Tilidine

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Tilidine
Tilidine.svg
(1S,2R)-tilidine (dextilidine; top),
(1R,2S)-tilidine (bottom)
[skeletal diagram 2D]
Tildine 3D BS.png
(1S,2R)-tilidine (dextilidine; top),
(1R,2S)-tilidine (bottom)
[ball-and-stick diagram 3D]
Clinical data
Trade names Valoron, others
Other namesTilidate (BAN UK)
AHFS/Drugs.com International Drug Names
Routes of
administration 		Oral, rectal, IM, IV
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 6% (parent compound), 99% (active metabolite) [2]
Metabolism Metabolized by the liver, mostly via the enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 [3]
Elimination half-life 3–5 hours [3]
Excretion Urine (90%) [3]
Identifiers
  • Ethyl (1R,2S)-rel-2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate
CAS Number
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ECHA InfoCard 100.039.779 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Chemical and physical data
Formula C17H23NO2
Molar mass 273.376 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • O=C(OCC)[C@@]1(CCC=C[C@H]1N(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C2
 X mark.svgNYes check.svgY  (what is this?)    (verify)

Tilidine, sold under the brand name Valoron among others, is a synthetic opioid analgesic, used mainly in Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Luxembourg, South Africa, and Switzerland for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, both acute and chronic. [4] [5] Its onset of pain relief after oral administration is about 10–15 minutes and peak relief from pain occurs about 25–50 minutes after administration. [3]

Contents

Medical uses

Tilidine 12-08-18-tilidin-retard.jpg
Tilidine

Tilidine is used in the form of hydrochloride or phosphate salt. In Germany, tilidine is available in a fixed combination with naloxone for oral administration (Valoron N and generics); the mixture of naloxone is claimed to lower the abuse liability of the opioid analgesic. [3] This is so that if people take the medication orally (which is the way they are meant to) the opioid blocker, naloxone, has minimal effects on them but if they inject it the naloxone becomes bioavailable and hence antagonises the effects of the tilidine producing withdrawal effects. [3] [6] In Switzerland the original Valoron brand with only tilidine and no naloxone is also available. [4]

As well as its use as an analgesic, tilidine is also commonly used in Germany for treatment of restless legs syndrome. [7] The reversed ester [8] [ failed verification ] is also known and is also a prodrug.

Tilidine is a controlled substance in most countries, listed in the German BtMG, Austrian SMG, and in the USA under the Controlled Substances Act as ACSCN 9750 as a Narcotic under Schedule I, with an annual aggregate manufacturing quota of 10 grams in 2014. It is used as the hydrochloride (free base conversion ratio 0.882) and HCl hemihydrate (0.858). [9]

Adverse effects

Its most common adverse effects are transient nausea and vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache and nervousness; less commonly, nausea and vomiting (after repeated dosing), hallucinations, confusion, euphoria, tremor, hyperreflexia, clonus and increased sweating. [3] Uncommonly, somnolence; rarely, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. [3]

Physicochemistry

It usually comes in its hydrochloride hemihydrate salt form; in this form it is highly soluble in water, ethanol and dichloromethane and appears as a white/almost white crystalline powder. [4] Its storage is restricted by its sensitivity to degradation by light and oxygen, hence necessitating its storage in amber bottles and at temperatures below 30 degrees Celsius, respectively. [3] [4]

Pharmacology

Considered a low-to-medium-potency opioid, tilidine has the oral potency of about 0.2, that is, a dose of 100 mg p.o. is equianalgesic to approximately 20 mg morphine sulfate orally. It is administered orally (by mouth), rectally (by a suppository), or by injection (SC, IM or slowly IV). [10]

Tilidine itself is only a weak opioid, but is rapidly metabolized in the liver and gut to its active metabolite nortilidine and then to bisnortilidine. [11] [12] It is the (1S,2R)-isomer (dextilidine) [13] that is responsible for its analgesic activity. [14] Nortilidine binds to opiate receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems and suppresses pain perception and transmission.

To purportedly counteract the abuse potential, tilidine is used in combination with the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. The mixing ratio with naloxone is chosen so that the analgesic effect of tilidine is not impaired. The effectiveness of this has been called into question and users largely report no reduction of peripheral effects. [15]

Pharmacokinetics

Tilidine is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and is subject to a pronounced first-pass effect.

The conversion of tilidine into the more active metabolite nortilidine occurs with the participation of CYP3A4 and CYP2C19. The inhibition of these enzymes can thus alter the efficacy and tolerability profile of tilidine. The analgesic effect occurs after 10–15 minutes. After oral administration of 100 mg tilidine plus 8 mg naloxone, the maximum effect is reached in about 25–50 minutes. The duration of action is given as 4-6 hours.

