Erlang Shen | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese name | |||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 二郎神 | ||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 二郎神 | ||||||||
Literal meaning | Second-Lad/Son God | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Vietnamese name | |||||||||
Vietnamese alphabet | NhịLang Thần | ||||||||
ChữHán | 二郎神 | ||||||||
Korean name | |||||||||
Hangul | 이랑진군 이랑신 | ||||||||
Hanja | 二郞眞君 二郎神 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Japanese name | |||||||||
Kanji | 二郎神 顕聖二郎真君 | ||||||||
Hiragana | じろうしん けんせいじろうしんくん | ||||||||
Katakana | ジロウシン ケンセイジロウシンクン | ||||||||
|
Erlang Shen,or simply Erlang,is a god in Chinese folk religion and Daoism,associated with water (flood control),justice,warriorhood,hunting,and demon subdual. He is commonly depicted as a young man with a third,truth-seeing eye in the middle of his forehead,wielding a three-pronged spear,and being accompanied by his loyal hunting dog,Xiaotian Quan.
The origin of Erlang is complex. He is most commonly believed to be the deification of Li Erlang,the second son of Li Bing,a hydraulic engineer of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). Later stories identify him as the deification of Yang Jian,the nephew of the legendary Jade Emperor. He is also identified with several other folk heroes associated with controlling floods.
In the Ming-era semi-mythical novels Investiture of the Gods and Journey to the West ,Erlang Shen is the nephew of the Jade Emperor. In the former novel,he assists the Zhou army in defeating the Shang. In the latter,he is the second son of a mortal and the Jade Emperor's sister Yunhua,as well as an enemy-turned-ally of the Monkey King. In his legends he is known as the greatest warrior god of heaven,and was a disciple of Yuding Zhenren,who taught him fighting and magical skills such as the 72 Earthly Transformations. [1] [2] [3]
Erlang (Chinese :二郎; pinyin :Èrláng;lit.'Second Son/Boy/Lad/Male') is an ancient given name for boys. This stems from Li Erlang,the primary historical figure that Erlang is thought to be based on. Shen (Chinese :神; pinyin :Shén) means "God".
Since Li Erlang was from Guankou,Sichuan,the god Erlang is also known by the epithets Chuanzhu (Chinese :川主; pinyin :Chuānzhǔ;lit.'Lord of Sichuan') and Guankou Erlang (Chinese :灌口二郎; pinyin :Guànkǒu Èrláng;lit.'Erlang of Guankou').
Other bynames of the deity include:
Erlang is usually portrayed as a young,handsome man with a three-pointed spear,though in older paintings he is sometimes portrayed as an older man with a beard and sword. He has a third eye in the middle of the forehead,sometimes called "Eye of Heaven" (Chinese :天眼; pinyin :Tiānyǎn),which lets him see through deceptions,disguises,and transformations. In some stories,his third eye can also fire destructive blasts of light or divine fire.
As a god,Erlang is a noble and powerful warrior who vanquishes demons and monsters,and embodies justice and righteousness. [6] He possesses vast,superhuman strength,being able to cleave through an entire mountain in one stroke.
His main weapon is a spear called Sanjian Liangren Qiang (Chinese :三尖兩刃槍; pinyin :Sānjiān Liǎngrèn Qiāng;lit.'Three-Pointed Double-Edged Spear'),usually depicted as a flat,broad spear with three tips like a trident,and the two cutting edges of a saber. This bladed polearm is powerful enough to penetrate and cleave through steel and stone like wool.
Erlang is almost always accompanied by his faithful hunting dog,the Xiaotian Quan (Chinese :嘯天犬; pinyin :Xiàotiān Quǎn;lit.'Howling/Barking Celestial Dog'),which has the ability to viciously attack,maul,and subdue demons and evil spirits. [6]
In some legends,Erlang possesses a unique ability known as the Jiuzhuan Xuangong (Chinese :九轉玄功; pinyin :Jiǔzhuǎn Xuángōng;lit.'Nine Turns Divine Skill'),[ citation needed ] which turns him nearly invincible against conventional weapons and most forms of magic. In the novel Investiture of the Gods ,this ability turns him completely impervious to attacks from mystical weapons that have proven capable of injuring or even killing other immortals. Some stories state he is capable of 72 transformations (sometimes 73),meaning he can transform into virtually anything he wants.
