Eurovision Song Contest 1992

Eurovision Song Contest 1992
Dates
Final	9 May 1992
Host
Venue	Malmö Isstadion Malmö, Sweden
Presenter(s)	Lydia Capolicchio Harald Treutiger
Musical director	Anders Berglund
Directed by	Kåge Gimtell
Executive supervisor	Frank Naef
Host broadcaster	Sveriges Television (SVT)
Website	eurovision.tv/event/malmo-1992
Participants
Number of entries	23
Debuting countries	None
Returning countries	Netherlands
Non-returning countries	None
Participation map      Participating countries     Countries that participated in the past but not in 1992
Vote
Voting system	Each country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 point(s) to their 10 favourite songs
Winning song	Ireland "Why Me"
1991 ←  Eurovision Song Contest  → 1993

The Eurovision Song Contest 1992 was the 37th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 9 May 1992 at the Malmö Isstadion in Malmö, Sweden. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT), and presented by Lydia Capolicchio and Harald Treutiger, the contest was held in Sweden following the country's victory at the 1991 contest with the song " Fångad av en stormvind " by Carola.

Twenty-three countries participated in the contest –a new record number of participating countries –with the Netherlands returning to the contest following a one-year break to join the twenty-two countries which had participated in the previous year's event.

The winner was Ireland with the song "Why Me", written by Johnny Logan and performed by Linda Martin. This marked Ireland's fourth contest win, and brought songwriter Logan his third win overall, having previously won the contest in 1980 as singer and in 1987 as both singer and songwriter. The United Kingdom, Malta, Italy, and Greece also placed in the top five, with the United Kingdom recording its thirteenth second-place position and Malta and Greece achieving their best ever results in the contest.

Location

Malmö Isstadion , Malmö – host venue of the 1992 contest

The 1992 contest took place in Malmö, Sweden, following the country's victory at the 1991 contest with the song "Fångad av en stormvind", performed by Carola. It was the third time that Sweden had hosted the contest, following the 1975 and 1985 events held in Stockholm and Gothenburg respectively. ^[1] The chosen venue was the Malmö Isstadion , normally used as an indoor ice hockey arena and up until 2008 the home stadium of the Malmö Redhawks ice hockey team. Constructed in 1970, the venue had also previously hosted concerts by Frank Sinatra and Julio Iglesias amongst others. ^{[2] [3] [4] [5]} With a typical capacity of 5,800 spectators for ice hockey matches, for the contest an audience of around 3,700 was present. ^{[2] [3]}

Participating countries

Further information: List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest

Eurovision Song Contest 1992 –Participation summaries by country
Austria Belgium Cyprus Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Yugoslavia

Two-time contest winner Johnny Logan returned as the songwriter behind the Irish entry.

With the Netherlands making a return to the contest after missing the previous year's contest, and Malta continuing to participate following its return to the event in 1991, twenty-three countries in total competed in the 1992 contest –a new contest record. ^[6] Ahead of the 1991 event the Maltese broadcaster had been told by the contest organisers that they would only be allowed to remain in the competition if another nation dropped out of the event, however after placing sixth in the 1991 contest, the organisers instead decided to raise the maximum number of participating countries to twenty-three to make space for continued Maltese participation. ^{[2] [7]} The contest marked the final participation of Yugoslavia, whose entry represented the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for the first and only time, following the break-up of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the past year which had been responsible for all previous Yugoslav entries; following the 1992 contest Yugoslavia was excluded from participating and the nation would not return to the contest until 2004, when it competed under its new name Serbia and Montenegro. ^{[8] [9]} The 1992 contest was notable in the fact that only two countries which had previously participated in past editions of the event were absent from the contest, namely Monaco and Morocco. ^[5]

Among the competing entries at this year's contest was the first entry to be performed in a French Creole language, and the first appearance of a song performed in Luxembourgish since 1960. ^{[10] [11]}

