Amidorphin

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Amidorphin
Amidorphin primary sequence.svg
Amidorphin.svg
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
PubChem CID
  • InChI=1S/C131H200N30O43S2/c1-66(2)54-88(110(136)183)153-130(203)109(70(9)10)159-122(195)80(35-41-101(169)170)142-99(167)64-137-98(166)63-140-113(186)92(60-96(135)164)154-111(184)71(11)141-114(187)81(36-42-102(171)172)146-117(190)82(37-43-103(173)174)147-118(191)84(39-45-105(177)178)152-129(202)108(69(7)8)160-123(196)85(40-46-106(179)180)149-124(197)90(56-68(5)6)157-128(201)95-26-21-51-161(95)131(204)94(59-74-29-33-76(163)34-30-74)158-125(198)89(55-67(3)4)155-119(192)83(38-44-104(175)176)148-127(200)93(61-107(181)182)156-121(194)87(48-53-206-13)150-116(189)79(25-18-20-50-133)144-115(188)78(24-17-19-49-132)145-120(193)86(47-52-205-12)151-126(199)91(58-72-22-15-14-16-23-72)143-100(168)65-138-97(165)62-139-112(185)77(134)57-73-27-31-75(162)32-28-73/h14-16,22-23,27-34,66-71,77-95,108-109,162-163H,17-21,24-26,35-65,132-134H2,1-13H3,(H2,135,164)(H2,136,183)(H,137,166)(H,138,165)(H,139,185)(H,140,186)(H,141,187)(H,142,167)(H,143,168)(H,144,188)(H,145,193)(H,146,190)(H,147,191)(H,148,200)(H,149,197)(H,150,189)(H,151,199)(H,152,202)(H,153,203)(H,154,184)(H,155,192)(H,156,194)(H,157,201)(H,158,198)(H,159,195)(H,160,196)(H,169,170)(H,171,172)(H,173,174)(H,175,176)(H,177,178)(H,179,180)(H,181,182)/t71-,77-,78-,79-,80-,81-,82-,83-,84-,85-,86-,87-,88-,89-,90-,91-,92-,93-,94-,95-,108-,109-/m0/s1 Yes check.svgY
    Key: BRCPMMMERAGFCE-ZIFJQKEFSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1S/C131H200N30O43S2/c1-66(2)54-88(110(136)183)153-130(203)109(70(9)10)159-122(195)80(35-41-101(169)170)142-99(167)64-137-98(166)63-140-113(186)92(60-96(135)164)154-111(184)71(11)141-114(187)81(36-42-102(171)172)146-117(190)82(37-43-103(173)174)147-118(191)84(39-45-105(177)178)152-129(202)108(69(7)8)160-123(196)85(40-46-106(179)180)149-124(197)90(56-68(5)6)157-128(201)95-26-21-51-161(95)131(204)94(59-74-29-33-76(163)34-30-74)158-125(198)89(55-67(3)4)155-119(192)83(38-44-104(175)176)148-127(200)93(61-107(181)182)156-121(194)87(48-53-206-13)150-116(189)79(25-18-20-50-133)144-115(188)78(24-17-19-49-132)145-120(193)86(47-52-205-12)151-126(199)91(58-72-22-15-14-16-23-72)143-100(168)65-138-97(165)62-139-112(185)77(134)57-73-27-31-75(162)32-28-73/h14-16,22-23,27-34,66-71,77-95,108-109,162-163H,17-21,24-26,35-65,132-134H2,1-13H3,(H2,135,164)(H2,136,183)(H,137,166)(H,138,165)(H,139,185)(H,140,186)(H,141,187)(H,142,167)(H,143,168)(H,144,188)(H,145,193)(H,146,190)(H,147,191)(H,148,200)(H,149,197)(H,150,189)(H,151,199)(H,152,202)(H,153,203)(H,154,184)(H,155,192)(H,156,194)(H,157,201)(H,158,198)(H,159,195)(H,160,196)(H,169,170)(H,171,172)(H,173,174)(H,175,176)(H,177,178)(H,179,180)(H,181,182)/t71-,77-,78-,79-,80-,81-,82-,83-,84-,85-,86-,87-,88-,89-,90-,91-,92-,93-,94-,95-,108-,109-/m0/s1
  • CC(C)CC(C(=O)N)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)C(CC(=O)N)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C1CCCN1C(=O)C(Cc2ccc(cc2)O)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CCSC)NC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CCSC)NC(=O)C(Cc3ccccc3)NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)C(Cc4ccc(cc4)O)N
Properties
C131H200N30O43S2
Molar mass 2947.29 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Yes check.svgY  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Amidorphin is an endogenous, C-terminally amidated, opioid peptide generated as a cleavage product of proenkephalin A in some mammalian species; in humans and most other species, the peptide is 1 residue longer and is not amidated. Amidorphin is widely distributed in the mammalian brain, with particularly high concentrations found in the striatum, and outside of the brain in adrenal medulla and posterior pituitary. [1] [2] The 26-residue peptide named amidorphin is found in several species including bovine (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), and pig (Sus scrofa). Humans and commonly studied lab animals (mice, rats) produce a 27-residue peptide that does not have an amidated C-terminal residue; this is due to the absence of a Gly in the precursor sequence and replacement with Ala, which is not a substrate for the amidating enzyme (Peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase). The properties of the 27-residue peptide are presumably similar to those of amidorphin, although this has not been adequately tested.