The elimination half-life for nortilidine is 3–5 hours. Tilidine is metabolized to 90% and eliminated renally. The rest appears in the faeces.

Depending on the extent of the impairment, the maximum concentration of nortilidine in plasma is lower in insufficient liver function than in healthy individuals and the half-life is prolonged. In case of severe hepatic insufficiency the therapy is questionable. In these cases, it is possible that the formation of active nortilidine may be so low that the analgesic effect is insufficient. In addition, in the combination preparations with naloxone, the inactivation of the same can only be insufficient. The consequent antagonisation of the nortilidine effect can lead to a further loss of activity. [16]

Synthesis

Thieme Synthesis: Patents: Tilidine synthesis.svg
Thieme Synthesis: Patents:

The condensation between Crotonaldehyde (1) and dimethylamine (2) give dimethylaminobutadiene [139943-10-5] (3). The Diels-Alder reaction with ethyl atropate [22286-82-4] (4) yields a mixture of isomers, of which only the (E)-(trans)-isomers are active.

The separation from the mixture by precipitation of the inactive (Z)-(cis)-isomers as zinc complex. [11] The inactive (Z)-(cis)-isomers may be epimerized to the more thermodynamically favored (E)-(trans)-isomers via reflux in diluted phosphoric acid.

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Nortilidine is the major active metabolite of tilidine. It is formed from tilidine by demethylation in the liver. The racemate has opioid analgesic effects roughly equivalent in potency to that of morphine. The (1R,2S) isomer has NMDA antagonist activity. The drug also acts as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. The reversed-ester of nortilidine is also known, as is the corresponding analogue with the cyclohexene ring replaced by cyclopentane, which have almost identical properties to nortilidine.

References

  1. ↑ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  2. ↑ Vollmer KO, Thomann P, Hengy H (October 1989). "Pharmacokinetics of tilidine and metabolites in man". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 39 (10): 1283–8. PMID   2610722.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Tilidin N Sandoz® DP Lösung zum Einnehmen" [Tilidin N Sandoz ® DP oral solution](PDF) (in German). Wooden Churches: Sandoz Pharmaceuticals GmbH. December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Brayfield A, ed. (13 December 2013). "Tilidine Hydrochloride". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  5. ↑ "Tilidine". Drugs.com. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  6. ↑ Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B (2010). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN   978-0-07-162442-8.
  7. ↑ Tings T, Trenkwalder C (March 2003). "[When L-Dopa preparations, dopamine agonists or opioids? Therapy of restless legs syndrome]". MMW Fortschritte der Medizin (in German). 145 (10): 48–9. PMID   12688028.
  8. ↑ USissued 4291059,Reynolds DP,"Cycloaliphatic Compounds Thereof as analgesics",issued 22 September 1981
  9. ↑ "Conversion Factors for Controlled Substances". Drug Enforcement Administration. U.S. Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 2016-03-02. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  10. ↑ Waldvogel HH (2001). Analgetika, Antinozizeptiva, Adjuvanzien: Handbuch für die Schmerzpraxis (in German). Springer. ISBN   978-3-540-65796-5.
  11. 1 2 Buschmann, H (2002). Analgesics: From Chemistry and Pharmacology to Clinical Application . Wiley-VCH. ISBN   978-3-527-30403-5.
  12. ↑ Schulz R, Bläsig J, Wüster M, Herz A (September 1978). "The opiate-like action of tilidine is mediated by metabolites". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 304 (2): 89–93. doi:10.1007/bf00495543. PMID   212687. S2CID   499783.
  13. ↑ "dextilidine - C17H23NO2 - ChemSpider". www.chemspider.com.
  14. ↑ Satzinger G (May 2001). "Drug discovery and commercial exploitation". Drug News & Perspectives. 14 (4): 197–207. doi:10.1358/dnp.2001.14.4.858403. PMID   12819791.
  15. ↑ RealWookie (2021-12-21). "Tilidin und das Naloxon Thema". r/drogen. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  16. ↑ "Tilidin". Gelbe Liste Online.
  17. ↑ Satzinger, Gerhard (1969). "über Cyclohexene, I Synthese und Reaktionen von 4-Phenyl-3-amino-cyclohexenen-(1), einer neuen Klasse von Analgetica".Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 728 (1): 64–87. doi:10.1002/jlac.19697280111.
  18. ↑ USpatent 3557127,Satzinger G,"Substituted Cyclohexenes, Derivatives thereof and Processes for Obtaining Same",issued 1971-01-19
  19. ↑ DE1923619 idem Robert M Novack, U.S. patent 3,649,628 (1972 to Warner Lambert Co).
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