The 1992 event featured a number of artists who had competed in previous editions: Sigríður Beinteinsdóttir and Grétar Örvarsson, two members of Iceland's entrant Heart 2 Heart, had previously represented the country in 1990 as Stjórnin; Rom Heck, a member of the group Kontinent that represented Luxembourg alongside Marion Welter, had previously competed in the 1989 contest as a member of the group Park Café; Linda Martin made a second contest appearance for Ireland following the 1984 contest; Mia Martini also competed for the second time for Italy, after previously participating in 1977; and the group Wind represented Germany for the third time, following their previous entries in 1985 and 1987. ^{[10] [12]} Additionally, Cyprus's Evridiki participated as lead artist after previously performing backing vocals for the Cypriot entries in 1983, 1986 and 1987. ^[13]

Participants of the Eurovision Song Contest 1992 ^{[10] [14]}

Country	Broadcaster	Artist	Song	Language	Songwriter(s)	Conductor
Austria	ORF	Tony Wegas	"Zusammen geh'n"	German	Dieter Bohlen Joachim Horn-Bernges	Leon Ives
Belgium	RTBF	Morgane	"Nous on veut des violons"	French	Claude Barzotti Anne-Marie Gaspard	Frank Fievez
Cyprus	CyBC	Evridiki	"Teriazoume" (Ταιριάζουμε)	Greek	George Theofanous	George Theofanous
Denmark	DR	Lotte Nilsson and Kenny Lübcke	"Alt det som ingen ser"	Danish	Carsten Warming	Henrik Krogsgaard
Finland	YLE	Pave	"Yamma Yamma"	Finnish	Hector Pave	Olli Ahvenlahti
France	Antenne 2	Kali	"Monté la riviè"	French, Antillean Creole	Rémy Bellenchombre Kali	Magdi Vasco Noverraz
Germany	MDR [a]	Wind	"Träume sind für alle da"	German	Bernd Meinunger Ralph Siegel	Norbert Daum
Greece	ERT	Cleopatra	"Olou tou kosmou i elpida" (Όλου του κόσμου η ελπίδα)	Greek	Christos Lagos	Haris Andreadis
Iceland	RÚV	Heart 2 Heart	"Nei eða já"	Icelandic	Friðrik Karlsson Grétar Örvarsson Stefán Hilmarsson	Nigel Wright
Ireland	RTÉ	Linda Martin	"Why Me"	English	Johnny Logan	Noel Kelehan
Israel	IBA	Dafna	"Ze Rak Sport" (זה רק ספורט)	Hebrew	Ehud Manor Kobi Oshrat	Kobi Oshrat
Italy	RAI	Mia Martini	"Rapsodia"	Italian	Giancarlo Bigazzi Giuseppe Dati	Marco Falagiani
Luxembourg	CLT	Marion Welter and Kontinent	"Sou fräi"	Luxembourgish	Ab van Goor Jang Linster	Christian Jacob
Malta	PBS	Mary Spiteri	"Little Child"	English	Georgina Abela Raymond Mahoney	Paul Abela
Netherlands	NOS	Humphrey Campbell	"Wijs me de weg"	Dutch	Edwin Schimscheimer	Harry van Hoof
Norway	NRK	Merethe Trøan	"Visjoner"	Norwegian	Eva Jansen Robert Morley	Rolf Løvland
Portugal	RTP	Dina	"Amor d'água fresca"	Portuguese	Dina Rosa Lobato de Faria	Carlos Alberto Moniz
Spain	TVE	Serafín	"Todo esto es la música"	Spanish	Luis Miguélez Alfredo Valbuena	Javier Losada
Sweden	SVT	Christer Björkman	"I morgon är en annan dag"	Swedish	Niklas Strömstedt	Anders Berglund
Switzerland	SRG SSR	Daisy Auvray	"Mister Music Man"	French	Gordon Dent	Roby Seidel
Turkey	TRT	Aylin Vatankoş	"Yaz Bitti"	Turkish	Aldoğan Şimşekyay Aylin Uçanlar	Aydın Özarı
United Kingdom	BBC	Michael Ball	"One Step Out of Time"	English	Paul Davies Tony Ryan Victor Stratton	Ronnie Hazlehurst
Yugoslavia	JRT	Extra Nena  [ sr ]	"Ljubim te pesmama" (Љубим те песмама)	Serbian	Gale Janković Radivoje Radivojević	Anders Berglund