In some folk beliefs,he was a filial son that entered Diyu,or hell,to save his deceased mother from torment. After being deified,he punishes unfilial children by striking them with thunder as a punishment,hence the traditional saying,"being smitten by lightning for being unfilial and ungrateful" towards unruly children.
Erlang's origin comes from a combination of historical and legendary figures. Generally,he is believed to be the deification of Li Erlang,the second son of Li Bing. However,he is also identified with several other folk heroes,which may have influenced his portrayal. He originated as a local god of Guankou,Sichuan,where Li Erlang was from. During the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127 CE),the cult of Erlang spread to the rest of China.
In later stories,Erlang is the deification of Yang Jian,son of the goddess Yunhua,and nephew of the legendary Jade Emperor. This portrayal as Yang Jian is most common in popular media.
Li Erlang was the second son of Li Bing,a hydraulic engineer from the Qin dynasty. [7]
According to the "Story about Li Bing and His Son in Harnessing the Rivers" in the Records of Guansian,[ citation needed ] Li Erlang assisted his father in the construction of the complex irrigation system that prevented the Min River from flooding and irrigated the Chengdu Plain. In thanks for the prosperity that this brought to them,the local people elevated the father and son to gods and dedicated the Two Kings Temple in their honor.
Legend states that Li Bing sent his son out to discover the source of the flooding. He spent a year exploring the county without success. One day whilst sheltering in a cave,he encountered a tiger which he slew and seven hunters who had witnessed this bravery agreed to join him in his quest.
The group finally came to a cottage on the outskirts of Guan County (modern Dujiangyan City). From within they heard the sound of an old woman crying. The woman was Grandma Wang and she told them that her grandson was to be sacrificed to an evil dragon who was the local river god. Li Erlang reported this to his father who devised a plan to capture the dragon.
The eight friends hid in the River God Temple and jumped out on the dragon when it arrived to claim its offering. The dragon fled to the river pursued by Li Erlang,who eventually captured it. Grandma Wang arrived with an iron chain and the dragon was secured in the pool below the Dragon-Taming Temple,freeing the region from floods.
Another legend tells of Li Erlang suppressing a fire dragon that lived in the mountains north of Dujiangyan by climbing to the top of Mount Yulei,turning into a giant and building a dam with 66 mountains then filling it with water from Dragon Pacifying Pool. [8]
Li Bing himself has been thought of as inspiration for Erlang. For stopping the floods of the Min River by constructing Dujiangyan,he was turned into a folk hero who defeated a river god in order to save his prefecture from being flooded. He was then portrayed as the new river god that protected the local people in the area from floods. However,a discrepancy comes up that even though Li Bing/Erlang was known as Guankou Shen,the river that he is associated with is in Qianwei and not Guankou. Another discrepancy is that Li Erlang had never appeared in any of the tales related to stopping the Min River. The first appearance of Li Erlang was in Zhishui ji (治水記) by Li Ying (李膺) of the Liang dynasty (502–557 CE).
Historically,Li Bing was conferred an official title until the Five Dynasties period under the rule of the Shu kingdom. He rose to political power when the great flood that occurred on the twenty-sixth day of the eighth month in 920 AD was reported to the emperor by Daoist Du Guangting.
Many legends and novels describe Erlang as Yang Jian,a nephew of the Jade Emperor. According to an ancient text,Erlang Baojuan,Yang Jian's mother was Princess Yunhua,the Jade Emperor's sister,who was imprisoned under Mount Tao because she violated the Heavenly Rules by marrying a human named Yang Tianyou. Many years later,her son Yang Jian cleaved Mount Tao using his axe,hoping to set his mother free. He did successfully rescue his mother after he chased away the sun by carrying a mountain on his back.
