Big dynorphin

Last updated
Big dynorphin [1]
Big dynorphin 2D.svg
Names
IUPAC name
L-tyrosyl-glycyl-glycyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-isoleucyl-L-arginyl-L-prolyl-L-lysyl-L-leucyl-L-lysyl-L-tryptophyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-asparagyl-L-glutaminyl-L-lysyl-L-arginyl-L-tyrosyl-glycyl-glycyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-glutaminyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-lysyl-L-valyl-L-valyl-L-threonine
Other names
  • big dyn
  • GTPL3669
  • Dynorphin (1-32)
  • Dynorphin-32
  • Dynorphin(1-32)
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
PubChem CID
  • InChI=1S/C185H292N58O41/c1-14-104(12)150(241-164(268)125(57-38-80-210-184(202)203)222-156(260)123(55-36-78-208-182(198)199)226-167(271)131(85-101(6)7)233-168(272)133(87-106-41-18-15-19-42-106)217-145(252)97-213-143(250)95-215-152(256)115(190)86-109-60-64-112(245)65-61-109)177(281)230-128(58-39-81-211-185(204)205)178(282)243-82-40-59-139(243)174(278)229-119(51-28-32-74-188)159(263)231-129(83-99(2)3)165(269)223-118(50-27-31-73-187)158(262)236-136(91-111-94-212-116-48-25-24-47-114(111)116)171(275)238-138(93-147(254)255)173(277)237-137(92-142(193)249)172(276)228-126(68-70-140(191)247)161(265)219-117(49-26-30-72-186)154(258)221-124(56-37-79-209-183(200)201)160(264)234-132(90-110-62-66-113(246)67-63-110)153(257)216-96-144(251)214-98-146(253)218-134(88-107-43-20-16-21-44-107)169(273)232-130(84-100(4)5)166(270)225-122(54-35-77-207-181(196)197)155(259)220-121(53-34-76-206-180(194)195)157(261)227-127(69-71-141(192)248)162(266)235-135(89-108-45-22-17-23-46-108)170(274)224-120(52-29-33-75-189)163(267)239-148(102(8)9)175(279)240-149(103(10)11)176(280)242-151(105(13)244)179(283)284/h15-25,41-48,60-67,94,99-105,115,117-139,148-151,212,244-246H,14,26-40,49-59,68-93,95-98,186-190H2,1-13H3,(H2,191,247)(H2,192,248)(H2,193,249)(H,213,250)(H,214,251)(H,215,256)(H,216,257)(H,217,252)(H,218,253)(H,219,265)(H,220,259)(H,221,258)(H,222,260)(H,223,269)(H,224,274)(H,225,270)(H,226,271)(H,227,261)(H,228,276)(H,229,278)(H,230,281)(H,231,263)(H,232,273)(H,233,272)(H,234,264)(H,235,266)(H,236,262)(H,237,277)(H,238,275)(H,239,267)(H,240,279)(H,241,268)(H,242,280)(H,254,255)(H,283,284)(H4,194,195,206)(H4,196,197,207)(H4,198,199,208)(H4,200,201,209)(H4,202,203,210)(H4,204,205,211)/t104-,105+,115-,117-,118-,119-,120-,121-,122-,123-,124-,125-,126-,127-,128-,129-,130-,131-,132-,133-,134-,135-,136-,137-,138-,139-,148-,149-,150-,151-/m0/s1
    Key: VPZXNPNLCOYTOT-MBGMINRZSA-N
  • Isomeric SMILES CC[C@H](C)[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC2=CNC3=CC=CC=C32)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C(=O)NCC(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC5=CC=CC=C5)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC6=CC=CC=C6)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(=N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC7=CC=CC=C7)NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC8=CC=C(C=C8)O)N
Properties
C185H292N58O41
Molar mass 3985
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Big dynorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide of the dynorphin family. It forms when a precursor protein prodynorphin is not fully processed, resulting in a 32-amino acid molecule containing both dynorphin A and dynorphin B sequences. It has the amino acid sequence: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile-Arg-Pro-Lys-Leu-Lys-Trp-Asp-Asn-Gln-Lys-Arg-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr. [2] [3]

Contents

Big dynorphin is a highly efficiacious principal endogenous agonist at the human κ-opioid receptor (KOR). [2] [4] It produces one of the strongest responses at GPR139 receptor among dynorphins. [5] Additionally, it uniquely modulates NMDA receptor and potentiates acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a). [6] [7]

It plays a role in pain and stress responses. It exhibits both anelgesic and pro-nociceptive properties. [8] In mice it modulates memory and learning, and has anxiolytic properties, contributing to homeostatic regulation of opioid signaling in the central nervous system. [3] [6] [8]