Production and format

Anders Berglund (pictured in 2019) served as the contest's musical director and led the orchestra during the event

The Eurovision Song Contest 1992 was produced by the Swedish public broadcaster Sveriges Television (SVT). Ingvar Ernblad  [ sv ] served as executive producer, Kåge Gimtell  [ sv ] served as producer and director, Göran Arfs served as designer, and Anders Berglund served as musical director leading an assembled orchestra of around 50 musicians. ^{[6] [16] [17]} A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available to conduct for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor. ^[10] On behalf of the contest organisers, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the event was overseen by Frank Naef as executive supervisor. ^{[18] [19] [20]}

Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented. ^{[21] [22]} A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all participants were required to have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest. ^{[21] [23]} Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks, however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being mimed by the performers. ^{[23] [24]}

Following the confirmation of the twenty-three competing countries, the draw to determine the running order was held on 3 December 1991 and was conducted by Carola. ^[2]

The results of the 1992 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in 1975: each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry. ^[25] The points awarded by each country were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, which was required to be split evenly between members of the public and music professionals, between men and women, and by age. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing. ^{[26] [27]}

The stage design for the Malmö contest centred around a large representation of the bow of a Viking ship, flanked on either side by sets of stairs, while a hexagonal design was used for the floor area in front which was painted to resemble the Eurovision network logo. ^{[6] [11]} To the left of the stage as seen by the audience sat the orchestra, while to the right stood a large video wall and a smaller stage for use by the presenters to introduce each act and during the voting sequence. Behind the Viking ship the backdrop featured a representation using neon lighting of the span of the Öresund Bridge, the construction of which had yet to begin but which would connect Sweden and Denmark, and thus connecting Sweden with the bulk of the European mainland from 1999. ^{[11] [28] [29]}

Rehearsals in the contest venue began on 3 May 1992, focussing on the opening performances and interval act. The participating artists began their rehearsals on 4 May, and each participating delegation was afforded two technical rehearsals in the week of the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. The first rehearsals, held on 4 and 5 May, saw each country given a 40-minute slot on stage, followed by a press conference. Each delegation was then given a second slot to rehearse on stage, this time for 30 minutes, on 6 and 7 May. Three dress rehearsals were held with all artists, two held in the afternoon and evening of 8 May and one final rehearsal in the afternoon of 9 May. Audiences were present for the latter two dress rehearsals, and the final afternoon dress rehearsal was also recorded for use as a production stand-by. During the contest week the participating delegations were also invited to a welcome reception, which was held in Malmö rådhus  [ sv ]. ^[2]

This year's contest featured a mascot: the "Eurobird", an anthropomorphic bird, featured as a computer animated character during the transition between the competing songs. ^{[28] [30]}

Contest overview

Having previously come second at the 1984 contest, Ireland's Linda Martin (pictured in 2013) returned and won the event with the song "Why Me?".

The contest took place on 9 May 1992 at 21:00 (CEST) with a duration of 3 hours. The show was presented by the Swedish journalists and television presenters Lydia Capolicchio and Harald Treutiger. ^{[6] [10]}

The opening sequence featured a computer-generated animation showing the journey from the previous year's host city Rome to Malmö, including oversized models placed on the European continent representing the Colosseum, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, the Alps, the Eiffel Tower, and structures in Malmö including Malmö Castle, Kronprinsen and the Hyllie Water Tower. ^{[11] [28]} This was followed by performances within the venue by the Malmöflickorna  [ sv ] rhythmic gymnastics troupe, involving ribbon choreography to an instrumental version of "Fångad av en stormvind", and the previous year's winning artist Carola who sang the song "All the Reasons to Live". ^{[30] [31]} The interval act, entitled "A Century of Dance", featured David Johnson, Teresa Ibrahim, the Crazy Feat dance troupe and dancers from the Nöjesteatern  [ sv ], in a performance that showed the evolution of dance in Sweden and worldwide over the previous century; among the music pieces featured during the performance was "It Must Have Been Love" originally recorded by the Swedish duo Roxette. ^{[28] [30] [32]} The trophy awarded to the winners was presented at the end of the broadcast by Carola. ^[32]

