Hurricane Chris (2018)

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Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A frontal system moved offshore the coast of the northeastern United States on June 29. The frontal system headed southeast and dissipated by July 2. On that day, a large mid- to upper-level low formed north of Bermuda and moved southwestward beneath a strengthening ridge over eastern North America. [1] The National Hurricane Center (NHC) first mentioned the possibility of tropical cyclogenesis, expecting an area of low pressure to form midway between Bermuda and the Southeastern United States. [2] The remaining convection, or shower and thunderstorm activity, of the front and a new upper-level disturbance formed a surface low on July 4. The low gradually became better defined the next day. [3] After deep convection developed over the center, a tropical depression formed around 12:00 UTC on July 6 about 345 mi (555 km) south-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. [1]

Despite being located over the Gulf Stream, which usually fuels the formation of thunderstorms, the depression's convection diminished greatly due to dry air, and the center was nearly devoid of thunderstorms early on July 7. [4] [5] An Air Force Hurricane Hunter reconnaissance aircraft found that the strongest winds remained displaced to a rainband south of the center. [6] At 06:00 UTC on July 8, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Chris, though the low-level circulation center remained exposed north of the convection. [1] [7] Pulled slowly southeastward by a passing cold front, [1] Chris intensified steadily throughout the rest of the day, as it was located in an area of warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear. A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Hurricane Hunter plane found that the wind field was becoming more symmetric and the pressure was dropping. [8] Both banding and central convection increased, [9] though a dry air intrusion put a halt to the strengthening trend early on July 9. [10] Weak steering currents led Chris to stall a few hundred miles offshore Morehead City, as the cyclone was trapped in a large break in the subtropical ridge. [11] [12] Some dry air around Chris eroded its banding, causing the storm to acquire annular characteristics. [12] A large cloud-filled eye became present, and a partial eyewall was detected by aircraft reconnaissance. [12] [13] However, significant upwelling prevented quick intensification initially, and Chris remained at tropical storm strength up to midday on July 10. [14]

Satellite imagery showing Chris (top) and the remnants of Beryl (bottom) early on July 10 Tropical Storm Chris, Beryl's Remnants, and More Saharan Dust over the Atlantic (42666363464).png
Satellite imagery showing Chris (top) and the remnants of Beryl (bottom) early on July 10

By late on July 10, a weakening mid-level ridge over the central Atlantic and a new trough over the northeastern United States began to accelerate the cyclone eastward. At 12:00 UTC on July 10, Chris became a hurricane as it moved quicker to the northeast. [1] The storm's new movement forced the center out of the upwelled water, and Chris proceeded to rapidly intensify late on July 10. [15] [16] Chris peaked as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a pressure of 969  mbar (28.61 inHg) at 00:00 UTC on July 11, [1] with the convective ring in its core transforming into a full eyewall. [16] Early on July 11, Chris began weakening as it moved out of the Gulf Stream, with its eye being obscured by clouds. Although the eye briefly became visible again, [17] it quickly disappeared beneath the clouds as the cyclone's structure slowly steadily degraded. [18] The storm began extratropical transition late on July 11, [18] with the rain shield expanding to the northwest quadrant. [19] At 12:00 UTC on July 12, Chris weakened to a tropical storm, and six hours later, it transitioned to an extratropical cyclone a few hundred miles southeast of Newfoundland. The extratropical storm made landfall by 00:00 UTC on July 13 in Newfoundland and Labrador. The low continued northeastward over the Atlantic for the next few days, before weakening and finally dissipating southeast of Iceland on July 17. [1]

Preparations and impact

Chris affecting Canada after transitioning into an extratropical cyclone Chris 2018-07-12 1450Z.jpg
Chris affecting Canada after transitioning into an extratropical cyclone

While offshore, Chris brought large swells to the East Coast of the United States, sparking hundreds of water rescues, especially along the coasts of North Carolina, Maryland, New Jersey, and New England. "No swimming" signs were posted at beaches in the Outer Banks of North Carolina. [20] More than 75 people had been rescued from Wrightsville Beach from July 4 to 8. [21] On July 4, 24 people were rescued from Carolina Beach, and on July 6, 15 people were the same location. [22] [23] On July 7, a man drowned in rough seas attributed to the storm at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina. [20] A vacation home in Rodanthe was declared uninhabitable after swells generated by Chris eroded away the base of the building. [24] [1] In Maryland, more than 225 rescues were reported by beach patrol in Ocean City. [1] On July 11, a Coastal Flood Advisory was issued for the Jersey Shore. [25] Two teenage surfers rescued a swimmer caught by a rip current in New Jersey. In Spring Lake, volunteer lifeguards rescued a man from drowning. [26] A High Surf Warning was issued for parts of coastal southern New England. Horseneck Beach State Reservation in Massachusetts was closed by the Department of Conservation and Recreation. [27]

