Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest

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Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest
Flag of Germany.svg
Participating broadcaster
Former members
Participation summary
Appearances67
First appearance 1956
Highest placement1st: 1982, 2010
Host 1957, 1983, 2011
Participation history
External links
NDR page
Germany's page at Eurovision.tv OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Song contest current event.png For the most recent participation see
Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024

Germany has officially participated in every Eurovision Song Contest since its inaugural edition in 1956, except in 1996 when its entry did not qualify past the audio-only pre-selection round, and consequently was not seen in the broadcast final and does not count as one of Germany's 67 appearances. No other country has been represented as many times. Along with France, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom, Germany is one of the "Big Five" countries that are automatically prequalified for the final, due to their participant broadcasters being the largest financial contributors to the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The final is broadcast in Germany on ARD's flagship channel, Das Erste .

Contents

Germany first won the contest in 1982 with "Ein bißchen Frieden" performed by Nicole. The second German victory came 28 years later at the 2010 contest, when "Satellite" performed by Lena won. Katja Ebstein, who finished third in 1970 and 1971, then second in 1980, is the only performer to have made the top three on three occasions. Germany has a total of 11 top three placements, also finishing second with Lena Valaitis (1981) and twice with the group Wind (1985 and 1987), and finishing third with Mary Roos (1972), Mekado (1994) and Sürpriz (1999). Germany has finished last on ten occasions, receiving nul points in 1964, 1965 and 2015.

While having not reached the top-ten in 14 of the last 19 contests (2005–24), Michael Schulte achieved Germany's second-best result of the 21st century, by finishing fourth at the 2018 contest. Although German contestants have had varied levels of success, public interest remains high and the contest is one of the most-watched events each year. [1]

History

The Federal Republic of Germany has participated in the contest since its inception in 1956. [2] Before German reunification in 1990, the country was occasionally presented as "West Germany". The German Democratic Republic (East Germany) did not participate in the Eurovision Song Contest, and instead took part in the Intervision Song Contest.

With one win (1982) and four second-place results (1980, 1981, 1985, and 1987), Germany was the second most successful country in the contest in the 1980s, behind Ireland, who had two wins in the decade.

1996 absence

ARD had selected an artist and song to represent them at the 1996 contest, to be held in Oslo, Norway. Due to the large number of countries wanting to compete at Eurovision, the EBU determined that only 23 of the 30 countries could compete. Hosts Norway qualified automatically, the other 29 songs went into an audio-only pre-qualification round, with the top 22 going on to compete alongside Norway in Oslo. Unfortunately for Germany, its entry, Leon with "Planet of Blue", failed to earn enough points to progress to the final, finishing 24th. ARD and the EBU were not happy with this, as Germany was the biggest financial contributor at the time. This is the only time that Germany has been absent from the contest.

2000s

In the 2000s, Germany has been notable for their adoption of musical styles which are not typical of Eurovision, such as country and western (Texas Lightning – "No No Never" in 2006) and swing (Roger Cicero – "Frauen regier'n die Welt" in 2007 and Alex Swings Oscar Sings – "Miss Kiss Kiss Bang" in 2009). Germany had some successes throughout the decade, Lou - "Let's Get Happy" came in 11th place out of 26 in 2003 and Stefan Raab came 5th in 2000, which was Germany's best placement during the 2000's. Germany tied for last in 2008 for points, but was awarded 23rd of 25 places when the results were posted. In 2009, ARD held an internal selection for the first time since 1995 due to lack of interest and viewing figures of the German national finals. [3] Alex Christensen and Oscar Loya were selected to represent Germany at the 2009 contest, where they performed on stage with burlesque artist Dita Von Teese. However they only managed to receive 35 points, placing 20th of 25 competing countries.