Fragments

Big dynorphin1-32 is the primary endogenously documented big dynorphin form, but various shorter big dynorphin fragments have been synthesized for research purposes. These include (2-32), (2-26), (9-19) forms. [7]

Synthesis

Big dynorphin is generated through the proteolytic processing of prodynorphin (PDYN), a 26-kilodalton precursor protein by proprotein convertase 1. [9] The synthesis occurs within the neuronal cell body through translation of prodynorphin mRNA. Following translation, prodynorphin undergoes sequential processing by proprotein convertases, primarily PC1/3 and PC2, as well as the cysteine protease cathepsin L. [4] [10]

Under normal circumstances, in the presence of carboxypeptidase E, prodynorphin is fully processed by sequential cleavage at dibasic amino acid sites to generate individual dynorphin peptides: dynorphin A1-17, dynorphin B, and α-neoendorphin. [9] Big dynorphin forms when this proteolytic processing is incomplete, typically resulting from insufficient proprotein convertase activity or altered intracellular calcium levels during neurotransmitter release events. [11] The 32-amino acid peptide comprises the complete dynorphin A sequence (residues 1-17) joined to the complete dynorphin B sequence, with two C-terminal amino acids.

Release mechanism

Big dynorphin release occurs primarily in a calcium-dependent manner through exocytosis of large dense core vesicles in the presynaptic terminal. [12] Big dynorphin immunoreactivity has been detected in regions such as the nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus, and hippocampus, with significant levels detected in cerebrospinal fluid. The ratio of big dynorphin to dynorphin B in human brain tissue is approximately 1:3. [4]

Pharmacology

Opioid receptors

Big dynorphin activities
TargetAffinity (Ki, nM)
KOR 0.198 (Ki)
0.741 (EC50 Tooltip half-maximal effective concentration)
159% (Emax Tooltip maximal efficacy)
MOR 14 (Ki)
87 (EC50)
115% (Emax)
DOR 43 (Ki)
119 (EC50)
100% (Emax)
NOP 105
ASIC1 26-211 (EC50)
Notes: The smaller the value, the more avidly the drug interacts with the site. Max. stimulation is shown as percentage of that induced by dyn A1-17Sources: [4] [7] [13]

Big dynorphin acts as a potent full agonist at the human κ-opioid receptor (KOR), exhibiting extremely high relative efficacy at this target. [4] In one binding assay it demonstrated similar affinity to dynorphin A, but about 14 to 32-fold higher potency to activate G proteins than other dynorphin peptides. [4] In contrast, other studies have suggested similar or higher potencies of other dynorphins. [14] [15]

Big dynorphin is also an agonist of other opioid receptors, It is 70-fold selective towards KOR over μ-opioid receptors (MOR) and 200 over δ-opioid receptor (DOR). [4]

In older guinea-pig ileum bioassay measuring native receptor function, big dynorphin shows approximately 10-20-fold reduced potency relative to dynorphin A, possibly due to conformational constraints of the larger peptide affecting receptor binding in peripheral tissue. This discrepancy suggests that big dynorphin's efficacy in human KOR systems may not translate directly to potency in peripheral tissue. [16]

Big dynorphin could theoretically produce some of the classical pharmacological effects associated with KOR agonism such as dysphoria, dissociation, and sedation, but this has not been directly evaluated. [4] [17] Similarly biased signaling of big dynorphin at KOR has not yet been assessed. [18]

GPR139 receptor

Big dynorphin is one of the activators of the GPR139, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), recently deorphanized as a dynorphin receptor. In a wide neuropeptide library screen it exhibited one of the highest efficacies among prodynorphin-derived peptides. [5]

At low concentrations, dynorphins predominantly activate canonical opioid receptors (KOR, MOR, DOR), while at higher concentrations, they additionally recruit GPR139. This receptor couples to Gq/11 G protein-mediated signaling, which is mechanistically opposite to the Gi/o inhibitory signaling of classical opioid receptors. This permits GPR139 to function as a molecular homeostatic brake: when dynorphin reaches high concentrations during intense stress or pain, simultaneous GPR139 activation counteracts excessive opioid receptor signaling through excitatory signaling pathways, preventing pathological over-inhibition of neuronal activity. [5]

NMDA receptor

Big dynorphin modulates NMDA receptors, producing effects that are antagonist-insensitive to opioid receptor blockade. [6] Intracerebroventricular injection of big dynorphin produced memory enhancement in passive avoidance tests, enhanced locomotor activity in the open field test , and anxiolytic-like effects that were blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 but resistant to nor-BNI, a selective KOR antagonist. [6]

In contrast, dynorphin A and dynorphin B at similar doses produced analgesia (mediated by opioid receptors) but did not produce the NMDA-dependent memory enhancement, anxiolysis, or locomotor stimulation. [6]

