Hurricane Arthur

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Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
Disc Plain black.svg Tropical cyclone
Solid black.svg Subtropical cyclone
ArrowUp.svg Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On June 25, 2014, an area of showers and thunderstorms developed over the northern Gulf of Mexico ahead of a shortwave trough in Texas. [1] That day, National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring the possibility of tropical cyclogenesis off the Southeast United States over the following week as the system was expected to encounter favorable environmental conditions. [2] An area of low-level vorticity consolidated within the system on June 26 as it moved northeast across Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. The following day it became intertwined with a frontal boundary over Georgia and South Carolina before emerging over the far western Atlantic Ocean early on June 28. [1] [3] An area of low-pressure soon formed within the system just off the coast of South Carolina. [1] Generally favorable environmental conditions fostered further organization of the low, [4] though convection remained minimal for several days. [5] During the latter half of June 30, a United States Air Force weather reconnaissance mission into the system confirmed the presence of a well-organized circulation; however, displacement of showers and thunderstorms from its center delayed its classification. [6] Subsequent organization of convection into a banding feature along the system's southern flank, as depicted by radar imagery, prompted the NHC to designate the low as Tropical Depression One at 00:00 UTC on July 1. [7] Situated 70 mi (110 km) east-southeast of Fort Pierce, Florida, the newly christened depression moved slowly westward within an area of weak steering currents. A turn northward was forecast as a mid-level ridge built over the Atlantic. [1]

Infrared satellite loop of Arthur organizing north of the Bahamas on July 1 Arthur RBTOP 20140701 0815 UTC.gif
Infrared satellite loop of Arthur organizing north of the Bahamas on July 1

Throughout July 1, steady structural organization ensued. Around 15:00 UTC winds of 38 mph (61 km/h) were measured at Settlement Point on Grand Bahama, prompting the NHC to upgrade the depression to a tropical storm and assign it the name Arthur. [8] Though environmental conditions surrounding the cyclone favored development, moderate wind shear and intrusions of dry air into the circulation prolonged organization. [9] The effects of the shear showed clearly on WSR-88D radar imagery from Melbourne, Florida which depicted a mid-level eye feature displaced 30 to 35 mi (48 to 56 km) from the low-level center. [10] By July 2, Arthur acquired a steady northward track as previously forecast. [11] Throughout the day, convection consolidated around a developing eye as wind shear abated and the storm neared hurricane strength, with winds reaching 70 mph (115 km/h). [12]

Early on July 3, data from hurricane hunters flying in the storm indicated that Arthur attained hurricane-status about 190 mi (310 km) south-southwest of Cape Fear, North Carolina. [13] [14] At this time, the hurricane began turning slightly to the north-northeast as it approached a weakness in the subtropical ridge ahead of a deep-layer trough over the Eastern United States. [13] [15] Continued improvement of the storm's convective structure fostered intensification as the storm neared the North Carolina coastline. [16] At 00:00 UTC on July 4, Arthur reached its peak winds of 100 mph, ranking it as a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. [1] [17] It was the first hurricane to reach such strength since Hurricane Sandy in the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm featured a well-defined 25 to 30 mi (40 to 48 km) wide eye at this time. [18] Thereafter, the hurricane made landfall at 03:15 UTC over the Shackleford Banks of North Carolina, located between Cape Lookout and Beaufort. Upon doing so, it became the earliest instance of a hurricane making landfall in the state during a calendar year, surpassing the previous record of July 11 set by an unnamed hurricane in 1901. [1] Slight deepening of the cyclone occurred as it moved over Pamlico Sound, with its barometric pressure bottoming out at 973 mbar (hPa; 28.73  inHg). [19] Continuing across Pamlico Sound, Arthur's eye brushed the coastline of Dare County before striking just north of Oregon Inlet at 07:00 and 08:00 UTC, respectively. [1] [20] [21]

NASA animation showing progress of Hurricane Arthur, rain rates and internal structure from GPM satellite data

After re-emerging over the Atlantic Ocean on July 4 Arthur began to weaken. Though its eye remained well-defined, winds aloft in the storm failed to effectively mix down to the surface. [22] Traversing decreasing sea surface temperatures and amid increasing shear, Arthur began transitioning into an extratropical cyclone later that day. Cloud tops associated with the system warmed and its structure became asymmetric. Reconnaissance continued to indicate strong flight-level winds of 119 mph (192 km/h) but surface winds at the time did not exceed 80 km/h (50 mph). [23] Accelerating ahead of the trough over the East Coast, Arthur's eye dissipated early on July 5; [24] the storm passed within 75 mi (121 km) of Chatham, Massachusetts around 03:00 UTC. [25] Convection became increasingly displaced to the northeast as dry air entrained into the western portions of the circulation. [24] Surface winds decreased below hurricane-force by 06:00 UTC, and Arthur completed its conversion to an extratropical system at 12:00 UTC as it moved over the Bay of Fundy. [1] The NHC subsequently issued its final advisory on the storm and shifted warning responsibility to the Canadian Hurricane Centre. [26]

The remnants of Arthur re-intensified somewhat as it traversed The Maritimes; a sting jet with gusts of 65–80 mph (105–129 km/h) developed along the storm's backside. The former hurricane made an additional landfall in the region near Fundy National Park by 18:00 UTC. [27] By July 6, the sting jet had dissipated, and steady weakening of the cyclone resumed as only a split jet provided upper-level support to the storm. [28] Turning back to the northeast, Arthur moved through Labrador later that day. [29] Once over the Labrador Sea, Arthur turned northwest while weakening before doubling back to the southeast. After weakening below gale-force strength, the extratropical system dissipated late on July 9. [1]