In the Tang dynasty story The Magic Lotus Lantern ,Erlang's mother,Princess Yunhua,was the goddess of the realm of desire in heaven. Her job was to limit the gods' mortal urges such as love,affection,greed,and ambition. When she pursued an evil dragon who broke free of its heavenly prison into the mortal realm and was injured by it,she fell in love with Yang Tianyou,a mortal scholar,who saved her life by giving her his own heart to replace the one the dragon damaged. They had three children:Yang Jiao,Yang Jian (Erlang Shen),and Yang Chan (Holy Mother of Mount Hua). When the Jade Emperor discovered her marriage,he sent his armies to kill her family and capture her. Only Erlang and his sister Yang Chan survived.
In order to rescue his mother,Yang Jian became a disciple of Yuding Zhenren at Jinxia Cave in Yuquan Mountain. By the age of seventeen,he had cultivated powerful abilities that allowed him to stand proudly in the world. His martial skills progressed remarkably,especially after he obtained the Three-Pointed Two-Edged Blade. Driven by his deep desire to save his mother,he used his blade to split open Peach Mountain and rescued her. This legend has also become an important origin for the "filial piety" culture along the banks of the Guan River. [9]
In the Ming dynasty novel Investiture of the Gods (1605),it is mentioned that Princess Longji is the Jade Emperor's daughter,making her Yang Jian's cousin. The Golden Fleece Lads are his disciples.
Erlang Shen is also identified with Zhao Yu,a hermit who lived on Mount Qingcheng and was appointed by Emperor Yang of Sui as Governor of Jiazhou. Zhao Yu is said to have set forth with 1000 men to defeat a flood dragon that had been tormenting the area. Upon reaching the river,Zhao Yu dived into the water with his double-edged sword and emerged holding the dragon’s head. Following his death,according to the Chronicle of Changshu County,the region was once again plagued by flood and he was seen riding a white horse amidst the swirling currents. The locals built a temple enshrining Zhao Yu as the god Erlang and the floods were subdued. [7]
Deng Xia is said to have been a general under Erlang who surpassed his predecessors in valor and defeated a flood dragon,receiving the title "Erlang Shen" and a temple in his honor at Zhongqingli in Hangzhou. [7]
In the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms ,it is recorded that the Emperor Wang Zongyan of Former Shu was present in a ceremonial procession wearing golden armor,pearl-decorated hat and holding a bow and an arrow. His appearance was compared to that of the Xian (祆,Chinese term for "Zoroastrian") god of Guankou by the crowd. According to the tradition,Erlang Shen was originally a river god in the Guankou district. Professor Li Guotao argued that this "Xian god" has his origins in Zoroastrianism. Furthermore,he also suggested that Emperor Wang Zongyan,as well as the rest of the royal family of the Former and Later Shu were Zoroastrians. He believed that there is great similarity between the appearance of Erlang Shen and that of the Sogdian-Zoroastrian deity Weshparkar,which is able to conclude that Erlang Shen is a localized deity originated in Persia or Zoroastrian Central Asia. [11]
After a detailed comparison of Erlang Shen and the Zoroastrian rain deity Tishtrya in his article for Religious Studies,Professor Hou Hui suggested that Tishtrya is the archetype of the former:"This folk tradition originated in the Sichuan region with a Zoroastrian cultural background,Erlang Shen shares many common features and characteristics with Tishtrya. Therefore,it is speculated that the cult of Erlang Shen should be derived from the worship of the Zoroastrian rain deity." [12] [13]
In Investiture of the Gods ,Yang Jian (Yang Bliss) is a disciple of Yuding Zhenren,and he learned fighting and magical skills including the 72 earthly transformations. He first appeared during the time of the Diablo Brothers' attack on the Western Foothills. After hearing of the situation,Yang personally took the offensive against the brothers. During his duel against all four brothers,Yang deliberately allowed himself to be consumed by Diablo Long Life's flying mink (some sources say an elephant [14] ). Following the battle,Yang Jian suddenly reappeared before Jiang Ziya after killing the mink inside its stomach with his many transformations. To trick the Diablo Brothers,Yang Jian later transformed himself into Long Life's flying mink and stole Diablo Red's Havoc-Umbrella. Thus,Yang was renowned as the true reason for Jiang Ziya's victory over the Diablo Brothers at an overall point. [6]
Erlang makes an appearance near the start of the classic Journey to the West by Wu Cheng'en. Erlang,who is titled as being either True Lord or Illustrious Sage,is the nephew of the Jade Emperor. Erlang made his first appearance when he had been ordered by the Jade Emperor (in which Erlang was also with his seven elite sages whom he called his brothers) to subdue Sun Wukong,who was to be punished for his havoc in heaven.