2010s

In 2010, ARD approached former entrant and songwriter Stefan Raab and private network ProSieben to co-operate in finding a winning entry for the country. It has been said that Raab was approached due to his good record at the contest, finishing 5th in 2000 as well as writing entries in 1998 and 2004, which finished 7th and 8th, respectively. Raab agreed and conducted a TV casting show called Unser Star für Oslo which was broadcast on ARD and ProSieben. A winner arose in Lena Meyer-Landrut with "Satellite", who went on to win the contest. Two further collaborations with ProSieben provided the second and third top ten result in a row respectively in 2011 (Lena, who returned to defend her title with "Taken by a Stranger") and 2012 (Roman Lob with "Standing Still").

The streak of top 10 finishes was broken in the 2013 contest, when Cascada's song "Glorious" finished 21st with 18 points. The group Elaiza in 2014, Ann Sophie in 2015, Jamie-Lee in 2016 and Levina in 2017 finished in 18th, 27th (last), 26th (last) and 25th (second to last) place respectively. Ann Sophie became the country's third entry to finish with nul points, after Nora Nova in 1964 and Ulla Wiesner in 1965, and the first since the introduction of the current scoring system in 1975.

Germany's luck changed in 2018, when Michael Schulte brought them back to the top 5 for the first time since 2010 with "You Let Me Walk Alone", finishing in fourth place. This is the first time since 2012 that more than one country from the "Big Five" has made the top ten (with Italy finishing fifth) and the second time (after 2002) that two "Big Five" countries have made the top five since the establishment of the rule. The year after, the duo Sisters with the song "Sister" was not able to replicate the same success, receiving no points from the televote and finishing in 25th place with 24 points.

2020s

Three further bottom five results were recorded by Germany at the start of the decade, that of Jendrik in 2021 (also receiving no points from the televote), Malik Harris in 2022 (receiving no points from the juries) and Lord of the Lost in 2023. This streak was broken by Isaak, whose entry "Always on the Run" placed 12th in 2024 with 117 points.

Organisation

Since 1996, ARD consortium member Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) is who participates in the contest representing Germany. The responsibility within the consortium for the participation in the contest has changed hands between its different members over the years: [4]

In 1991 SFB worked in partnership with the East German broadcaster Deutscher Fernsehfunk (DFF) to select the German entry for that year's contest. Between 2010 and 2012, private broadcaster ProSieben worked in partnership with NDR. [4]

The process to select the German entry in the contest has changed over the years, with both national finals and internal selections (occasionally a combination of both formats) having been held. [4]

Germany and the "Big Five"

Since 1999, Germany, along with France, Spain and the United Kingdom, have automatically qualified for the Eurovision final regardless of their results in previous contests. [5] The participant broadcasters from these countries earned this special status by being the four biggest financial contributors to the EBU, and subsequently became known as the "Big Four". In 2008, it was reported that the "Big Four" could lose their status and be forced to compete in the semi-finals; [6] however, this never materialised, and the rule remained in place. [7] When Italy returned to the contest in 2011, it was given the same untouchable status, thus upgrading the countries to members of a "Big Five". [8] [9]

Germany was the first Big Five country to win the contest after the rule was introduced, courtesy of Lena in 2010. In terms of success, it is currently second behind Italy, which won in 2021 with Måneskin, and finished second in 2011 with Raphael Gualazzi and again in 2019 with Mahmood. However, taking into account Italy's absence from the contest for the first 11 years of the rule's existence, Germany remains the only country to have won out of the original "Big Four".