Meteorologists noted to improved accuracy in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory and Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting models in predicting the intensity and track of Hurricane Arthur. [30]

Preparations

Hurricane Arthur
Arthur 2014-07-03 2130Z.png
Arthur near peak intensity south of North Carolina on July 3
IBTrACS OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Weather alerts at 02:24 UTC on July 4 as Hurricane Arthur made landfall in North Carolina
Hurricane Arthur Warnings and Watches 2224 EDT 3 July 2014.png
  Hurricane Warning   Tropical Storm Warning
  Tornado Warning   Tornado Watch
  Flood Advisory   Special Weather Statement

Multiple tropical cyclone warnings and watches were posted along the East Coast of the United States in advance of Arthur's impacts in Florida, the Carolinas, New England, and Atlantic Canada. Upon developing into a tropical cyclone early on July 1, a tropical storm watch was issued in Florida from Fort Pierce to Flagler Beach. At 09:00 UTC the next day, the tropical storm watch was discontinued south of Sebastian Inlet, while another one was posted from the Santee River in South Carolina to Bogue Banks in North Carolina. Additionally, a hurricane watch was issued for Oregon Inlet to the North Carolina– Virginia state line. Later on July 2, a tropical storm warning became in effect from the North Carolina side of the Little River Inlet to the state line with Virginia. Simultaneously, the tropical storm watch in Florida was removed. [1]

At 21:00 UTC on July 2, a hurricane warning was posted in North Carolina from Surf City to Duck, including Albemarle and Pamlico sounds. Additionally, a tropical storm warning was issued from the Santee River to Surf City, while another one became in effect from Duck to Cape Charles Light in Virginia, including the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. A tropical storm warning was posted in Massachusetts at 21:00 UTC on July 3, stretching from Provincetown to Chatham along Cape Cod including Nantucket, in addition to a tropical storm watch between Port Maitland and Point Aconi issued by Environment Canada. Around 01:00 UTC on July 4, the hurricane watch was discontinued south of Surf City, while the tropical storm warning was discontinued south of Little River Inlet. Two hours later, the tropical storm warning was canceled south of Cape Fear, North Carolina, and tropical storm watches in Canada were expanded to encompass New Brunswick from the Canada–United States border to Grande Anse, including Cape Breton Island, and Prince Edward Island. [1]

Radar loop of Arthur on July 1 as it meandered east of Florida Arthur radar loop 20140701 1953 UTC.gif
Radar loop of Arthur on July 1 as it meandered east of Florida

The tropical storm warning from Surf City to Cape Fear was discontinued at 05:00 UTC on July 4. A few hours later, the portion of the hurricane warning south of Bogue Inlet was removed. At 09:00 UTC on July 4, the tropical storm warning in Massachusetts was extended westward to Woods Hole. Around that time, areas west of Cape Lookout in North Carolina were no longer under a hurricane warning. In North Carolina, the hurricane warning was canceled for areas south of Ocracoke Inlet at 11:00 UTC. All hurricane warnings in the state were discontinued four hours later, as was the tropical storm warning at Albemarle Sound; in addition, all tropical storm watches issued by Environment Canada were then converted to tropical storm warnings. By 18:00 UTC on July 4, the tropical storm warning on the east coast of Virginia, including the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, was discontinued. After passing by Nantucket and Cape Cod, the remaining tropical storm warnings in New England were rescinded. [1]

Governor of North Carolina Pat McCrory declared a state of emergency for 25 counties in advance of the hurricane's arrival. [31] Fourteen shelters were opened, and the deteriorating North Carolina Highway 12 Bonner Bridge was closed as a precaution. [32] Mandatory evacuations were declared for Hatteras Island and Richland Township in Beaufort County while voluntary evacuations were announced for Ocracoke Island, Aurora, Pamlico Beach, and Belhaven. Approximately 4,300 individuals fled from Ocracoke Island via ferry despite only being under a voluntary evacuation, and while a mandatory evacuation had been encouraged by Hyde County's emergency management director, other officials turned down the request. [33] Tornado watches were issued for 10 North Carolina counties. [34] In preparation for the possibility that Arthur's storm surge would make North Carolina Highway 12 and Hatteras Island inaccessible, local officials deployed heavy equipment capable of removing sand and other debris. [35]

High waves on Assateague Island caused by Arthur Waves on Assateague from Hurricane Arthur, 4 July 2014.jpg
High waves on Assateague Island caused by Arthur

To assist in storm preparations, 105  North Carolina National Guard members and 400  state highway patrol officers helped facilitate evacuations and storm preparations along the state's coastline. [35] Pamlico Sound ferry service was suspended, [32] and various Independence Day activities rescheduled. Meanwhile, in Ocean City, Maryland, a celebratory fireworks event was postponed to July 5, [35] and in Boston, a Fourth of July Boston Pops concert and fireworks display were rescheduled to July 3. [34] Fireworks displays were also postponed throughout Rhode Island. [36] National Weather Service and Coast Guard officials warned of the potential for rip currents along the East Coast resulting from Arthur. [37] The National Park Service-operated Wright Brothers National Memorial and Cape Lookout National Seashore were closed in anticipation of the storm. [38] Several airlines waived change fees for travelers in areas affected by Arthur. [39] Officials at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base sent more than 54 aircraft to Dayton, Ohio to prevent the occurrence of potential wind damage. [40] In Nantucket, Massachusetts, a school was converted to a temporary shelter in anticipation of Arthur's arrival. [41]