Before Chris hit Newfoundland and Labrador, ExxonMobil moved many non-essential employees working on offshore oil platforms out of the path of the storm. Simultaneously, BP Canada disconnected and moved the West Aquarius exploration drilling rig. [28] Wind warnings were issued by Environment Canada for southeast Avalon and St. John's districts. [29] In addition, rainfall warnings were in effect for much of southern Newfoundland. [30] The mayor of St. John's ordered crews to be on standby. The city's public works department placed sandbags ahead of the cyclone. [31] As an extratropical cyclone, the system brought high swells, locally heavy rain and gusty winds to Newfoundland and Labrador. Abnormally high water levels were recorded along the southern Avalon Peninsula with swells of 20 to 26 ft (6 to 8 m). [32] Rainfall accumulations in Newfoundland and Labrador peaked at 3.0 in (76 mm) in Gander, while gusts reached 60 mph (96 km/h) in Ferryland. [33] Rainfall accumulations in all of Canada was highest on Sable Island, at 4.39 in (111.6 mm). [34] The brunt of the rain spared St. John's, with St. John's International Airport only getting 0.15 in (3.8 mm) of precipitation. [35] However, the city still reported strong winds. Overall damage in Canada was minimal. [33]

The Bermuda Weather Service deemed the storm a "potential threat" for thunderstorms, rip currents and high waves. [36] The storm caused moderate showers from as it stalled to the southwest of the island. Rainfall peaked at 0.64 inches (16 mm) on July 9. [37] The agency issued a small craft warning for the island on July 10; it was extended to July 11. [36] Eventually, Chris passed a few hundred miles to the northwest on July 11, leaving little to no damage. [38]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2002 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2001 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2001 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active Atlantic hurricane season that produced 17 tropical cyclones, 15 named storms, nine hurricanes, and four major hurricanes. The season officially lasted from June 1, 2001, to November 30, 2001, dates which by convention limit the period of each year when tropical cyclones tend to form in the Atlantic Ocean basin. The season began with Tropical Storm Allison on June 4, and ended with Hurricane Olga, which dissipated on December 6.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Nate (2005)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Gabrielle (2001)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2001

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subtropical Storm Nicole</span> Atlantic subtropical storm in 2004

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Florence (2006)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2006

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Karen (2001)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2001

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Michael (2000)</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 2000

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Isaac (2000)</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2000

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Grace (1991)</span> Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 1991

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Igor</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 2010

Hurricane Igor was a very large tropical cyclone which became the most destructive on record to strike the Canadian island of Newfoundland. It originated from a broad area of low pressure that moved off the western coast of Africa on September 6, 2010. Tracking slowly westward, it developed into a tropical depression on September 8 and strengthened into a tropical storm shortly thereafter. Higher wind shear temporarily halted intensification over the following days. On September 12, however, explosive intensification took place, and Igor reached Category 4 status on the Saffir–Simpson scale. By this time, Igor had already begun a prolonged turn around the western periphery of the subtropical ridge. After becoming the strongest cyclone of the season, with maximum sustained winds of 155 mph (249 km/h), it began to enter an area for continued strengthening. Igor gradually weakened before brushing Bermuda as a minimal hurricane on September 20. After turning northeastward, the system began an extratropical transition, which it completed shortly after striking southern Newfoundland. The remnants of Igor were later absorbed by another extratropical cyclone over the Labrador Sea on September 23.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Leslie (2012)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2012