Participation overview

Table key
1First place
2Second place
3Third place
◁Last place
XEntry selected but did not compete
†Upcoming event
YearArtistSongLanguageFinalPointsSemiPoints
1956 Walter Andreas Schwarz " Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück " German — [lower-alpha 2] — [lower-alpha 2] No semi-finals
Freddy Quinn " So geht das jede Nacht "German
1957 Margot Hielscher " Telefon, Telefon "German48
1958 Margot Hielscher" Für zwei Groschen Musik "German75
1959 Alice and Ellen Kessler " Heut' woll'n wir tanzen geh'n "German85
1960 Wyn Hoop " Bonne nuit ma chérie "German411
1961 Lale Andersen " Einmal sehen wir uns wieder "German, French 133
1962 Conny Froboess " Zwei kleine Italiener "German69
1963 Heidi Brühl " Marcel "German95
1964 Nora Nova " Man gewöhnt sich so schnell an das Schöne "German13 ◁0
1965 Ulla Wiesner " Paradies, wo bist du? "German15 ◁0
1966 Margot Eskens " Die Zeiger der Uhr "German107
1967 Inge Brück "Anouschka"German87
1968 Wencke Myhre " Ein Hoch der Liebe "German611
1969 Siw Malmkvist " Primaballerina "German98
1970 Katja Ebstein " Wunder gibt es immer wieder "German312
1971 Katja Ebstein" Diese Welt "German3100
1972 Mary Roos " Nur die Liebe läßt uns leben "German3107
1973 Gitte " Junger Tag "German885
1974 Cindy and Bert " Die Sommermelodie "German14 ◁3
1975 Joy Fleming " Ein Lied kann eine Brücke sein "German, English1715
1976 Les Humphries Singers " Sing, Sang, Song "German1512
1977 Silver Convention "Telegram"English855
1978 Ireen Sheer " Feuer "German684
1979 Dschinghis Khan " Dschinghis Khan "German486
1980 Katja Ebstein" Theater "German2128
1981 Lena Valaitis "Johnny Blue"German2132
1982 Nicole " Ein bißchen Frieden "German1161
1983 Hoffmann and Hoffmann " Rücksicht "German594
1984 Mary Roos" Aufrecht geh'n "German1334
1985 Wind " Für alle "German2105
1986 Ingrid Peters " Über die Brücke geh'n "German862
1987 Wind" Laß die Sonne in dein Herz "German2141
1988 Maxi and Chris Garden" Lied für einen Freund "German1448
1989 Nino de Angelo " Flieger "German1446
1990 Chris Kempers and Daniel Kovac " Frei zu leben "German960
1991 Atlantis 2000 " Dieser Traum darf niemals sterben "German1810
1992 Wind" Träume sind für alle da "German1627
1993 Münchener Freiheit " Viel zu weit "German1818 Kvalifikacija za Millstreet
1994 Mekado " Wir geben 'ne Party "German3128No semi-finals
1995 Stone and Stone " Verliebt in Dich "German23 ◁1
1996 Leon "Planet of Blue"GermanFailed to qualify [lower-alpha 3] X2424
1997 Bianca Shomburg " Zeit "German1822No semi-finals
1998 Guildo Horn " Guildo hat euch lieb "German786
1999 Sürpriz "Journey to Jerusalem – Kudüs'e Seyahat"German, Turkish, English3140
2000 Stefan Raab " Wadde hadde dudde da? "German, English596
2001 Michelle " Wer Liebe lebt "German, English866
2002 Corinna May "I Can't Live Without Music"English2117
2003 Lou "Let's Get Happy"English1153
2004 Max "Can't Wait Until Tonight"English, Turkish893Member of the "Big Four"
2005 Gracia "Run & Hide"English24 ◁4
2006 Texas Lightning "No No Never"English1436
2007 Roger Cicero " Frauen regier'n die Welt "German, English1949
2008 No Angels "Disappear"English2314
2009 Alex Swings Oscar Sings!"Miss Kiss Kiss Bang"English2035
2010 Lena "Satellite"English1246
2011 Lena"Taken by a Stranger"English10107Member of the "Big Five"
Host country
2012 Roman Lob "Standing Still"English8110Member of the "Big Five"
2013 Cascada "Glorious"English2118
2014 Elaiza "Is It Right"English1839
2015 Ann Sophie "Black Smoke"English27 ◁0
2016 Jamie-Lee "Ghost"English26 ◁11
2017 Levina "Perfect Life"English256
2018 Michael Schulte "You Let Me Walk Alone"English4340
2019 S!sters"Sister"English2524
2020 Ben Dolic "Violent Thing"EnglishContest cancelled [lower-alpha 4] X
2021 Jendrik "I Don't Feel Hate"English253
2022 Malik Harris "Rockstars"English25 ◁6
2023 Lord of the Lost "Blood & Glitter"English26 ◁18
2024 Isaak "Always on the Run"English12117
2025 Confirmed intention to participate † [10]

Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest

ArtistSongLanguageAt CongratulationsAt Eurovision
FinalPointsSemiPointsYearPlacePoints
Nicole " Ein bißchen Frieden " German Failed to qualify7106 1982 1161

Hostings

YearLocationVenuePresenter(s)
1957 Frankfurt Großer Sendesaal Anaid Iplicjian
1983 Munich Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle Marlene Charell
2011 Düsseldorf Esprit Arena Anke Engelke, Judith Rakers and Stefan Raab

Awards

Barbara Dex Award

YearPerformerHost cityRef.
1998 Guildo Horn Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Birmingham

Conductors

YearConductor [lower-alpha 5] Musical DirectorNotesRef.
1956 Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Fernando Paggi N/AHost conductor [12]
1957 Willy Berking [lower-alpha 6]
1958 Flag of the Netherlands.svg Dolf van der Linden N/AHost conductor
1959 Flag of France.svg Franck Pourcel
1960 Franz Josef Breuer
1961 Flag of France.svg Franck PourcelHost conductor
1962 Rolf-Hans Müller
1963 Willy Berking
1964
1965 Alfred Hause
1966 Willy Berking
1967 Hans Blum
1968 Horst Jankowski
1969 Hans Blum
1970 Christian Bruhn [13]
1971 Dieter Zimmermann
1972 Paul Kuhn
1973 Günther-Eric Thöner
1974 Werner Scharfenberger
1975 Rainer Pietsch
1976 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Les Humphries
1977 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Ronnie Hazlehurst Host conductor
1978 Jean Frankfurter
1979 Flag of Austria.svg Norbert Daum
1980 Wolfgang Rödelberger [14]
1981
1982 Flag of Austria.svg Norbert Daum
1983 Dieter Reith
1984 Flag of Luxembourg.svg Pierre Cao N/AHost conductor
1985 Rainer Pietsch
1986 Hans Blum
1987 Flag of Hungary.svg László Bencker
1988 Flag of the United States.svg Michael Thatcher
1989 No conductor
1990 Rainer Pietsch
1991 Hermann Weindorf
1992 Flag of Austria.svg Norbert Daum
1993
1994
1995 Hermann Weindorf
1997 No conductor
1998 Stefan Raab [lower-alpha 7]

Heads of delegation

YearHead of delegationRef.
1996–2005 Jürgen Meier-Beer
2007–2008 Manfred Witt
2015 Torsten Amarell
2016–2017 Carola Conze
2018–2019 Christoph Pellander
2020–presentAlexandra Wolfslast

Commentators and spokespersons

Over the years, commentary on ARD has been provided by several experienced radio and television presenters, including Ado Schlier, Thomas Gottschalk, Jan Hofer, Wolf Mittler, Fritz Egner and Werner Veigel. Peter Urban has provided commentary on Das Erste every year since 1997, and has only been absent once, in 2009, when he was forced to step down due to illness, with Tim Frühling from HR filling in to commentate in Moscow. [21] For the later-cancelled 2020 contest, Michael Schulte was set to commentate together with Urban. Both commentated the official EBU replacement show Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light instead, as well as the German replacement show Eurovision 2020 – das deutsche Finale from the Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg. Urban stepped down as the German commentator after the 2023 contest. [22] His successor is Thorsten Schorn. [23]

Other shows

ShowCommentatorChannelRef.
Songs of Europe Deutsches Fernsehen
Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Peter Urban SWR, WDR
Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits [lower-alpha 8] NDR, MDR, EinsFestival
Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light [lower-alpha 9] Peter Urban, Michael Schulte Das Erste