In anticipation of Arthur's arrival, Nova Scotia Power prepared and collected resources in case of power outages and other impacts in the region. [42] Numerous weekend events were called off throughout the Canadian Maritimes, including the Stan Rogers Folk Festival. [43] Multiple boat-owners and fisherman took extra precautions by battening down hatches and tying extra lines to wharves to keep ships and boats from coming loose in the storm. Environment Canada officials issued high wind warnings in addition to earlier tropical storm warnings for the Maritimes and considered imposing rainfall warnings for western portions of Prince Edward Island as well. Province-managed parks in Nova Scotia, including beaches and camping grounds, were shut down prior to Arthur's arrival, and several airlines waived transfer fees. [44] Officials in Moncton stated that city personnel would be prepared to respond to potential issues caused by Arthur, such as flooding or fallen trees, while the Canadian Red Cross readied volunteers in case of the need for emergency assistance. The Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station took precautionary measures against the storm, with Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission employees deployed to the site. [45]

Impact

Bahamas

Flooding at Rodanthe Pier on Hatteras Island following the passage of Hurricane Arthur. Hurricane Arthur Rodanthe Pier Hatteras Island flooding.jpg
Flooding at Rodanthe Pier on Hatteras Island following the passage of Hurricane Arthur.

Between June 30 and July 1, the outer bands of Arthur produced light rain over the northwestern Bahamas, with 1.26 in (32 mm) measured in Freeport. [46] [47] Winds at Settlement Point on Grand Bahama peaked at 47 mph (76 km/h) with gusts to 61 mph (98 km/h). [1]

United States

Total damage in the United States was estimated at more than $10 million. [48]

Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina

Although Arthur remained offshore, large scale northerly flow from the west side of the cyclone sparked scattered severe thunderstorms across Florida for several days. [49] Effects from these storms were generally minor with damage amounting to only $23,000. [50] On July 3 however, one storm produced straight-line winds estimated at 70–80 mph (110–130 km/h) and caused two barns to collapse near Elkton. [51] Similar effects were felt in coastal Georgia with scattered thunderstorms causing minor damage. [52] Farther north in South Carolina, Arthur produced wind gusts up to 42 mph (68 km/h) along coastal areas, [1] resulting in scattered power outages. [53] Heavy rains also fell in and around Myrtle Beach, [1] with a peak of 8.73 in (222 mm) measured just outside the city; this was the highest total observed in relation to the storm throughout the country. [54]

North Carolina

AVN color loop of Arthur making landfall in Outer Banks on July 4 Arthur at North Carolina landfall.gif
AVN color loop of Arthur making landfall in Outer Banks on July 4

Hurricane Arthur was the earliest recorded landfalling North Carolina hurricane, [55] coming onshore at 03:15  UTC on July 4. At Cape Lookout, a peak wind gust of 101 mph (163 km/h) and 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 77 mph (124 km/h) were recorded. A United States Coast Guard station in Cape Hatteras observed a peak gust of 91 mph (146 km/h). [1] An EF1 tornado touched down in Duplin County, damaging two structures and many trees, while a funnel cloud was sighted within the vicinity of Elm City. [32] [56] Another EF1 tornado was reported in Martin County, which knocked a tree onto a house. The highest rainfall total measured as a result of Arthur in North Carolina, 4.20 inches (107 mm), was recorded at Kinston. High tides were reported along the coast, with a peak storm surge of 4.5 ft (1.4 m) at Oregon Inlet. [57]

Overturned mobile homes in North Carolina damaged by Arthur's high winds Hurricane Arthur North Carolina mobile homes damage.jpg
Overturned mobile homes in North Carolina damaged by Arthur's high winds

Arthur caused power outages impacting at least 44,000 customers, [58] of which 16,500 were in Carteret County; another 1,000 outages each occurred in Craven and New Hanover counties. [32] As a result, Duke Energy deployed over 500 personnel to restore electrical service, [58] while Tideland EMC handled more than 2,000 outages in Pamlico, Hyde and Craven counties. [32] Strong winds toppled trees and power poles in Hyde County and Ocracoke Island, [59] and flooding occurred just south of downtown Wilmington, North Carolina. [34] On other areas along the coast, flood waters reached 3 to 6 feet (0.91 to 1.83 m) deep; [40] with widespread coastal erosion observed in many areas. [60] Meanwhile, at Wrightsville Beach, the hurricane tore off shingles and partially defoliated palm trees, [61] and in Manteo, 6 to 8 inches (150 to 200 mm) of water inundated several businesses. Nearby, Kill Devil Hills experienced flooding to numerous residences and roads. [60] Copious rainfall and strong winds were reported along the Outer Banks; at least one additional county was added to the North Carolina's state of emergency declaration, and while officials in Dare County initially intended to cut off access to the county while potential destruction was being surveyed, the curfew ended just after sunrise. Emergency officials announced the intention to begin damage assessments throughout the state as sunrise approached and Arthur departed the region. [62]