His bearing was refined, his visage noble, His ears hung down to his shoulders, and his eyes shone. The hat on his head had three peaks and phoenixes flying, And his robe was of a pale goose−yellow. His boots were lined with cloth of gold; dragons coiled round his socks; His jade belt was decorated with the eight jewels, At his waist was a bow, curved like the moon, In his hand a Three-Pointed Double-Edged Spear. His axe had split open Peach Mountain when he rescued his mother, His bow had killed the twin phoenixes of Zongluo. Widespread was his fame for killing the Eight Demons, And he had become one of Plum Hill's seven sages. His heart was too lofty to acknowledge his relatives in Heaven; In his pride he went back to be a god at Guanjiang. He was the Merciful and Miraculous Sage of the red city, Erlang, whose transformations were numberless.
Throughout the course of Erlang's duel between Sun Wukong, it was proven that they are equally matched. After many transformations that were performed in their duel (Sun Wukong fleeing as a fish; Erlang and Sun Wukong becoming larger birds, and so forth), near the conclusion of the battle, he managed to see through Sun Wukong's disguise (as a temple) using his third eye and with the assistance of another God. It should be noted, however, that Wukong fleeing was for his monkeys' safety. Erlang eventually captured Wukong through teamwork with several other gods; Laozi personally had dropped his refined golden ring that had hit Sun Wukong on the head, giving Erlang a chance to bring him down, and Erlang's dog bit him in the leg. After Sun Wukong had been captured (to which Sun Wukong retorts that they are cowards for attacking from behind), he and his heavenly soldiers would burn areas of Mount Huaguo. Erlang is seen again far later in the novel when he assists Sun Wukong and Zhu Bajie through chance by fighting against an ancient Dragon King and his villainous son-in-law, a nine-headed bird demon. [6] Wukong also mentions being sworn brothers with Erlang Shen. Erlang has six other sworn brothers from Plum Hill.
In the tale Lotus Lantern (Bao Lian Deng), Erlang had a sister known as the Holy Mother of Mount Hua (Hua Shan). She married a mortal man, Liu Yanchang, who was a scholar. Together, they had a son by the name of Chenxiang. Erlang had to seal her because she violated the laws of heaven by having a relationship with a mortal. When Chenxiang came of age, he defeated Erlang and split the mountain with an axe to free his mother, mirroring how Erlang has split Mount Tao to free his own mother. [6]
Erlang is also introduced as a resplendent, powerful god in Kevin Hearne's Scourged, book 9 of The Iron Druid Chronicles . [15]
Year | Country | Title | Type | Yang Jian/Erlang Sheng actor |
---|---|---|---|---|
1964 | China | Uproar In Heaven 大鬧天宮 | Animated Film | Yu Ding |
1986 | China | Journey to the West 西游记 | Television series | Lin Zhiqian |
1996 | Hong Kong | Journey to the West 西游记 | Television series | Joe Ma |
1998 | Singapore | Legend of the Eight Immortals 东游记 | Television series | Wang Yanbin |
1999 | China | Lotus Lantern 宝莲灯 | Animated film | Jiang Wen |
2005 | China | Lotus Lantern 宝莲灯 | Television series | Vincent Chiao |
2006 | China | The Legend and the Hero 封神榜之凤鸣岐山 | Television series | Han Dong |
2009 | China | Prelude of Lotus Lantern 宝莲灯前传 | Television series | Vincent Chiao |
2009 | China | The Legend and the Hero 2 | Television series | Han Dong |
2010 | China | Journey to the West 西游记 | Television series | Yin Xiaotian |
2011 | China | Journey to the West 西游记 | Television series | Feng Shaofeng |
2014 | Hong Kong China | The Monkey King 西游记之大闹天宫 | Film | Peter Ho |
2016 | Hong Kong China | League of Gods 3D封神榜 | Film | Huang Xiaoming |
2017 | China | A Chinese Odyssey: Love of Eternity 大话西游之爱你一万年 | Television series | Hu Yunhao |
2018 | China | The Taoism Grandmaster 玄门大师 | Television series | Han Dong |
2019 | China | The Gods 封神 | Television series | Luo Jin |
2020 | China | Heroic Journey of Nezha 哪咤降妖记 | Television series | Gao Ziqi |
