Gastrin-releasing peptide

GRP
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 2N0B, 2N0C, 2N0D, 2N0E, 2N0F, 2N0G, 2N0H
Identifiers
Aliases	GRP , BN, GRP-10, preproprogastrin releasing peptide
External IDs	OMIM: 137260; MGI: 95833; HomoloGene: 1580; GeneCards: GRP; OMA:GRP - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 18 (human) [1] Band 18q21.32 Start 59,220,158 bp [1] End 59,230,774 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 18 (mouse) [2] Band 18 E1|18 38.98 cM Start 66,005,891 bp [2] End 66,019,667 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in testicle gonad hair follicle gastric mucosa decidua cartilage tissue male germ cell sperm epithelium of lactiferous gland lactiferous duct Top expressed in subiculum lumbar subsegment of spinal cord suprachiasmatic nucleus barrel cortex ventral tegmental area hippocampus proper external carotid artery dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell embryo dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function signaling receptor binding neuropeptide hormone activity Cellular component extracellular region extracellular space secretory granule lumen cytoplasmic vesicle Biological process neuropeptide signaling pathway signal transduction social behavior psychomotor behavior response to external biotic stimulus positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion positive regulation of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway regulation of signaling receptor activity G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 2922 225642 Ensembl ENSG00000134443 ENSMUSG00000024517 UniProt P07492 Q8R1I2 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001012512 NM_001012513 NM_002091 NM_175012 RefSeq (protein) NP_002082 NP_001012531 NP_001012530 NP_778177 Location (UCSC) Chr 18: 59.22 – 59.23 Mb Chr 18: 66.01 – 66.02 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Gastrin-releasing peptideGRP, is a neuropeptide, a regulatory molecule encoded in the human by the GRP gene. GRP has been implicated in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Most notably, GRP stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells of the stomach.

GRP encodes a number of bombesin-like peptides. ^{[5] [6] [7] [8]} Its 148-amino acid preproprotein, following cleavage of a signal peptide, is further processed to produce either the 27-amino acid gastrin-releasing peptide or the 10-amino acid neuromedin C. ^[9] These smaller peptides regulate numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation. ^[5]

Gene

GRP is located on chromosome 18q21. PreproGRP (the unprocessed form of GRP) is encoded in three exons separated by two introns. ^[8] Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. ^[5]

Synthesis

PreproGRP begins with signal peptidase cleavage to generate the pro-gastrin-releasing-peptide (proGRP), which is then processed by proteolytic cleavages, to form smaller GRP peptides. ^[10]

These smaller peptides are released by the post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve, which innervate the G cells of the stomach and stimulate them to release gastrin. GRP regulates numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation. ^[10]

Function

Gastrin-releasing peptide is a regulatory human peptide that elicits gastrin release and regulates gastric acid secretion and enteric motor function. ^[10] The post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve that innervate bombesin/GRP neurons of the stomach release GRP, which stimulates the G cells to release gastrin.

GRP is also involved in the biology of the circadian system, playing a role in the signaling of light to the master circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. ^[11]

Furthermore, GRP seems to mediate certain aspects of stress. This is the reason for the observed fact that atropine does not block the vagal effect on gastrin release.

Clinical significance

Gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin C, it is postulated, play a role in human cancers of the lung, colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, and prostate. ^[5]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000134443 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024517 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. "Entrez Gene: GRP gastrin-releasing peptide".
6. Spindel ER, Chin WW, Price J, Rees LH, Besser GM, Habener JF (September 1984). "Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding human gastrin-releasing peptide". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 81 (18): 5699–5703. Bibcode:1984PNAS...81.5699S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.18.5699 . PMC   391778 . PMID   6207529.
7. Spindel ER, Zilberberg MD, Habener JF, Chin WW (January 1986). "Two prohormones for gastrin-releasing peptide are encoded by two mRNAs differing by 19 nucleotides". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 83 (1): 19–23. Bibcode:1986PNAS...83...19S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.1.19 . PMC   322782 . PMID   3001723.
8. Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Bertness V, Kirsch I, Hollis GF, McBride OW, Battey J (January 1987). "Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene maps to chromosome band 18q21". Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics. 13 (1): 81–86. doi:10.1007/BF02422302. PMID   3027901. S2CID   28347998.
9. "Neuromedin C". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
10. Merali Z, McIntosh J, Anisman H (October 1999). "Role of bombesin-related peptides in the control of food intake". Neuropeptides. 33 (5): 376–386. doi:10.1054/npep.1999.0054. PMID   10657515. S2CID   22270584.
11. Antle MC, Silver R (March 2005). "Orchestrating time: arrangements of the brain circadian clock". Trends in Neurosciences. 28 (3): 145–151. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2005.01.003. ISSN   0166-2236. PMID   15749168.