After experiencing a "communication failure" with Ocracoke Island officials, a generator and communication equipment were delivered via ferry there. [63] North Carolina Highway 12, the only road linking Hatteras Island to the mainland, remained closed after Arthur's passage, covered under water and sand. [64] The repair cost for the road was less than $1 million. [65] In Manteo, parts of U.S. Route 64 were shut down due to flooding, [61] and northern portions of the North Carolina coastline also experienced significant flooding. [66] Few flight cancellations were made necessary by Arthur's approach along the East Coast, as the storm's impacts were primarily offshore, and damage was limited to strewn debris and inundated roads. [61] Overall, damage along the North Carolina shoreline was slight, and no fatalities or severe injuries were recorded. [61] Throughout the county a total of 161 structures sustained damage, 16 of which had major damage, while none were destroyed. [67] Damage in North Carolina amounted to $2.35 million, almost entirely in Dare County alone. [68] The low damage across the state was largely due to the storm's fast motion. [65]

Mid-Atlantic and New England

Rainfall accumulations from Hurricane Arthur across the Eastern United States Hurricane Arthur 2014 United States rainfall.gif
Rainfall accumulations from Hurricane Arthur across the Eastern United States

Owing to Arthur's somewhat large size, strong winds and light rains impacted portions of the Delmarva Peninsula. In Virginia, sustained winds peaked at 55 mph (89 km/h) at Rappahannock Light with gusts up to 60 mph (97 km/h). Tropical storm force winds were mostly confined to coastal areas of Delaware and Maryland. Maximum storm surge was 2.38 ft (0.73 m) in Money Point, Virginia and 2.34 ft (0.71 m) in Lewes, Delaware. Notable storm tides also occurred in Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, peaking at 3.49 ft (1.06 m) in Bridgeport, Connecticut. [1]

Sustained winds of 49 mph (79 km/h) and gusts to 63 mph (101 km/h) were reported near Nantucket Island in Massachusetts as Arthur passed just offshore. [1] Flooding was reported within the vicinity of Broad and Easy streets on Nantucket Island, and heavy rains induced widespread flooding elsewhere as well, [41] with up to 8.00 inches (203 mm) of rain measured at New Bedford, 7.20 inches (183 mm) at Plymouth, and 6.26 inches (159 mm) at Fairhaven. [69] The accumulation at New Bedford ranked Arthur as the ninth wettest tropical cyclone on record in the state. [70] Massachusetts State Police shut down access to parts of Interstate 195, Massachusetts Route 18, and U.S. Route 6 as a precaution. Nearby in Fairhaven, Adams Street was inundated and inaccessible, [41] while the heavy rainfall resulted in flash flooding at New Bedford; as a result, a flash flood emergency was imposed by the National Weather Service. In addition, ferry service to and from Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket was suspended. [71] Minor flooding also led to road closures around Boston, including the Interstate 93 tunnel near Leverett Circle. The New Bedford Whaling Museum was also flooded, inundated under 20 inches (510 mm) of water. Several boats were beached, and some flooding occurred at Cape Cod. NSTAR reported 8,451 outages, 7,500 of them on Cape Cod, while National Grid recorded 1,900, of which 1,400 affected customers in Middlesex County. [72] Moisture from Arthur also aided in the development of damaging thunderstorms across western Massachusetts. Total losses in the state amounted to $889,000. [73] Heavy rain forced a postponement of a game between the Boston Red Sox and Baltimore Orioles. [74]

In Maine, tropical storm-force wind gusts downed numerous trees and power lines across eastern portions of the state. Winds on the mainland gusted to 58 mph (93 km/h) while Machias Seal Island observed 71 mph (114 km/h). [1] [75] Outages in Maine affected 20,000–25,000 residences, primarily in Hancock and Washington counties. [75] About 2,800  Central Maine Power customers and 4,390 Emera Maine patrons lost power, mostly due to overturned trees and branches throughout the state. [76] Locally significant damage took place in Aroostook County where heavy rains enabled winds aloft to mix down to the surface. [75] Alongside the winds heavy rainfall affected the state, with a maximum of 6.48 inches (165 mm) near Whiting. [1] Effects from the rains were negligible, with only minor stream flooding reported in Hancock and Washington Counties. [75] Further inland in Vermont, 1,600 customers lost power. [77]

Atlantic Canada and Quebec

Post-tropical Cyclone Arthur over The Maritimes on July 5 Arthur Jul 5 2014 1600Z.png
Post-tropical Cyclone Arthur over The Maritimes on July 5

Powerful winds gusted up to 75 mph (120 km/h) across much of Nova Scotia, with a confirmed peak value of 87 mph (140 km/h) in Greenwood and an unconfirmed value of 112 mph (181 km/h) in Yarmouth. [78] [79] Arthur knocked out power to more than 290,000 individuals in the Maritimes; 144,000 of those were customers of Nova Scotia Power (NSP), and 1,500 of Maritime Electric on Prince Edward Island. In New Brunswick, power outages affected upwards of 140,000 individuals, of which 52,000 were situated near Fredericton, forcing the closure of the local University of New Brunswick campus. [80] Copious rainfall was recorded in southwestern parts of New Brunswick, with 5.91 in (150 mm) measured at Gagetown. [1] Flooding at Saint John, New Brunswick made two local streets inaccessible, while winds downed electrical poles in Fredericton. In Onslow, Nova Scotia, firefighters rescued a man trapped under a tree limb, while a sailboat capsized at Charlottetown harbor and another was washed out to sea. [80] The hurricane forced temporary suspension of the MV Nova Star ferry service between Yarmouth, Nova Scotia and Portland, Maine. [76] The storm caused flight delays and cancellations at Halifax Stanfield International Airport, while LaHave and Tancook Island ferries were shut down; in addition, access to the A. Murray MacKay Bridge was restricted to smaller vehicles. [81] In Stratford, Prince Edward Island, a woman died after being struck by a door that was caught by a gust of wind, [82] and in Woodstock, New Brunswick, a man died when his oxygen support was cut off during a power outage. [83] In some parts of Nova Scotia, damage to the electrical grid was reported to be the worst since Hurricane Juan in 2003. [84] Damage throughout New Brunswick amounted to at least C$12.6 million (US$11.8 million). [85]

