Delta-sleep-inducing peptide

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Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
DSIP Structure.svg
Identifiers
SymbolDSIP
UniProt P01158
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Structures Swiss-model
Domains InterPro

Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) is a neuropeptide that when infused into the mesodiencephalic ventricle of recipient rabbits induces spindle and delta EEG activity and reduced motor activities. [1]

Contents

Its amino acid sequence is Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu (WAGGDASGE). The gene has yet to be found in rabbits, along with any receptors or precursor peptides. However, searches through BLAST have found that it aligns with a hypothetical Amycolatopsis coloradensis protein. This could indicate that DSIP has a bacterial origin. [2]

Discovery

Delta-sleep-inducing peptide was first discovered in 1974 by the Swiss Schoenenberger-Monnier group who isolated it from the cerebral venous blood of rabbits in an induced state of sleep. It was primarily believed to be involved in sleep regulation due to its apparent ability to induce slow-wave sleep in rabbits, but studies on the subject have been contradictory. [3]

DSIP-like material has been found in human breast milk. [4]

Structure and interactions

DSIP is an amphiphilic peptide of molecular weight 850 daltons with the amino acid motif:
N-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Asp-Ala-Ser-Gly-Glu-C [5]

It has been found in both free and bound forms in the hypothalamus, limbic system and pituitary as well as various peripheral organs, tissues and body fluids. [6] In the pituitary it co-localises with many peptide and non-peptide mediators such as corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (CLIP), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and melanin concentrating hormone (MCH). It is abundant in the gut secretory cells and in the pancreas where it co-localises with glucagon. [5]

In the brain its action may be mediated by NMDA receptors. [7] In another study delta-sleep-inducing peptide stimulated acetyltransferase activity through α1 receptors in rats. [8] It is unknown where DSIP is synthesized.

In vitro it has been found to have a low molecular stability with a half life of only 15 minutes due to the action of a specific aminopeptidase-like enzyme. [9] It has been suggested that in the body it complexes with carrier proteins to prevent degradation, or exists as a component of a large precursor molecule, [10] but as yet no structure or gene has been found for this precursor.

Evidence supports the current belief that it is regulated by glucocorticoids. [11]

Gimble et al. suggest that DSIP interacts with components of the MAPK cascade and is homologous to glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ). [12] GILZ can be induced by Dexamethasone. It prevents Raf-1 activation, which inhibits phosphorylation and activation of ERK. [13]

Function

Many roles for DSIP have been suggested following research carried out using peptide analogues with a greater molecular stability [14] and through measuring DSIP-like immunological (DSIP-LI) response by injecting DSIP antiserum and antibodies. [15]

Roles in endocrine regulation

Roles in physiological processes

Roles in disease and medicine

Safety and possible side-effects of long-term DSIP use haven't been established in clinical research studies.

Related Research Articles

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References

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  2. ↑ Williams JA (2019-01-01). Dringenberg HC (ed.). "Chapter 23 - Sleep, Immunity, and Stress: Novel Insights From Drosophila". Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience. Handbook of Sleep Research. 30. Elsevier: 349–362. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00023-2. ISBN   9780128137437. S2CID   196679505.
  3. ↑ Schoenenberger GA, Maier PF, Tobler HJ, Monnier M (1977). "A naturally occurring delta-EEG enhancing nonapeptide in rabbits". European Journal of Physiology. 369 (2): 99–109. doi:10.1007/BF00591565. PMID   560681. S2CID   8845219.
  4. ↑ Graf MV, Hunter CA, Kastin AJ (1984). "Presence of Delta-Sleep-Inducing Peptide-Like Material in Human Milk". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 59 (1): 127–32. doi:10.1210/jcem-59-1-127. PMID   6547144.
  5. 1 2 Kovalzon VM, Strekalova TV (2006). "Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle". Journal of Neurochemistry. 97 (2): 303–309. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03693.x . PMID   16539679.
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  13. 1 2 Gupta V, Awasthi N, Wagner BJ (2007). "Specific Activation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Modulation of Signal Transduction Pathways in Human Lens Epithelial Cells". Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 48 (4): 1724–1734. doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0889. PMC   2814520 . PMID   17389505.
  14. ↑ synthesized by V. N. Kalikhevich and S. I. Churkina, University Chemical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, and I. I. Mikhaleva and I. A. Prudchenko, Institute of Bio-organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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