2022 | China | New Gods: Yang Jian 新神榜:杨戬 | Animated Film | Wang Kai |
2023 | China | Creation of the Gods I: Kingdom of Storms 封神第一部:朝歌风云 | Film | Ci Sha |
Sun Wukong, also known as the Monkey King, is a literary and religious figure best known as one of the main characters in the 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West. In the novel, Sun Wukong is a monkey born from a stone who acquires supernatural powers through Taoist practices. After rebelling against heaven, he is imprisoned under a mountain by the Buddha. Five hundred years later, he accompanies the monk Tang Sanzang riding on the White Dragon Horse and two other disciples, Zhu Bajie and Sha Wujing, on a journey to obtain Buddhist sutras, known as the West or Western Paradise, where Buddha and his followers dwell.
Nezha is a protection deity in Chinese Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Chinese folk religion. His official Taoist name is "Marshal of the Central Altar" (中壇元帥). He was then given the title "Third Lotus Prince" (蓮花三太子) after he became a deity.
Havoc in Heaven, also translated as Uproar in Heaven, is a 1961 Chinese donghua feature film directed by Wan Laiming and produced by all four of the Wan brothers. The film was created at the height of the Chinese animation industry in the 1960s, and received numerous awards, earning the brothers domestic and international recognition. The story is an adaptation of the earlier episodes of the 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West.
Happily Ever After is a 20-episode Singaporean Chinese drama which is telecast on Singapore's free-to-air channel, MediaCorp TV Channel 8. It made its debut on 6 February 2007 and ended on 5 March 2007.
Ao Guang is the Dragon King of the East Sea in Chinese folklore. He featured prominently in different works including Fengshen Yanyi and Journey to the West.
Monkey King vs. Er Lang Shen is a Puppet/CG Chinese animated film produced by Yuan Cheng. The story is based on an episode of the 16th-century novel Journey to the West.
Hòutǔ or Hòutǔshén, also known as Hòutǔ Niángniáng, otherwise called Dimǔ or Dimǔ Niángniáng, is the deity of all land and earth in Chinese religion and mythology. Houtu is the overlord of all the Tudigongs, Sheji, Shan Shen, City Gods, and landlord gods worldwide.
Lotus Lantern is a 2005 Chinese television drama based on the Chinese fairy tale The Magic Lotus Lantern. The 35-episode series was premiered on CCTV-8 starting on October 4, 2005. A prequel, Prequel to the Lotus Lantern, was broadcast in 2009.
Journey to the West is a Chinese television series adapted from the 16th-century novel of the same title. Production for the 66 episodes long series started on 12 September 2009, and it was first broadcast in mainland China on 28 July 2011 on TVS. The series was produced by Zhang Jizhong and was released a year later than another television series of the same title, but with a different cast and crew.
Journey to the West II is a Hong Kong television series adapted from the 16th-century novel Journey to the West. The series was produced by TVB and was first broadcast on TVB Jade in Hong Kong from October to December 1998. It is a sequel to the 1996 television series Journey to the West, also produced by TVB, which covered only the first half of the novel. Benny Chan replaces Dicky Cheung as Sun Wukong in this installment, while the other principal cast members Kwong Wah, Wayne Lai and Evergreen Mak reprise their roles from the previous installment.
Prelude of Lotus Lantern is a 2009 Chinese mythology fantasy television series. The television series directed by Hong Kong director Mang San Yu and written by Wang Biao, and starring Vincent Chiao, Zhou Yang, Liu Xiaoqing and Liu Tao. It tells the story of Erlang Shen, a popular Chinese God in Chinese mythology. The series serve as a prequel of the 2005's Lotus Lantern
Chinese gods and immortals are beings in various Chinese religions seen in a variety of ways and mythological contexts.