Effects from Arthur extended as far away as Quebec, where topographic wind enhancement occurred. Gusts of 50 to 62 mph (80 to 100 km/h) affected the Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine region. [78] Locally heavy rains fell in some parts of the province, with maximum amounts reaching 3.1 in (80 mm). [86] The heaviest damage took place along the Chaleur Bay. [78] Numerous trees and power lines were downed by the storm, leaving 23,000  Hydro Québec customers without electricity. A portion of Quebec Route 132 near Carleton-sur-Mer was temporarily shut down due to fallen debris. [87] Severe flooding impacted Mont-Louis, with 40 homes affected, culverts washed away, and roads rendered impassable. A portion of Quebec Route 198 near the area was washed away. In nearby Marsoui, water and sewer service was disrupted with damage estimated in excess of C$4 million (US$3.75 million). [88]

Aftermath

If this is the most reliable infrastructure in the history of this company, I'd hate to see when it was vulnerable.

Nova Scotia Premier Stephen McNeil, July 11, 2014 [89]

Damage from the remnants of Arthur at the Forest Hill Cemetery in Fredericton, New Brunswick where officials estimated a loss of about 10,000 trees in "The City of Stately Elms" FrederictonStormDamagePTSArthur2014.jpg
Damage from the remnants of Arthur at the Forest Hill Cemetery in Fredericton, New Brunswick where officials estimated a loss of about 10,000 trees in "The City of Stately Elms"
Damage cause by Arthur at Frost Park in Yarmouth. Hurricane Arthur aftermath in Frost Park.jpg
Damage cause by Arthur at Frost Park in Yarmouth.

Power outages across Nova Scotia lasted for a week after the storm's passage. [89] This prompted numerous complaints from residents and officials, both criticizing NSP for their slow response. On July 9, NSP President and CEO Bob Hanf issued a public apology for the communication breakdown between his company and customers. [91] By July 11, 2,400 customers remained without electricity with 187 crews working to restore it. The delay in restoration prompted numerous complaints from residents and Nova Scotia Premier Stephen McNeil condemned NSP's response as "inexcusable." McNeil ordered a review of the company to be made by provincial regulators. He and Energy Minister Andrew Younger agreed that there was a total failure of communication, namely through their website, between NSP and residents. One resident in Annapolis Valley stated that the company continuously told her power would be restored soon, when it ultimately took five days for it to return. NSP stated that in the four years prior to Arthur, C$70 million (US$65.7 million) had been spent on improving the electrical infrastructure; however, the storm was of a severity beyond any other since Hurricane Juan. [89]

Similar issues occurred in New Brunswick where 18,000 customers remained without power through July 11. More than 310 crews remained deployed throughout the province with electricity expected to be fully restored by the following week. Costs to repair the power grid were estimated in excess of C$12 million (US$11.3 million). There was criticism that New Brunswick Power did not appropriately prepare for the storm and actually requested assistance from other public power companies and private contractors after the storm had struck. Two public buildings in Fredericton were utilized as recharging centers for residents to charge their phones and shower. An estimated 6,000 people took advantage of this through July 10. Shaved ice was later distributed from the Grant-Harvey Centre in the city while several waste disposal sites were opened for residents to get rid of spoiled food from power outages. [92] Gaëtan Thomas, president and chief executive officer of NB Power, likened the effects of Arthur in the region to Hurricane Katrina along the United States Gulf Coast in August 2005. He referenced that during Katrina, 50 percent of the affected region lost power, while in the wake of Arthur 57 percent of New Brunswick was in the dark over a similar geographic area. Earlier cuts to the company's tree-trimming budget were cited as a possible cause in the scale of damage. As such, their budget for trimming in 2015 was increased from C$6 million to C$8 million. [93]

Rainfall accumulations from Hurricane Arthur across eastern Canada and Maine (in French) Accumulations 36hrs end 2014070612UTC.png
Rainfall accumulations from Hurricane Arthur across eastern Canada and Maine (in French)

Emergency management officials in Fredericton stated that it could be years before the city fully recovered from the storm. Power restoration in the province reached over 99 percent on July 16 with only 750 customers still out. However, a thunderstorm that evening revealed the weak nature of the power grid as outages jumped back over 4,000. [94] The following week, Energy Minister Craig Leonard rebutted claims that a public review of NB Power was necessary, despite the longevity and severity of the power outages. New Brunswick's Liberal and Green parties both supported an independent review of the company, while Leonard claimed only an internal review was necessary. [95] The total cost to restore and repair damage to the power grid wrought by the storm amounted to C$8.4 million (US$7.9 million). This ranked it as the second-costliest event for Nova Scotia Power from a tropical cyclone, only behind Hurricane Juan. [96] New Brunswick Power reported even greater losses from Arthur with damage amounting to C$23 million (US$21.6 million). This marked the costliest disaster in the company's history, surpassing the December 2013 ice storm. [97] In light of the severe damage, NB Power allocated an extra C$5.1 million (US$4.8 million) for tree trimming during the 2014–2014 fiscal year. [98]

