Samidorphan

Last updated
Samidorphan
Samidorphan structure.svg
Clinical data
Other namesALKS-33; RDC-0313; 3-Carboxamido-4-hydroxynaltrexone
Routes of
administration 		By mouth
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-life 7–9 hours [1] [2]
Identifiers
  • 17-(Cyclopropylmethyl)-4,14-dihydroxy-6-oxomorphinan-3-carboxamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
Formula C21H26N2O4
Molar mass 370.449 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • c1cc(c(c2c1C[C@@H]3[C@]4([C@]2(CCN3CC5CC5)CC(=O)CC4)O)O)C(=O)N
  • InChI=1S/C21H26N2O4/c22-19(26)15-4-3-13-9-16-21(27)6-5-14(24)10-20(21,17(13)18(15)25)7-8-23(16)11-12-1-2-12/h3-4,12,16,25,27H,1-2,5-11H2,(H2,22,26)/t16-,20-,21-/m1/s1
  • Key:RYIDHLJADOKWFM-MAODMQOUSA-N

Samidorphan (INN Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USAN Tooltip United States Adopted Name) is an opioid antagonist that in the form of olanzapine/samidorphan (sold as Lybalvi) is used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. [1] [3] [4] Samidorphan reduces the weight gain associated with olanzapine. [5] [6] Samidorphan is taken by mouth. [1] [3]

Contents

Samidorphan was under development as a standalone medication for various indications but has been discontinued. [7] Buprenorphine/samidorphan for the treatment of major depressive disorder was rejected by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) due to insufficient evidence of effectiveness, but remains in preregistration as of September 2021. [8] Development of baclofen/samidorphan has also been discontinued. [9]

Development

Samidorphan has been investigated for the treatment of alcoholism and cocaine addiction by its developer, Alkermes, [10] [11] showing similar efficacy to naltrexone, but possibly with reduced side effects.

It has attracted much more attention as part of the combination product (buprenorphine/samidorphan), where samidorphan is combined with the mixed μ-opioid receptor (MOR) weak partial agonist and κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist buprenorphine, as an antidepressant. Buprenorphine has shown antidepressant effects in some human studies, thought to be because of its antagonist effects at the KOR, but has not been further developed for this application because of its MOR agonist effects and consequent abuse potential. By combining buprenorphine with samidorphan to block the MOR agonist effects, the combination acts more like a selective KOR antagonist, and produces only antidepressant effects, without typical MOR effects such as euphoria or substance dependence being evident. [12] [13]

Samidorphan was also studied in combination with olanzapine, (olanzapine/samidorphan), for use in schizophrenia. [14] A Phase III study found that the addition of samidorphan to olanzapine significantly reduced weight gain compared to olanzapine alone, [15] and the combination was approved for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder by the FDA in May 2021, under the brand name Lybalvi. [16] [17]

Side effects

Side effects of samidorphan include somnolence and gastrointestinal disturbances among others. [1]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Samidorphan at the opioid receptors [18] [19]
ReceptorKiEC50EmaxIC50Imax
MOR Tooltip mu-Opioid receptor0.052 nM–3.8%0.88 nM92%
KOR Tooltip kappa-Opioid receptor0.23 nM3.3 nM36%38 nM57%
DOR Tooltip delta-Opioid receptor2.6 nM1.5 nM35%6.9 nM56%

Samidorphan acts primarily as an antagonist or very weak partial agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and to a lesser extent as a partial agonist of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) and δ-opioid receptor (DOR). [1] [18] [19] In accordance with this profile, samidorphan has been observed to produce some side effects that are potentially consistent with activation of the KOR such as somnolence, sedation, dizziness, and hallucinations in some patients in clinical trials. [20]

Pharmacokinetics

The elimination half-life of samidorphan is 7 to 9 hours. [1] [2]

Chemistry

Samidorphan has its origins in academia where 8-carboxamidocyclazocine and naltrexone were utilized in its design and synthesis. [21]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aripiprazole</span> Atypical antipsychotic

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buprenorphine</span> Opioid used to treat pain & opioid use disorder

Buprenorphine, sold under the brand name Subutex among others, is an opioid used to treat opioid use disorder, acute pain, and chronic pain. It can be used under the tongue (sublingual), in the cheek (buccal), by injection, as a skin patch (transdermal), or as an implant. For opioid use disorder, the patient must have moderate opioid withdrawal symptoms before buprenorphine can be administered under direct observation of a health-care provider.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naltrexone</span> Medication

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Alkermesplc is a fully-integrated biopharmaceutical company that focuses on developing medicines for psychiatric and neurological disorders. The company was founded in 1987 by Michael Wall. In September 2011 Alkermes, Inc. merged with Elan Drug Technologies (EDT), the former drug formulation and manufacturing division of Élan Corporation, plc. The company is headquartered in Dublin, and has an R&D center in Waltham, Massachusetts, and a manufacturing facility in Wilmington, Ohio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opioid antagonist</span> Receptor antagonist that acts on one or more of the opioid receptors

An opioid antagonist, or opioid receptor antagonist, is a receptor antagonist that acts on one or more of the opioid receptors.