The winner was Ireland represented by the song "Why Me?", written by Johnny Logan and performed by Linda Martin. ^[33] This was the fourth time that Ireland had won the contest, following victories in 1970, 1980 and 1987. ^[34] Having come second at the 1984 contest, Martin became the third artist to have placed both first and second in the contest, alongside Lys Assia and Gigliola Cinquetti, and songwriter Logan, who had already won the contest twice as a performer in 1980 and 1987 –the latter win additionally as the songwriter –became the third individual to record two songwriting wins, alongside Willy van Hemert and Yves Dessca, and became the first, and as of 2023 ^[update] only, individual to record three wins as either singer or songwriter. ^{[11] [35] [36]} The United Kingdom finished in second place for a record-extending thirteenth time, while Malta and Greece recorded their best ever results to date with third- and fifth-place finishes respectively. ^{[37] [38] [39]} Conversely host country Sweden recorded one of their worst ever results, finishing 22nd and second-to-last, and Finland picked up their seventh last-place finish. ^{[1] [30]} With Ireland, the United Kingdom and Malta taking the top three places, all entries which were performed in English reached the top positions. ^{[6] [40]}

Results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1992 ^{[26] [41]}

R/O	Country	Artist	Song	Points	Place
1	Spain	Serafín	"Todo esto es la música"	37	14
2	Belgium	Morgane	"Nous on veut des violons"	11	20
3	Israel	Dafna	"Ze Rak Sport"	85	6
4	Turkey	Aylin Vatankoş	"Yaz Bitti"	17	19
5	Greece	Cleopatra	"Olou tou kosmou i elpida"	94	5
6	France	Kali	"Monte la riviè"	73	8
7	Sweden	Christer Björkman	"I morgon är en annan dag"	9	22
8	Portugal	Dina	"Amor d'água fresca"	26	17
9	Cyprus	Evridiki	"Teriazoume"	57	11
10	Malta	Mary Spiteri	"Little Child"	123	3
11	Iceland	Heart 2 Heart	"Nei eða já"	80	7
12	Finland	Pave	"Yamma Yamma"	4	23
13	Switzerland	Daisy Auvray	"Mister Music Man"	32	15
14	Luxembourg	Marion Welter and Kontinent	"Sou fräi"	10	21
15	Austria	Tony Wegas	"Zusammen geh'n"	63	10
16	United Kingdom	Michael Ball	"One Step Out of Time"	139	2
17	Ireland	Linda Martin	"Why Me"	155	1
18	Denmark	Lotte Nilsson and Kenny Lübcke	"Alt det som ingen ser"	47	12
19	Italy	Mia Martini	"Rapsodia"	111	4
20	Yugoslavia	Extra Nena	"Ljubim te pesmama"	44	13
21	Norway	Merethe Trøan	"Visjoner"	23	18
22	Germany	Wind	"Träume sind für alle da"	27	16
23	Netherlands	Humphrey Campbell	"Wijs me de weg"	67	9

Spokespersons

Each country nominated a spokesperson, connected to the contest venue via telephone lines and responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country. ^{[21] [42]} Known spokespersons at the 1992 contest are listed below.

•  France – Olivier Minne ^[43]
•  Ireland – Eileen Dunne ^[44]
•  Malta –Joanna Drake ^[45]
•  Sweden – Jan Jingryd  [ sv ] ^[31]
•  United Kingdom – Colin Berry ^[26]

Detailed voting results

Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries. ^[26] The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order. ^{[28] [26]} The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.