By July 9, 11 municipalities across Quebec were declared disaster areas and made eligible for federal funding. [88] Ten more municipalities were placed under this declaration on July 11 following further damage assessments. [86] The Canadian Red Cross provided residents in Marsoui with food and aid. [88] Quebec Premier Philippe Couillard allocated C$100,000 in aid for the affected areas and promised further funding. [99]

A few weeks after the storm, a severe outbreak of fire blight, a bacterial infection, occurred in the Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia, affecting as many as 80 percent of the Valley's apple orchards. The storm was blamed for causing microscopic cracks in leaves, which allowed airborne bacteria to enter the plants. [100]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">1999 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1999 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active season, mostly due to a persistent La Niña that developed in the latter half of 1998. It had five Category 4 hurricanes – the highest number recorded in a single season in the Atlantic basin, previously tied in 1933 and 1961, and later tied in 2005 and 2020. The season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first storm, Arlene, formed on June 11 to the southeast of Bermuda. It meandered slowly for a week and caused no impact on land. Other tropical cyclones that did not affect land were Hurricane Cindy, Tropical Storm Emily, and Tropical Depression Twelve. Localized or otherwise minor damage occurred from Hurricanes Bret, Gert, and Jose, and tropical storms Harvey and Katrina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1996 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1996 Atlantic hurricane season had the most major hurricanes since 1950, which are Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson scale. The season was above-average, featuring a total of thirteen named storms, nine hurricanes, and six major hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1, 1996 and ended on November 30, 1996, dates which conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The season's first tropical cyclone, Tropical Storm Arthur, developed on June 17, while the final cyclone, Hurricane Marco dissipated on November 26. The most intense hurricane, Edouard, was a powerful Cape Verde-type hurricane that affected portions of the Mid-Atlantic states and New England. The season featured nine tropical cyclone landfalls, including six hurricanes, one of which was a major hurricane. In total, six major hurricanes formed during the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season—the highest number produced in a single season since 1950.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1960 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1960 Atlantic hurricane season was the least active season since 1952. The season officially began on June 15, and lasted until November 15. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first system, an unnamed storm, developed in the Bay of Campeche on June 22. It brought severe local flooding to southeastern Texas and was considered the worst disaster in some towns since a Hurricane in 1945. The unnamed storm moved across the United States for almost a week before dissipating on June 29. In July, Hurricane Abby resulted in minor damage in the Leeward Islands, before impacting a few Central American counties — the remnants of the storm would go on to form Hurricane Celeste in the East Pacific. Later that month, Tropical Storm Brenda caused flooding across much of the East Coast of the United States. The next storm, Hurricane Cleo, caused no known impact, despite its close proximity to land.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1961 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1961 Atlantic hurricane season was a very active Atlantic hurricane season, with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) total of 189, the highest since 1950. The season, however, was an average one in terms of named storms. The season featured eight hurricanes and a well above average number of five major hurricanes. It was previously thought that the season had a record-tying seven major hurricanes, before the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project downgraded two storms in 2019. Two Category 5 hurricanes were seen in 1961, making it one of only eight Atlantic hurricane seasons to feature multiple Category 5 hurricanes in one season. The season started on June 15, and ended on November 15. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first system, an operationally unclassified tropical depression, formed offshore east Central Florida on June 10, but dissipated a few days later. Next, Hurricane Anna developed in the eastern Caribbean Sea near the Windward Islands on July 20. It brought minor damage to the islands in, as well as wind and flood impacts to Central America after striking Belize as a hurricane. Anna caused one death and about $300,000 (1961 USD) in damage. Activity went dormant for nearly a month and a half, until Hurricane Betsy developed on September 2. Betsy peaked as a Category 4 hurricane, but remained at sea and caused no impact.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Betsy</span> Category 4 Atlantic hurricane in 1965