κ-opioid receptor Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens, named for ketazocine

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nalmefene</span> Opioid antagonist

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diprenorphine</span> Chemical compound

Diprenorphine, also known as diprenorfin, is a non-selective, high-affinity, weak partial agonist of the μ- (MOR), κ- (KOR), and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) which is used in veterinary medicine as an opioid antagonist. It is used to reverse the effects of super-potent opioid analgesics such as etorphine and carfentanil that are used for tranquilizing large animals. The drug is not approved for use in humans.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buprenorphine/samidorphan</span> Combination drug formulation

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chaudhary AM, Khan MF, Dhillon SS, Naveed S (July 2019). "A Review of Samidorphan: A Novel Opioid Antagonist". Cureus. 11 (7): e5139. doi: 10.7759/cureus.5139 . PMC   6741386 . PMID   31523568.
  2. 1 2 Turncliff R, DiPetrillo L, Silverman B, Ehrich E (February 2015). "Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of samidorphan, a novel opioid antagonist, in healthy volunteers". Clinical Therapeutics. 37 (2): 338–348. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.10.001. PMID   25456560.
  3. 1 2 "LYBALVI: Highlight of Prescribing Information" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  4. ↑ "Olanzapine/samidorphan - Alkermes plc". Adis Insight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
  5. ↑ Citrome L, Graham C, Simmons A, Jiang Y, Todtenkopf MS, Silverman B, et al. (2021). "An Evidence-Based Review of OLZ/SAM for Treatment of Adults with Schizophrenia or Bipolar I Disorder". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 17: 2885–2904. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S313840 . PMC   8437420 . PMID   34526769.
  6. ↑ Paik J (August 2021). "Olanzapine/Samidorphan: First Approval". Drugs. 81 (12): 1431–1436. doi:10.1007/s40265-021-01568-0. PMID   34304374. S2CID   236215923.
  7. ↑ "Samidorphan". Adis Insight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
  8. ↑ "Buprenorphine/samidorphan - Alkermes". Adis Insight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
  9. ↑ "Baclofen/samidorphan". Adis Insight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
  10. ↑ Hillemacher T, Heberlein A, Muschler MA, Bleich S, Frieling H (August 2011). "Opioid modulators for alcohol dependence". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 20 (8): 1073–1086. doi:10.1517/13543784.2011.592139. PMID   21651459. S2CID   43338618.
  11. ↑ Clinical trial number NCT01366001 for "ALK33BUP-101: Safety and Pharmacodynamic Effects of ALKS 33-BUP Administered Alone and When Co-administered With Cocaine" at ClinicalTrials.gov
  12. ↑ "ALKS 5461 drug found to reduce depressive symptoms in Phase 1/2 study". 30 May 2012.
  13. ↑ "Investigational ALKS 5461 Channels 'Opium Cure' for Depression".
  14. ↑ LaMattina J (15 January 2013). "Will Alkermes' Antipsychotic ALKS-3831 Become Another Tredaptive?". Forbes.
  15. ↑ Correll CU, Newcomer JW, Silverman B, DiPetrillo L, Graham C, Jiang Y, et al. (December 2020). "Effects of Olanzapine Combined With Samidorphan on Weight Gain in Schizophrenia: A 24-Week Phase 3 Study". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 177 (12): 1168–1178. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19121279. PMID   32791894. S2CID   221122225.
  16. ↑ "Lybalvi: FDA-Approved Drugs". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  17. ↑ Ergenzinger, Ed. "New Antipsychotic Combo for Bipolar Disorder Approved by FDA | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  18. 1 2 Linda P. Dwoskin (29 January 2014). Emerging Targets & Therapeutics in the Treatment of Psychostimulant Abuse. Elsevier Science. pp. 398–399, 402–403. ISBN   978-0-12-420177-4.
  19. 1 2 Wentland MP, Lou R, Lu Q, Bu Y, Denhardt C, Jin J, et al. (April 2009). "Syntheses of novel high affinity ligands for opioid receptors". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 19 (8): 2289–2294. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.078. PMC   2791460 . PMID   19282177.
  20. ↑ McElroy SL, Guerdjikova AI, Blom TJ, Crow SJ, Memisoglu A, Silverman BL, Ehrich EW (April 2013). "A placebo-controlled pilot study of the novel opioid receptor antagonist ALKS-33 in binge eating disorder". The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 46 (3): 239–245. doi: 10.1002/eat.22114 . PMID   23381803.
  21. ↑ Wentland MP, Lu Q, Lou R, Bu Y, Knapp BI, Bidlack, JM (April 2005). "Synthesis and opioid receptor binding properties of a highly potent 4-hydroxy analogue of naltrexone". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 15 (8): 2107–10. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.02.032. PMID   15808478.

See also

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