In some brain areas, amidorphin is extensively further reduced into smaller fragments, such as the non-opioid peptide amidorphin-(8-26), or in humans, amidorphin-8-27. Cleavage of amidorphin into these smaller fragments releases the N-terminal [Met]-enkephalin sequence of amidorphin. [3]

See also

Related Research Articles

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Hemorphin-4 is an endogenous opioid peptide of the hemorphin family which possesses antinociceptive properties and is derived from the β-chain of hemoglobin in the bloodstream. It is a tetrapeptide with the amino acid sequence Tyr-Pro-Trp-Thr. Hemorphin-4 has affinities for the μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors that are in the same range as the structurally related β-casomorphins, although affinity to the κ-opioid receptor is markedly higher in comparison. It acts as an agonist at these sites. Hemorphin-4 also has inhibitory effects on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and as a result, may play a role in the regulation of blood pressure. Notably, inhibition of ACE also reduces enkephalin catabolism.

Leumorphin, also known as dynorphin B1–29, is a naturally occurring endogenous opioid peptide. Derived as a proteolytic cleavage product of residues 226-254 of prodynorphin, leumorphin is a nonacosapeptide and has the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr-Arg-Ser-Gln-Glu-Asp-Pro-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Ser-Gly-Glu-Leu-Phe-Asp-Ala. It can be further reduced to dynorphin B and dynorphin B-14 by pitrilysin metallopeptidase 1, an enzyme of the endopeptidase family. Leumorphin behaves as a potent and selective κ-opioid receptor agonist, similarly to other endogenous opioid peptide derivatives of prodynorphin.

References

  1. ↑ Seizinger BR, Liebisch DC, Gramsch C, Herz A, Weber E, Evans CJ, et al. (1985). "Isolation and structure of a novel C-terminally amidated opioid peptide, amidorphin, from bovine adrenal medulla". Nature. 313 (5997): 57–59. Bibcode:1985Natur.313...57S. doi:10.1038/313057a0. PMID   3965972. S2CID   4363051.
  2. ↑ Liebisch DC, Seizinger BR, Michael G, Herz A (November 1985). "Novel opioid peptide amidorphin: characterization and distribution of amidorphin-like immunoreactivity in bovine, ovine, and porcine brain, pituitary, and adrenal medulla". Journal of Neurochemistry. 45 (5): 1495–1503. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb07218.x. PMID   4045460. S2CID   12237293.
  3. ↑ Liebisch DC, Weber E, Kosicka B, Gramsch C, Herz A, Seizinger BR (March 1986). "Isolation and structure of a C-terminally amidated nonopioid peptide, amidorphin-(8-26), from bovine striatum: a major product of proenkephalin in brain but not in adrenal medulla". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 83 (6): 1936–1940. Bibcode:1986PNAS...83.1936L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1936 . PMC   323199 . PMID   3456613.
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