Hurricane Betsy was an intense, deadly and destructive tropical cyclone that brought widespread damage to areas of Florida and the central United States Gulf Coast in September 1965. The storm's erratic nature, coupled with its intensity and minimal preparation time contributed to making Betsy the first tropical cyclone in the Atlantic basin to accrue at least $1 billion in damage. While the storm primarily affected areas of southern Florida and Louisiana, lesser effects were felt in the Bahamas and as far inland in the United States as the Ohio River Valley. Betsy began as a tropical depression north of French Guiana on August 27, and strengthened as it moved in a general northwesterly direction. After executing a slight anticyclonic loop north of the Bahamas, Betsy proceeded to move through areas of south Florida on September 8, causing extensive crop damage. After emerging into the Gulf of Mexico, the cyclone strengthened and reached its peak intensity equivalent to that of a Category 4 hurricane on September 10 before making its final landfall near Grand Isle, Louisiana, shortly thereafter. Once inland, Betsy was slow to weaken, and persisted for two more days before degenerating into an extratropical storm; these remnants lasted until September 13.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1968 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1968 Atlantic hurricane season was a below average hurricane season during which only nine nameable storms developed. The season officially began on June 1 and lasted until November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. Of the named storms, five strengthened into hurricanes; none however intensified into a major hurricane. Only four other seasons since the start of the satellite era—1972, 1986, 1994, and 2013—did not feature a major hurricane. The first system, Hurricane Abby, developed in the northwestern Caribbean on June 1. Abby moved northward and struck Cuba, bringing heavy rainfall and flooding to western portions of the island. Making landfall in Florida on June 4, Abby caused flooding and spawned four tornadoes, but left behind little damage. Overall, the hurricane resulted in six deaths and about $450,000 (1968 USD) in damage. In late June, Tropical Storm Candy brought minor flooding and spawned several tornadoes across portions of the Southern United States. Overall damage from the cyclone reached approximately $2.7 million. 1968 featured two simultaneously active tropical storms during the month of June, a phenomenon that would not occur again until 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1969 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1969 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active Atlantic hurricane season since the 1933 season, and was the final year of the most recent positive Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) era. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and lasted until November 30. Altogether, 12 tropical cyclones reached hurricane strength, the highest number on record at the time; a mark not surpassed until 2005. The season was above-average despite an El Niño, which typically suppresses activity in the Atlantic Ocean, while increasing tropical cyclone activity in the Pacific Ocean. Activity began with a tropical depression that caused extensive flooding in Cuba and Jamaica in early June. On July 25, Tropical Storm Anna developed, the first named storm of the season. Later in the season, Tropical Depression Twenty-Nine caused severe local flooding in the Florida Panhandle and southwestern Georgia in September.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1978 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1978 Atlantic hurricane season was a slightly above average hurricane season in terms of number of named storms. Eleven tropical cyclones were named in all, and five of these became hurricanes; two of the five became a major hurricane. This was also the last Atlantic hurricane season to use an all-female naming list. The season officially began on June 1, 1978, and ended on November 30, 1978. These dates, adopted by convention, denote the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in the Atlantic basin. However, the formation of subtropical or tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as shown by the formation of an unnamed subtropical storm on January 18.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1985 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1985 Atlantic hurricane season was an average, yet destructive year that experienced a near-record number of hurricanes strikes in the United States. It is tied with 2020 and only surpassed by 1886. The season officially began on June 1 and lasted until November 30. This was partially attributed to a La Niña – a meteorological phenomenon that produces favorable conditions across the Atlantic basin, such as lower wind shear and higher sea surface temperatures. The first storm, Ana, developed on July 15 near Bermuda and caused minor effects in Canada while transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. Three other tropical cyclones – Claudette, Henri, and Isabel – did not significantly affect land. Claudette developed offshore of the Southeastern United States and brushed Bermuda and the Azores. Henri and Isabel were dissipating as they approached land. However, the precursor of the latter caused a severe flood in Puerto Rico that killed 180 people. Additionally, Tropical Storm Fabian and three tropical depressions did not have any known impact on land.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1989 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1989 Atlantic hurricane season was an average hurricane season with 11 named storms. The season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. The first tropical cyclone, Tropical Depression One, developed on June 15, and dissipated two days later without any effects on land. Later that month, Tropical Storm Allison caused severe flooding, especially in Texas and Louisiana. Tropical Storm Barry, Tropical Depressions Six, Nine, and Thirteen, and Hurricanes Erin and Felix caused negligible impact. Hurricane Gabrielle and Tropical Storm Iris caused light effects on land, with the former resulting in nine fatalities from rip currents offshore the East Coast of the United States and Atlantic Canada, while the latter produced minor flooding in the United States Virgin Islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1930 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1930 Atlantic hurricane season was a very inactive Atlantic hurricane season. It was the second least active on record in terms of tropical storms forming, only behind 1914, with only three systems reaching tropical storm intensity. Of those three, two reached hurricane status, both of which also became major hurricanes, Category 3 or higher storms on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. The first system developed in the central Atlantic Ocean on August 21. Later that month, a second storm, the Dominican Republic hurricane, formed on August 29. It peaked as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h). The third and final storm dissipated on October 21.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Bob (1979)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 1979

Hurricane Bob was the first Atlantic tropical cyclone to be officially designated using a masculine name after the discontinuation of Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet names. Bob brought moderate damage to portions of the United States Gulf Coast and areas farther inland in July 1979. The storm was the first hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico to form in the month of July since 1959, and was the fifth tropical cyclone to form during the annual hurricane season. Though the origin of Bob can be traced back to a tropical wave near the western coast of Africa in late June, Bob formed from a tropical depression in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico on July 9. Tracking in a general northward direction, favorable conditions allowed for quick strengthening. Less than a day after formation, the system reached tropical storm intensity, followed by hurricane intensity on July 11. Shortly after strengthening into a hurricane, Bob reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (121 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 986 mbar. At the same intensity, Bob made landfall west of Grand Isle, Louisiana, and rapidly weakened after moving inland. However, the resulting tropical depression persisted for several days as it paralleled the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. On July 16, the system emerged into the western Atlantic, where it was subsequently absorbed by a nearby low-pressure area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 2014 Atlantic hurricane season was a well below-average hurricane season in terms of named storms while the number of hurricanes and major hurricanes, were overall average. It produced nine tropical cyclones, eight of which became named storms; six storms became hurricanes and two intensified further into major hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first storm of the season, Arthur, developed on July 1, while the final storm, Hanna, dissipated on October 28, about a month prior to the end of the season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Andrea (2013)</span> Atlantic Tropical storm in the 2013