Detailed voting results of the Eurovision Song Contest 1992 ^{[46] [47]}

		Total score	Spain	Belgium	Israel	Turkey	Greece	France	Sweden	Portugal	Cyprus	Malta	Iceland	Finland	Switzerland	Luxembourg	Austria	United Kingdom	Ireland	Denmark	Italy	Yugoslavia	Norway	Germany	Netherlands
Contestants	Spain	37		1		1	4	6				2		3		3	2	1		1	7		5		1
	Belgium	11	3			4		3								1
	Israel	85	10			2		8	4	7	4	7			4	8	1	7		2		12	2	4	3
	Turkey	17										8							3			6
	Greece	94			7	8		7	3	5	12		2	5	10		4				12	7	8		4
	France	73	6		12	3					3			7	12				5		6		10	3	6
	Sweden	9						1												4		4
	Portugal	26			8		2							2							1	5		8
	Cyprus	57			3		10	2		2		1		8	2				6		4	8	3		8
	Malta	123	12	10			7		12	12	1		8		5	12	8		10	8	3	10			5
	Iceland	80	8	4	4		6		6	6					3	5	7	12		5	5		1	6	2
	Finland	4			1																	3
	Switzerland	32		5									12					4	1		10
	Luxembourg	10										10
	Austria	63	2	8			8		1	3	8	4						10	12	7
	United Kingdom	139	5	12	2	10		10	5		6	6	4	6	8	7	12		7	12	8			12	7
	Ireland	155	1	7		12	12		10	4	5	12	7	10	6	10	10	8		10	2	2	7	10	10
	Denmark	47	4		6				7	1			6			6	3	3					6	5
	Italy	111				5	3	12	8	8	10	5	10	12	7		6						12	1	12
	Yugoslavia	44			10	6	1	5			2	3	5	4		2			4					2
	Norway	23		3					2				1	1		4		5		6		1
	Germany	27		6						10								6	2	3
	Netherlands	67	7	2	5	7	5	4			7		3		1		5	2	8				4	7

12 points

The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. Italy, Malta and the United Kingdom each received the maximum score of 12 points from four of the voting countries, with Ireland receiving three sets of 12 points, France and Greece receiving two sets of maximum scores each, and Austria, Iceland, Israel and Switzerland each receiving one maximum score. ^{[46] [47]}

Distribution of 12 points awarded at the Eurovision Song Contest 1992 ^{[46] [47]}

N.	Contestant	Nation(s) giving 12 points
4	Italy	Finland ,   France ,   Netherlands ,   Norway
	Malta	Luxembourg ,   Portugal ,   Spain ,   Sweden
	United Kingdom	Austria ,   Belgium ,   Denmark ,   Germany
3	Ireland	Greece ,   Malta ,   Turkey
2	France	Israel ,    Switzerland
	Greece	Cyprus ,   Italy
1	Austria	Ireland
	Iceland	United Kingdom
	Israel	Yugoslavia
	Switzerland	Iceland

Broadcasts

Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers. ^[23] The contest was broadcast in 44 countries, including Australia, New Zealand and South Korea. ^{[2] [48]} Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.

