525196 is a nearby brown dwarf of spectral type T5.5, located in the constellation of Boötes at approximately 20.7 light-years from Earth.
2MASS J03552337+1133437 is a nearby brown dwarf of spectral type L5γ, located in constellation Taurus at approximately 29.8 light-years from Earth.
2MASS J0523−1403 is a very-low-mass red dwarf or high-mass brown dwarf about 40 light-years from Earth in the southern constellation of Lepus. With a very faint visual magnitude of 21.05 and a low effective temperature of 2074 K. It is visible primarily in large telescopes sensitive to infrared light. 2MASS J0523−1403 was first observed as part of the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS).
DENIS-P J082303.1-491201, is a binary system of two brown dwarfs, located 20.77 parsecs (67.7 ly) from Earth. The system is located in the constellation Vela.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Sahlmann, J.; Lazorenko, P. F.; Ségransan, D.; Martín, Eduardo L.; Queloz, D.; et al. (August 2013). "Astrometric orbit of a low-mass companion to an ultracool dwarf". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 556. A133. arXiv: 1306.3225 . Bibcode:2013A&A...556A.133S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321871. S2CID 119193690.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "DENIS-P J082303.1-491201 b". Caltech . Retrieved 8 March 2014.
- ↑ Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Schmidt, Sarah J.; Theissen, Christopher; Gagné, Jonathan; Gillon, Michael; Sahlmann, Johannes; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Gelino, Christopher; Cruz, Kelle L.; Skrzypek, Nathalie; Looper, Dagny (2019). "The Ultracool Spe Xtroscopic Survey. I. Volume-limited Spectroscopic Sample and Luminosity Function of M7−L5 Ultracool Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal. 883 (2): 205. arXiv: 1906.04166 . Bibcode:2019ApJ...883..205B. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab253d . S2CID 184487061.
- ↑ "2MASS J08230313-4912012". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 8 March 2014.