Suggested mechanisms are interaction with the polyamine binding site or the NR2B subunit. [6] The molecular basis for this atypical activity may involve the extended C-terminal region unique to big dynorphin, which contains multiple basic residues (arginine and lysine). [19]

ASIC1a channel

Big dynorphin is a potent endogenous modulator of the acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) and current rescue following steady-state desensitization. [7] [13] In comparison, dynorphin A exhibits a approximately 1000-fold lower potency than big dynorphin at this target. [7]

Big dynorphin potentiates ASIC1a current through a mechanism independent of both opioid and bradykinin receptor signaling. [7] The potency correlates with big dynorphin's features, particularly its high net positive charge (9+) and abundance of arginine residues (6 total), with residues Arg6, Arg7. Big dynorphin rescues proton-gated currents and promotes acidosis-induced neuronal cell death in cultured cortical neurons, implicating it in pathological conditions involving cellular acidification and excitotoxicity. [20]

Functions and effects

Pain modulation

Like other dynorphin peptides, big dynorphin can produce analgesic effects through κ-opioid receptor (KOR) activation at spinal nociceptive sites. [17] However, at supraspinal levels through non-opioid mechanisms involving NMDA receptor modulation and ASIC1a activation, big dynorphin can produce pro-nociceptive effects, enhancing pain sensitivity in both acute and chronic pain states. [8]

Memory and learning

Big dynorphin has been shown to enhance learning in rodent models through NMDA receptor modulation. [6] This contrasts with the amnestic effects typically associated with opioid receptor agonists and other dynorphins. The mechanism may involve modulation of the NR2B subunit, a modulator of cortical synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation (LTP). [6]

Clinical significance

Neurodegeneration and chronic pain

Big dynorphin is upregulated in spinal cord injury and chronic pain states, where excessive big dynorphin production through both opioid and non-opioid receptor mechanisms contribute to neuronal death, neuroinflammation, and pain chronification. [7]