Hurricane Leslie was an Atlantic tropical cyclone that caused minor damage in Bermuda and Atlantic Canada in September 2012. The twelfth tropical cyclone of the annual hurricane season, Leslie developed from a tropical wave located nearly 1,500 miles (2,400 km) east of the Leeward Islands on August 30. About twelve hours later, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Leslie. Tracking steadily west-northwestward, it slowly intensified due to only marginally favorable conditions. By September 2, the storm curved north-northwestward while located north of the Leeward Islands. Thereafter, a blocking pattern over Atlantic Canada caused Leslie to drift for four days. Late on September 5, Leslie was upgraded to a Category 1 hurricane. However, due to its slow movement, the storm causing upwelling, which decreased sea surface temperatures (SST's), weakening Leslie back to a tropical storm on September 7.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2018 Atlantic hurricane season was the third in a consecutive series of above-average and damaging Atlantic hurricane seasons, featuring 15 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes, which caused a total of over $50 billion in damages and at least 172 deaths. More than 98% of the total damage was caused by two hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1, 2018, and ended on November 30, 2018. These dates historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin and are adopted by convention. However, subtropical or tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the formation of Tropical Storm Alberto on May 25, making this the fourth consecutive year in which a storm developed before the official start of the season. The season concluded with Oscar transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on October 31, almost a month before the official end.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2021 Atlantic hurricane season was the third-most active Atlantic hurricane season on record in terms of number of tropical cyclones, although many of them were weak and short-lived. With 21 named storms forming, it became the second season in a row and third overall in which the designated 21-name list of storm names was exhausted. Seven of those storms strengthened into a hurricane, four of which reached major hurricane intensity, which is slightly above-average. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30. These dates historically describe the period in each year when most Atlantic tropical cyclones form. However, subtropical or tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the development of Tropical Storm Ana on May 22, making this the seventh consecutive year in which a storm developed outside of the official season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Epsilon (2020)</span> Category 3 Atlantic hurricane

Hurricane Epsilon was a strong tropical cyclone that affected Bermuda, and parts of North America and Western Europe. The twenty-seventh tropical or subtropical cyclone, twenty-sixth named storm, eleventh hurricane, and fourth major hurricane of the extremely-active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Epsilon had a non-tropical origin, developing from an upper-level low off the East Coast of the United States on October 13. The low gradually organized, becoming Tropical Depression Twenty-Seven on October 19, and six hours later, Tropical Storm Epsilon. The storm executed a counterclockwise loop before turning westward, while strengthening. On October 20, Epsilon began undergoing rapid intensification, becoming a Category 1 hurricane on the next day, before peaking as a Category 3 major hurricane on October 22, with maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 952 millibars (28.1 inHg). This made Epsilon the easternmost major hurricane this late in the calendar year, as well as the strongest late-season major hurricane in the northeastern Atlantic, and the fastest recorded case of a tropical cyclone undergoing rapid intensification that far northeast that late in the hurricane season. Afterward, Epsilon began to weaken as the system turned northward, with the storm dropping to Category 1 intensity late that day. Epsilon maintained its intensity as it moved northward, passing to the east of Bermuda. On October 24, Epsilon turned northeastward and gradually accelerated, before weakening into a tropical storm on the next day. On October 26, Epsilon transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, before being absorbed by another larger extratropical storm later that same day.

References

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  2. ↑ Brown, Daniel (July 6, 2018). Five-Day Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
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  15. ↑ Stewart, Stacy (July 10, 2018). Hurricane Chris Discussion Number 17 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
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  17. ↑ David Zelinsky (July 11, 2018). Hurricane Chris Discussion Number 20 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
  18. 1 2 Robbie Berg (July 11, 2018). Hurricane Chris Discussion Number 20 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
  19. ↑ Lixion Avila (July 12, 2018). Tropical Storm Chris Discussion Number 23 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
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  32. ↑ McLean, Leeanna (July 13, 2018). "PHOTOS: Chris Lashes NFLD with High Winds, 8-metre Waves". The Weather Network. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  33. 1 2 "Post-Tropical Storm Chris Veers West, Drenching Gander". CBC. July 13, 2018. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  34. ↑ Daily Data Report for July 2018 (Report). Sable Island, Canada: Environment and Climate Change Canada. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  35. ↑ Daily Data Report for July 2018 (Report). St. John’s, Canada: Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  36. 1 2 "Hurricane Chris to Pass to the North Today". The Royal Gazette (Bermuda). July 11, 2018. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
  37. ↑ "Slightly cooler & drier than average with some occasional thunderstorms. Distant Hurricane Chris & Sub-tropical Storm Beryl have little impact". Bermuda Weather Service. August 1, 2018. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  38. ↑ Bell, Jonathan (July 12, 2018). "Hurricane Chris to Pass Northwest of Bermuda". The Royal Gazette (Bermuda). Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
Hurricane Chris
Chris 2018-07-10 1815Z.jpg
Chris nearing peak intensity east of The Carolinas on July 10
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