Huayue Sanniang, also known as Sanshengmu, is a Chinese goddess and third daughter of the Emperor Xiyue, the god of Mount Hua. After marrying a mortal, she was imprisoned under Mount Hua as a punishment for violating the rules of Heaven. At the summit of the Western Peak of Mount Hua, there stands a giant stone known as Axe-splitting Rock, which stands a hundred feet high and is neatly split into three parts. According to legend, it was split by her son Liu Chenxiang in order to rescue her by separating the mountain.
Princess Longji (龙吉公主) is a character in the classic Chinese novel, Fengshen Yanyi. She is the daughter of the Emperor of Heaven, Haotian Shangdi, and his wife, Yaochi Jinmu. Her magical prowess was formidable, especially in water-based spells, which made her one of the most capable warriors in the Zhou army. She boasted a series of victories, including defeating notable figures like Luo Xuan, injuring Kong Xuan, and capturing Hong Jin. She had the magic weapons Wulu Universe Net (雾露乾坤网), the Four Sea Bottle (四海瓶), the Universe Needle (乾坤针), and the Dragon Binding Rope (捆龙索); the sword weapons are the Two Dragon Sword (二龙剑), Luan Flying Sword (鸾飞剑), and the Yaochi White Light Sword (瑶池白光剑). Erlang Shen is her cousin since he is the Jade Emperor’s nephew.
New Gods: Yang Jian is a Chinese 3D animated fantasy action film directed by Zhao Ji and written by Mu Chuan. The film is based on the character of Yang Jian from the Ming dynasty novel Investiture of the Gods, and was released on August 19, 2022, as a prequel to the 2021 film, New Gods: Nezha Reborn.
Yunhua, is a Chinese goddess and mother of the god Erlang Shen. She appeared in classical Chinese literary works such as Erlang Baojuan and Journey to the West as well as in folktales. Several legends and folktales depict her as the third daughter of the Jade Emperor and the Queen Mother of the West, while in Journey to the West, she is portrayed as the younger sister of the Jade Emperor.
Xiaotian Quan is a Chinese mythological beast and companion of the Chinese god Erlang Shen. Depicted as a black dog, it assists Erlang Shen in battle by using its powerful bite and howl to attack, maul, or subdue demons. Xiaotian Quan appears in Journey to the West, Fengshen Yanyi, and other legends about Erlang Shen, such as Lotus Lantern and several Chinese folktales.
Zoroastrianism in Sichuan refers to the historical presence of Zoroastrianism in modern-day Sichuan province, that forms part of southwestern China. The Japanese professor Kiichirō Kanda was the first scholar to notice the Zoroastrian presence in medieval Sichuan, or Yizhou as it was officially known from late antiquity to the Early Middle Ages, but commonly referred to as Shu, after the realm's first polity, the ancient kingdom of Shu. He believed that Zoroastrianism was popular in the region during the Tang dynasty (618–907), after learning of the festival songs of the magi present in the yuefu folk music of Kuizhou, and reading an entry titled "The Princess [of Shu]" from the 16th-century encyclopedia Extended Investigations of the Mountain Hall, in 1928. Fifty years later, the Hong Kong scholar Jao Tsung-I confirmed the existence of Zoroastrian temples in Sichuan during the Song dynasty (960–1279) in his article "Investigation of the Festival Songs of the Magi". Contemporary scholars such as Li Guotao and Hou Hui have researched the links between certain Zoroastrian deities and Erlang Shen, otherwise known as the Lord of Sichuan; as well as Yao Chongxin's more comprehensive research on the topic.
Legend goes, on one of the northern mountains of Dujiangyan lived a fire dragon which was raging the common people. Li Bing asked his son-God Erlang to subdue it. God Erlang climbed onto Yulei Mountain and became a giant. He was as tall as the sky. He wrapped clouds on his waist and cut a tree to make a carrying pole. Then he carried two mountains at a time to build the dam. After he brought 66 mountains the dam was built. Erlang got water from Pacifying Dragon Pool to put into the dam. At length the fire dragon was subdued.