Alzheimer's Disease

In contrary, big dynorphin exhibits neuroprotective properties against amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in Alzheimer's disease. It reduces the hydrophobicity and slows the aggregation kinetics of Aβ₄₀, the most abundant amyloid species, resulting in around 2-fold reduction in amyloid aggregation compared to Aβ alone. [21] In human neuroblastoma cell cultures, big dynorphin pre-incubated with Aβ₄₀ significantly increased cell viability to compared to Aβ₄₀ alone. [21] The neuroprotective mechanism involves big dynorphin's cationic amino acid residues stabilizing negatively charged regions of Aβ, preventing the β-sheet transition and maintaining Aβ in an α-helical conformation. [21] These findings suggest therapeutic potential for big dynorphin-derived peptides in Alzheimer's disease treatment.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Big dynorphin - Compound Summary, PubChem.
  2. 1 2 "Big dynorphin: Biological activity". IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 20 October 2017. Principal endogenous agonists at κ receptor
  3. 1 2 "Big dynorphin: Structure – Peptide Sequence". IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Retrieved 20 October 2017. Peptide sequence
    YGGFLRRIRPKLKWDNQKRYGGFLRRQFKVVT
    Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile-Arg-Pro-Lys-Leu-Lys-Trp-Asp-Asn-Gln-Lys-Arg-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Merg F, Filliol D, Usynin I, et al. (2006). "Big dynorphin as a putative endogenous ligand for the kappa-opioid receptor". J. Neurochem. 97 (1): 292–301. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03732.x . ISSN   0022-3042. PMID   16515546.
  5. 1 2 3 Li X, Winters ND, Pandey S, Lankford C, Stoveken HM, Smith E, Chang CT, Zucca S, Scampavia L, Spicer T, Martemyanov KA (July 2025). "Homeostatic scaling of dynorphin signaling by a non-canonical opioid receptor". Nature Communications. 16 (1) 6786. Bibcode:2025NatCo..16.6786L. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-62133-x . ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   12287315 . PMID   40701991.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Madjid N, Terenius L, Ogren SO, Bakalkin G (2005). "Big Dynorphin, a Prodynorphin-Derived Peptide Produces NMDA Receptor-Mediated Effects on Memory, Anxiolytic-Like and Locomotor Behavior in Mice". Neuropsychopharmacology. 31 (9): 1928–1937. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300959 . ISSN   0893-133X. PMID   16292317.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sherwood TW, Askwith CC (November 2009). "Dynorphin opioid peptides enhance acid-sensing ion channel 1a activity and acidosis-induced neuronal death". The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 29 (45): 14371–14380. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2186-09.2009. ISSN   0270-6474. PMC   2802056 . PMID   19906984.
  8. 1 2 3 Tan-No K, Esashi A, Nakagawasai O, et al. (2002). "Intrathecally administered big dynorphin, a prodynorphin-derived peptide, produces nociceptive behavior through an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mechanism". Brain Res. 952 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(02)03180-3. ISSN   0006-8993. PMID   12363399. S2CID   1734522.
  9. 1 2 Marchette RC, Vendruscolo LF, Koob GF (February 2025). "The Dynorphin/-Opioid Receptor System at the Interface of Hyperalgesia/Hyperkatifeia and Addiction". Current Addiction Reports. 12 (1) 11. doi:10.1007/s40429-025-00618-x. ISSN   2196-2952. PMC   11925990 . PMID   40124896.
  10. ↑ Day R, Lazure C, Basak A, Boudreault A, Limperis P, Dong W, Lindberg I (January 1998). "Prodynorphin processing by proprotein convertase 2. Cleavage at single basic residues and enhanced processing in the presence of carboxypeptidase activity". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (2): 829–836. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.2.829 . ISSN   0021-9258. PMID   9422738.
  11. ↑ Walker JM, Moises HC, Coy DH, Baldrighi G, Akil H (December 1982). "Nonopiate Effects of Dynorphin and Des-Tyr-Dynorphin". Science. 218 (4577): 1136–1138. Bibcode:1982Sci...218.1136W. doi:10.1126/science.6128791. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   6128791.
  12. ↑ Chavkin C, James IF, Goldstein A (January 1982). "Dynorphin is a selective endogenous ligand of the κ-opioid receptor". Science. 215 (4534): 413–415. doi:10.1126/science.6120570. ISSN   0036-8075. PMID   6120570.
  13. 1 2 Leisle L, Margreiter M, Ortega-Ramírez A, Cleuvers E, Bachmann M, Rossetti G, et al. (September 2021). "Dynorphin Neuropeptides Decrease Apparent Proton Affinity of ASIC1a by Occluding the Acidic Pocket". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 64 (18): 13299–13311. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00447. ISSN   0022-2623. PMID   34461722.
  14. ↑ Hall SM, Lee YS, Hruby VJ (2016). "Dynorphin A analogs for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain". Future Medicinal Chemistry. 8 (2): 165–177. doi:10.4155/fmc.15.164. ISSN   1756-8919. PMC   4976860 . PMID   26824470.
  15. ↑ Zangrandi L, Fogli B, Mutti A, Staritzbichler R, Most V, Hildebrand PW, et al. (October 2024). "Structure–function relationship of dynorphin B variants using naturally occurring amino acid substitutions". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 15 1484730. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1484730 . ISSN   1663-9812. PMC   11557314 . PMID   39539623.
  16. ↑ James IF, Fischli W, Goldstein A (January 1984). "Opioid receptor selectivity of dynorphin gene products". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 228 (1): 88–93. doi:10.1016/S0022-3565(25)21609-3. ISSN   0022-3565.
  17. 1 2 Luo MC, Chen Q, Ma S, Gardell LR, Ossipov MH, Porreca F (January 1982). "Dynorphin A activates bradykinin receptors to maintain neuropathic pain" . Nature Neuroscience. 9 (12): 1534–1540. doi:10.1038/nn1804. ISSN   1097-6256. PMID   17115041.
  18. ↑ Gomes I, Sierra S, Lueptow L, Gupta A, Gouty S, Margolis EB, et al. (May 2020). "Biased signaling by endogenous opioid peptides". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (21): 11820–11828. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11711820G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2000712117 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   7261131 . PMID   32393639.
  19. ↑ Kanemitsu Y, Hosoi M, Zhu PJ, Weight FF, Peoples RW, McLaughlin JS, Zhang L (November 2003). "Dynorphin A inhibits NMDA receptors through a pH-dependent mechanism". Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience. 24 (3): 525–537. doi:10.1016/S1044-7431(03)00214-8. ISSN   1044-7431. PMID   14664805.
  20. ↑ Borg CB, Braun N, Heusser SA, Bay Y, Weis D, Galleano I, et al. (February 2020). "Mechanism and Binding Site of the ASIC1A-Big Dynorphin Interaction". Biophysical Journal. 118 (3): 582a. Bibcode:2020BpJ...118..582B. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.3158. ISSN   0006-3495.
  21. 1 2 3 Gallego-Villarejo L, Wallin C, Król S, Enrich-Bengoa J, Suades A, Aguilella-Arzo M, et al. (2022). "Big dynorphin is a neuroprotector scaffold against amyloid β-peptide aggregation and cell toxicity". Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal. 20: 5672–5679. doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.014. ISSN   2001-0370. PMC   9582793 . PMID   36284704.
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