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
  2. 1 2 The 1956 contest had secret voting and, apart from the winner, no results were released.
  3. ↑ In order to reduce the number of participating countries at the 1996 event a qualifying round was held among all countries except the hosts. Germany failed to progress from this round; entries which failed to progress have subsequently been discounted by the EBU and do not feature as part of the countries' list of appearances.
  4. ↑ The 2020 contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  5. ↑ All conductors are of German nationality unless otherwise noted.
  6. ↑ Also conducted for Belgium, Luxembourg, and Switzerland
  7. ↑ Although the song didn't actually feature the orchestra, Raab still took the conductor's bow as the song's composer, writer, and arranger.
  8. ↑ Broadcast on 16 May (NDR and MDR Fernsehen) and 22 May (EinsFestival)
  9. ↑ Broadcast on a one-hour delay.

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Germany participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 with the song "I Can't Live Without Music" written by Ralph Siegel and Bernd Meinunger. The song was performed by Corinna May. The German entry for the 2002 contest in Tallinn, Estonia was selected through the national final Countdown Grand Prix Eurovision 2002, organised by the German broadcaster ARD in collaboration with Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR). The national final took place on 22 February 2002 and featured fifteen competing acts with the winner being selected through two rounds of public televoting. "I Can't Live Without Music" performed by Corinna May was selected as the German entry for Tallinn after placing first in the top three during the first round of voting and ultimately gaining 41.1% of the votes in the second round.

Germany attempted to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 1996 with the song "Planet of Blue" written by Hanne Haller and Anna Rubach. The song was performed by Leon. The German entry for the 1996 contest in Oslo, Norway was selected through the national final Ein bisschen Glück, organised by the German broadcaster ARD in collaboration with Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR). The national final took place on 1 March 1996 and featured ten competing acts with the winner being selected through public televoting. "Planet of Blue" performed by Leon was selected as the German entry for Oslo after gaining 37.9% of the votes.

Germany participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997 with the song "Zeit" written by Ralph Siegel and Bernd Meinunger. The song was performed by Bianca Shomburg. The German entry for the 1997 contest in Dublin, Ireland was selected through the national final Der Countdown läuft, organised by the German broadcaster ARD in collaboration with Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR). The national final took place on 27 February 1997 and featured nine competing acts with the winner being selected through public televoting. "Zeit" performed by Bianca Shomburg was selected as the German entry for Dublin after gaining 40.2% of the votes.

Germany participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 with the song "Glorious" written by Yann Peifer, Manuel Reuter, Andres Ballinas and Tony Cornelissen. The song was performed by Cascada. The German entry for the 2013 contest in Malmö, Sweden was selected through the national final Unser Song für Malmö, organised by the German broadcaster ARD in collaboration with Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR). The national final took place on 14 February 2013 and featured twelve competing acts with the winner by the votes of a five-member jury panel, a radio vote and a public televote. "Glorious" performed by Cascada was selected as the German entry for Malmö after gaining the most points following the combination of votes.

Germany participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 with the song "Is It Right", written by Elżbieta Steinmetz, Frank Kretschmer and Adam Kesselhaut. The song was performed by Elaiza. The German entry for the 2014 contest in Copenhagen, Denmark was selected through the national final Unser Song für Dänemark, organised by the German broadcaster ARD in collaboration with Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR). The national final took place on 13 March 2014 and featured eight competing acts, one of which was selected through a Club Concert wildcard round. The winner was selected through three rounds of public televoting, and "Is It Right" performed by Elaiza was selected as the German entry for Copenhagen after gaining 55% of the votes in the third round.

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Germany debuted at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020 in Warsaw, Poland. Children's television channel Kika, a joint venture of the German national broadcasters ARD and ZDF, broadcasts the event within Germany and organises the selection of the nation's entry in collaboration with ARD consortium member Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR).

Germany participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 with the song "Ghost" written by Thomas Burchia, Anna Leyne and Conrad Hensel. The song was performed by Jamie-Lee. The German entry for the 2016 contest in Stockholm, Sweden was selected through the national final Unser Lied für Stockholm, organised by the German broadcaster ARD in collaboration with Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR). The national final took place on 25 February 2016 and featured ten competing acts with the winner being selected through two rounds of public voting. "Ghost" performed by Jamie-Lee Kriewitz was selected as the German entry for Stockholm after placing first in the top three during the first round of voting and ultimately gaining 44.5% of the vote in the second round.