Tropical Storm Andrea brought flooding to Cuba, the Yucatan Peninsula, and portions of the East Coast of the United States in June 2013. The first tropical cyclone and named storm of the annual hurricane season, Andrea originated from an area of low pressure in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on June 5. Despite strong wind shear and an abundance of dry air, the storm strengthened while initially heading north-northeastward. Later on June 5, it re-curved northeastward and approached the Big Bend region of Florida. Andrea intensified and peaked as a strong tropical storm with winds at 65 mph (105 km/h) on June 6. A few hours later, the storm weakened slightly and made landfall near Steinhatchee, Florida later that day. It began losing tropical characteristics while tracking across Florida and Georgia. Andrea transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over South Carolina on June 7, though the remnants continued to move along the East Coast of the United States, until being absorbed by another extratropical system offshore Maine on June 10.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Iselle</span> Category 4 Pacific hurricane in 2014

Hurricane Iselle was the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall on the island of Hawaii in recorded history. The tenth named storm, fifth hurricane, and fourth major hurricane of the 2014 hurricane season, Iselle developed from an area of disturbed weather southwest of Mexico on July 31, 2014. Assuming a west-northwest course that it would maintain throughout its existence, generally favorable atmospheric conditions allowed for gradual strengthening, with the cyclone attaining hurricane status a day after formation. Continued strengthening progressed for several days up until August 4, when Iselle reached peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 947 mbar, making it a Category 4 hurricane. Thereafter, Iselle encountered hostile environmental conditions and quickly weakened before making landfall on the Big Island on August 8 as a moderate tropical storm. Its passage over the island disrupted the cyclone, and Iselle later dissipated on August 9.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hurricane Bertha (2014)</span> Category 1 Atlantic hurricane in 2014

Hurricane Bertha was an unusual tropical cyclone in early August 2014 that attained hurricane status, despite having a disheveled appearance and an abnormally high atmospheric pressure. The third tropical cyclone and second hurricane of the season, Bertha developed from a tropical wave south of Cape Verde was monitored first for possible tropical cyclogenesis on July 26. Over the following days, it slowly developed and acquired gale-force winds and enough convection to be designated as Tropical Storm Bertha early on August 1. A mostly disorganized cyclone, Bertha quickly moved across the Lesser Antilles, clipping the northern end of Martinique, later that day. During its trek across the eastern Caribbean Sea, its circulation became severely disrupted and it may have degenerated into a tropical wave. On August 3, it traversed the Mona Passage and moved over the Southeastern Bahamas where conditions favored development. Despite an overall ragged appearance on satellite imagery, data from Hurricane Hunters indicated it intensified to a hurricane on August 4; it acquired peak winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) that day. Turning north, and later northeast, Bertha soon weakened as it began to merge with an approaching trough to the west. This merger ultimately took place on August 6, at which time Bertha was declared extratropical well to the south of Nova Scotia. The remnant system raced eastward across the Atlantic and later struck the United Kingdom on August 10. Once over the North Sea, the storm stalled for a few days before resuming its eastward track. It was last noted around the Baltic Sea on August 16.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical Storm Colin (2016)</span> Atlantic tropical storm in 2016

Tropical Storm Colin was the earliest third named storm in the Atlantic basin on record for four years, until it was surpassed by Tropical Storm Cristobal in 2020. An atypical, poorly organized tropical cyclone, Colin developed from a low pressure area over the Gulf of Mexico near the northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula late on June 5, 2016. Moving northward, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm about eight hours after its formation. On June 6, Colin curved to the north-northeast and intensified slightly to winds of 50 mph (80 km/h). Strong wind shear prevented further strengthening and resulted in the system maintaining a disheveled appearance on satellite imagery. Later, the storm began accelerating to the northeast. Early on June 7, Colin made landfall in rural Taylor County, Florida, still at peak intensity. The system rapidly crossed northern Florida and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean several hours later. By late on June 7, Colin transitioned into an extratropical cyclone offshore North Carolina before being absorbed by a frontal boundary the following day.

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  89. 1 2 3 "Arthur aftermath: Premier slams Nova Scotia Power". CBC News. July 11, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  90. ↑ Campbell, Andy (14 July 2014). "Arthur could have lasting impact after downing thousands of trees". CTV News. Bell Media.
  91. ↑ "Nova Scotia Power apologizes for communications breakdown". The Yarmouth County Vanguard. July 9, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  92. ↑ "Storm Arthur costs could exceed $12M, says NB Power". CBC News. July 11, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  93. ↑ "Arthur power outages expected to be 99% resolved on Tuesday". CBC News. July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  94. ↑ "Arthur recovery in Fredericton could take years, says EMO". CBC News. July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  95. ↑ Robert Jones (July 23, 2014). "Craig Leonard dismisses calls for NB Power public review". CBC News . Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  96. ↑ Post-Tropical Storm Arthur: Review of Nova Scotia Power's Storm Response (PDF). Nova Scotia Utility and Review Board (Report). Nova Scotia Power. August 19, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  97. ↑ "Storm Arthur's cost for NB Power estimated at $23M". CBC News. December 3, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  98. ↑ "NB Power spending $5.1M more on tree trimming because of Arthur damage". Fredericton, New Brunswick: CTV News Atlantic. The Canadian Press. December 5, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  99. ↑ "Couillard promet plus d'aide à la Haute-Gaspésie". La Presse Canadienne (in French). Journal Métro. July 11, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  100. ↑ "Storm Arthur: Fire blight scorches 80% of Valley orchards 'Fire blight has certainly reached an epidemic level this year,' says horticulturist". CBC News . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. CBC News. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
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