Further reading

• Merali Z, McIntosh J, Anisman H (Oct 1999). "Role of bombesin-related peptides in the control of food intake". Neuropeptides. 33 (5): 376–386. doi:10.1054/npep.1999.0054. PMID   10657515. S2CID   22270584.
• Baraniuk JN, Lundgren JD, Shelhamer JH, Kaliner MA (Feb 1992). "Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) binding sites in human bronchi". Neuropeptides. 21 (2): 81–84. doi:10.1016/0143-4179(92)90518-2. PMID   1557184. S2CID   40083693.
• Spindel ER, Zilberberg MD, Habener JF, Chin WW (Jan 1986). "Two prohormones for gastrin-releasing peptide are encoded by two mRNAs differing by 19 nucleotides". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 83 (1): 19–23. Bibcode:1986PNAS...83...19S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.1.19 . PMC   322782 . PMID   3001723.
• Sausville EA, Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Spindel ER, et al. (Feb 1986). "Expression of the gastrin-releasing peptide gene in human small cell lung cancer. Evidence for alternative processing resulting in three distinct mRNAs". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 261 (5): 2451–2457. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)35956-2 . PMID   3003116.
• Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Bertness V, Kirsch I, Hollis GF, McBride OW, Battey J (Jan 1987). "Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene maps to chromosome band 18q21". Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics. 13 (1): 81–86. doi:10.1007/BF02422302. PMID   3027901. S2CID   28347998.
• Naylor SL, Sakaguchi AY, Spindel E, Chin WW (Jan 1987). "Human gastrin-releasing peptide gene is located on chromosome 18". Somatic Cell and Molecular Genetics. 13 (1): 87–91. doi:10.1007/BF02422303. PMID   3027902. S2CID   7514856.
• Lebacq-Verheyden AM, Kasprzyk PG, Raum MG, et al. (Aug 1988). "Posttranslational processing of endogenous and of baculovirus-expressed human gastrin-releasing peptide precursor". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 8 (8): 3129–3135. doi:10.1128/MCB.8.8.3129. PMC   363540 . PMID   3211139.
• Spindel ER, Chin WW, Price J, Rees LH, Besser GM, Habener JF (Sep 1984). "Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding human gastrin-releasing peptide". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 81 (18): 5699–5703. Bibcode:1984PNAS...81.5699S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.18.5699 . PMC   391778 . PMID   6207529.
• Benya RV, Kusui T, Pradhan TK, Battey JF, Jensen RT (Jan 1995). "Expression and characterization of cloned human bombesin receptors". Molecular Pharmacology. 47 (1): 10–20. PMID   7838118.
• Moody TW, Zia F, Venugopal R, Korman LY, Goldstein AL, Fagarasan M (1994). "Corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates cyclic AMP, arachidonic acid release, and growth of lung cancer cells". Peptides. 15 (2): 281–285. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(94)90013-2. PMID   8008632. S2CID   44503352.
• Frankel A, Tsao MS, Viallet J (Apr 1994). "Receptor subtype expression and responsiveness to bombesin in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells". Cancer Research. 54 (7): 1613–1616. PMID   8137267.
• Lü F, Jin T, Drucker DJ (Sep 1996). "Proglucagon gene expression is induced by gastrin-releasing peptide in a mouse enteroendocrine cell line". Endocrinology. 137 (9): 3710–3716. doi: 10.1210/en.137.9.3710 . PMID   8756537.
• Bertenshaw GP, Turk BE, Hubbard SJ, Matters GL, Bylander JE, Crisman JM, et al. (Apr 2001). "Marked differences between metalloproteases meprin A and B in substrate and peptide bond specificity". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (16): 13248–13255. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M011414200 . PMID   11278902.
• Lambeir AM, Durinx C, Proost P, Damme J, Scharpe S, Meester I (Nov 2001). "Kinetic study of the processing by dipeptidyl-peptidase IV/CD26 of neuropeptides involved in pancreatic insulin secretion" (PDF). FEBS Letters. 507 (3): 327–330. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02982-9. hdl: 10067/366910151162165141 . PMID   11696365. S2CID   26891876.
• Mason S, Smart D, Marshall IC, McKnight A, Skepper JN, McNulty S (Mar 2002). "Identification and characterisation of functional bombesin receptors in human astrocytes". European Journal of Pharmacology. 438 (1–2): 25–34. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01268-2. PMID   11906707.
• Carroll RE, Matkowskyj K, Saunthararajah Y, Sekosan M, Battey JF, Benya RV (May 2002). "Contribution of gastrin-releasing peptide and its receptor to villus development in the murine and human gastrointestinal tract". Mechanisms of Development. 113 (2): 121–130. doi: 10.1016/S0925-4773(02)00032-1 . PMID   11960700. S2CID   15515339.
• Uchida K, Kojima A, Morokawa N, Tanabe O, Anzai C, Kawakami M, et al. (Dec 2002). "Expression of progastrin-releasing peptide and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor mRNA transcripts in tumor cells of patients with small cell lung cancer". Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 128 (12): 633–640. doi:10.1007/s00432-002-0392-8. PMC   12164429 . PMID   12474049. S2CID   23764903.
• Schneider J, Philipp M, Velcovsky HG, Morr H, Katz N (2003). "Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), neuron specific enolase (NSE), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 19-fragments (CYFRA 21-1) in patients with lung cancer in comparison to other lung diseases". Anticancer Research. 23 (2A): 885–893. PMID   12820318.

External links

• Gastrin-Releasing+Peptide at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Nosek TM. "Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_35". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24.