Germany participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 with the song "Perfect Life" written by Lindsey Ray, Lindy Robbins and Dave Bassett. The song was performed by Levina. The German entry for the 2017 contest in Kyiv, Ukraine was selected through the national final Unser Song 2017, organised by the German broadcaster ARD in collaboration with Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR). The national final took place on 9 February 2017 with the winner being selected through four rounds of public televoting. "Perfect Life" performed by Levina was selected as the German entry for Kyiv after gaining 69% of the votes in the fourth round.

Germany participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin, Italy with the song "Rockstars" performed by Malik Harris. The German entry for the 2022 contest was selected through the national final Germany 12 Points, organised by the German broadcaster ARD in collaboration with Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR). The national final took place on 4 March 2022 and featured six competing acts with the winner being selected through online radio voting and public voting.

Germany is set to take part in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2024 in Madrid, Spain, with "Save the Best for Us" performed by Bjarne. ARD consortium member Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) and children's television channel Kika are responsible for the country's participation in the contest, and selected the German entrant and song through a national final.

References

  1. ↑ Mantel, Uwe (14 May 2023). "Die Quote stimmt: "ESC" holt höchste Marktanteile seit Lena" [The rate is right: "ESC" has the highest market share since Lena]. DWDL.de. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  2. ↑ "Eurovision 1956 Results: Voting & Points". Eurovisionworld. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  3. ↑ Floras, Stella (16 December 2008). "Germany: No national final for 2009". ESCToday. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  4. 1 2 3 "Alle deutschen ESC-Acts und ihre Titel". www.eurovision.de (in German). ARD. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  5. ↑ O'Connor, John Kennedy (2005). The Eurovision Song Contest 50 Years The Official History. London: Carlton Books Limited. ISBN   1-84442-586-X.
  6. ↑ Murray, Gavin (28 May 2008). "Big 4 (France: Germany; Spain; United Kingdom): May lose automatic place in Eurovision final". ESCToday. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
  7. ↑ Viniker, Barry (14 September 2008). "Eurovision 'Big Four' final spots confirmed". ESCToday. Retrieved 14 September 2008.
  8. ↑ "SERBIA - Svante Stockselius meets members of OGAE Serbia". Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
  9. ↑ Fulton, Rick (14 May 2007). "The East V West Song Contest". Daily Record . Retrieved 24 May 2009.
  10. ↑ "🇩🇪 Germany: ARD Confirms Eurovision 2025 Participation". eurovoix.com. 27 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  11. ↑ Adams, William Lee (9 July 2015). "Poll: Who was the worst dressed Barbara Dex Award winner?". Wiwibloggs . Retrieved 8 December 2019.
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  144. ↑ "Ina Müller verkündet Punkte der deutschen Jury" [Ina Müller announces the points of the German jury]. Eurovision.de (in German). ARD. 30 April 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  145. ↑ "Germany - Zero Points!" (in German). RBB . Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  146. ↑ Wærhaug, Sølvi (24 August 1981). «Nesten krise …». VG. s. 36.
  147. ↑ Wærhaug, Sølvi (18 August 1981). «Fire verdensdeler følger Momarkedet». VG. s. 37.
  148. ↑ "Eurovision Congratulations to be screened in Germany". ESCToday. 28 September 2005. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  149. ↑ "Germany: Will Broadcast Eurovision's Greatest Hits". Eurovoix. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  150. ↑ "Jubiläums-Show: "Eurovision's Greatest Hits" im TV". NDR. 24 April 2015. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  151. ↑ Granger, Anthony (26 April 2020). "Germany: Organises Two Shows To Determine The Nations Eurovision 2020 Winner". Eurovoix. Retrieved 9 July 2020.

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