Broadcasters and commentators in participating countries

Country	Broadcaster	Channel(s)	Commentator(s)	Ref.
Austria	ORF	FS1	Ernst Grissemann	[49] [50]
Belgium	RTBF	RTBF1	Claude Delacroix	[51]
	BRTN	TV1, TV2	André Vermeulen	[52] [53]
		Radio 2	Marc Brillouet  [ nl ] and Julien Put  [ nl ]	[54]
Cyprus	CyBC	RIK 1	Evi Papamichail	[55]
		A Programma		[56]
Denmark	DR	DR TV	Jørgen de Mylius	[57]
		DR P3	Jesper Bæhrenz and Andrew Jensen  [ dk ]
Finland	YLE	TV1	Erkki Pohjanheimo and Kati Bergman	[58]
		Radiomafia	Pekka and Pätkä
		Riksradion	Johan Finne, Paul Olin  [ sv ] and Wille Wilenius  [ fi ]
France	Antenne 2		Thierry Beccaro	[59]
Germany	ARD	Erstes Deutsches Fernsehen	Jan Hofer	[60]
Greece	ERT	ET1		[61]
Iceland	RÚV	Sjónvarpið , Rás 2	Árni Snævarr	[62]
Ireland	RTÉ	RTÉ 1	Pat Kenny	[63]
		2FM	Larry Gogan	[64]
Israel	IBA	Israeli Television		[65]
Italy	RAI	Rai Due [b]	Peppi Franzelin  [ it ]	[66]
Luxembourg	CLT	RTL Hei Elei	Romain Goerend  [ lb ]	[51]
Malta	PBS	TVM, Radio Malta 2	Anna Bonanno	[45] [67]
Netherlands	NOS	Nederland 3	Willem van Beusekom	[68]
Norway	NRK	NRK Fjernsynet	John Andreassen	[69]
		NRK P2	Leif Erik Forberg and Vidar Lønn-Arnesen	[69] [70]
Portugal	RTP	RTP Canal 1	Eládio Clímaco	[71] [72]
Spain	TVE	La 2	José Luis Uribarri	[73] [74]
Sweden	SVT	TV2	Jesper Aspegren  [ sv ]	[75]
	RR  [ sv ]	SR P3	Lotta Engberg and Kalle Oldby	[76]
Switzerland	SRG SSR	TV DRS	Mariano Tschuor	[77]
		TSR Chaîne nationale	Ivan Frésard  [ fr ]	[78]
		TSI Canale nazionale		[77]
Turkey	TRT	TV1		[79]
United Kingdom	BBC	BBC1 [c]	Terry Wogan	[80]
		BBC Radio 2	Ken Bruce	[81]
Yugoslavia	JRT	TV Beograd 1 , TV Novi Sad 1  [ sr ]	Mladen Popović  [ sr ]	[82] [83]

Broadcasters and commentators in non-participating countries

Country	Broadcaster	Channel(s)	Commentator(s)	Ref.
Australia	SBS	SBS TV [d]		[84]
Czechoslovakia	ČST	F1  [ cs; sk ] [e]		[85]
Estonia	ETV		Ivo Linna and Olavi Pihlamägi  [ et ]	[86]
Faroe Islands	SvF			[87]
Greenland	KNR	KNR [f]		[88]
Hungary	MTV	MTV1 [g]	István Vágó	[89]
Poland	TVP	TVP1	Artur Orzech and Maria Szabłowska  [ pl ]	[90] [91]
Romania	TVR	TVR 1 [h]		[92]
Russia	RTR	RTR		[93]
Slovenia	RTVSLO	SLO 1  [ sl ]	Miša Molk	[94]

Notes and references

Notes

1. On behalf of the German public broadcasting consortium ARD ^[15]
2. Deferred broadcast at 23:50 (CEST) ^[66]
3. Additional live broadcast on BBC World Service Television ^[69]
4. Deferred broadcast on 10 May at 20:30 (AEST) ^[84]
5. Delayed broadcast on 15 May 1992 at 21:35 (CEST) ^[85]
6. Delayed broadcast on 16 May 1992 at 21:05 (WGST) ^[88]
7. Deferred broadcast at 22:20 (CEST) ^[89]
8. Deferred broadcast at 23:30 (CEST) ^[92]

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Bibliography

• O'Connor, John Kennedy (2010). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History (2nd ed.). London, United Kingdom: Carlton Books. ISBN   978-1-84732-521-1.
• Roxburgh, Gordon (2020). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Four: The 1990s. Prestatyn, United Kingdom: Telos Publishing. ISBN   978-1-84583-163-9.
• Thorsson, Leif; Verhage, Martin (2006). Melodifestivalen genom tiderna : de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna[Melodifestivalen through the ages: the Swedish selections and international finals] (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Premium Publishing. ISBN   91-89136-29-2.

External links

• Official website