LGBT culture in Sydney

The original Rainbow Crossing, running through Sydney's Taylor Square, Oxford Street, known as "The Golden Mile".

The LGBT community of Sydney, in New South Wales, is the largest in Australia and has a firm place as one of the iconic gay cities of the contemporary world. In a 2013 Pew Research poll, 79% of Australians agreed that homosexuality should be accepted by society, making it the fifth most supportive country in the survey behind Spain (88%), Germany (87%), Canada and the Czech Republic (both 80%). With a long history of LGBT rights activism and the annual three-week-long Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras festival, Sydney is one of the most gay-friendly cities in Australia and in the world. ^[1]

History

Since the colonisation of Australia in 1788 with the landing of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove and raising of the Union Flag by Arthur Phillip Sydney has been associated with male homosexuality. As part of the British Empire, Australian colonies inherited anti-homosexuality laws such as the Buggery Act 1533 . These provisions were maintained in criminal sodomy laws passed by 19th century colonial parliaments, and subsequently by state parliaments after Federation. Same-sex sexual activity between men was considered a capital crime, resulting in the execution of people convicted of sodomy until 1890. The laws also punished sodomy between heterosexual partners, but did not apply to lesbian relationships. Oral sex as well as masturbation, whether heterosexual or homosexual, public or private, were also criminal offences. ^[2]

Governor Phillip made it clear to the early convicts that

There are two crimes that would merit death – murder and sodomy. For either of these crimes I would wish to confine the criminal till an opportunity offered of delivering him as a prisoner to the natives of New Zealand, and let them eat him. ^[3]

By 1796, the first cases of homosexuality were being reported and the first trial for sodomy, that of Francis Wilkinson took place. Over 30 years later, in 1828, Alexander Brown was the first person hanged for sodomy. Different jurisdictions gradually began to reduce the death penalty for sodomy to life imprisonment, with Victoria the last state to reduce the penalty in 1949. Community debate about decriminalising homosexual activity began in the 1960s, with the first lobby groups Daughters of Bilitis, the Homosexual Law Reform Society and the Campaign Against Moral Persecution formed in 1969 and 1970. ^[4]

Pride protests along Oxford Street, 2021

Twentieth Century

While Britain's influence on Australian political culture was still strong in the fifties there was no local appetite for a political response to the Wolfenden Committee, which recommended the decriminalisation of male homosexuality in Britain in 1957. Ten years later there was little comment from any Australian public figure (state or federal) when Britain finally de-criminalized homosexuality in England and Wales. Some historians have attributed this to the association of homosexuality with the 'convict stain'

in October 1973, former Prime Minister John Gorton put forward a motion in the federal House of Representatives that "in the opinion of this House homosexual acts between consenting adults in private should not be subject to the criminal law". All three major parties were given a conscience vote, and the motion was passed by 64 votes to 40. ^[5]

Gay Neighbourhoods

During the Vietnam War, the Darlinghurst Road precinct, known as Kings Cross, became a popular destination for US military personnel on R&R – due chiefly to its proximity to a major naval facility. Partially as a result of this, the area gained a reputation as Australia's drugs and prostitution capital and also as one of the very early gay areas. Dozens of hotels constructed at the time ensured that "The Cross" remained a gay ghetto well into the 1990s.

In the years following the World War II, gay men started congregating in bars in Oxford Street, Darlinghurst and by 1969 gay bars such as Ivy's Birdcage and Capriccio's had opened. Queer life developed along the Oxford Street strip, which became known as The Golden Mile.

Demographics

In 2014, over half a million people, or 3.0% of the adult Australian population, identified as gay, lesbian or "other". This included 268,000 people who identified as gay or lesbian and 255,000 people who identified as having an "other" sexual orientation. While New South Wales had just under a third of Australia's population, from the 2011 census, the state had 41% of Australia's male same-sex couples with the top ten suburbs for gay couples all in inner Sydney, including Darlinghurst, Potts Point, Kings Cross, Surry Hills, Alexandria, Lane Cove and Newtown.

In 2019, there were approximately 28,918 people living with HIV across Australia, and NSW is home to approximately 11,721 people living with HIV. ^[6]

Events

The Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras is one of the largest festivals of its kind in the world.

The Sydney Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras festival in Sydney, ^[7] is attended by hundreds of thousands of people from around Australia and overseas. One of the largest such festivals in the world, ^[8] Mardi Gras is the largest Pride event in Oceania. ^{[lower-alpha 1]} It includes a variety of events such as the Sydney Mardi Gras Parade and Party, Bondi Beach Drag Races, Harbour Party, the academic discussion panel Queer Thinking, Mardi Gras Film Festival, as well as Fair Day, which attracts 70,000 people to Victoria Park, Sydney.

The Sydney Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras is one of Australia's biggest tourist drawcards, ^[21] with the parade and dance party attracting many international and domestic tourists. It is New South Wales' second-largest annual event in terms of economic impact, ^[22] generating an annual income of about A$30 million for the state.

WorldPride Sydney 2023

In 2023, Sydney hosted WorldPride, attracting over 500,000 people to the 17-day festival, cementing Sydney as one of the world's most prominent and iconic gay cities. ^{[23] [24]} Musical acts included celebrated gay icons, including Kylie Minogue, Charli XCX, Kim Petras, Kelly Rowland, Ava Max, Nicole Scherzinger and Jessica Mauboy.

References

1. "The most gay-friendly places on the planet". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
2. Moore, Clive; Jamison, Bryan (2007). "Making The Modern Australian Homosexual Male: Queensland's Criminal Justice System And Homosexual Offences, 1860-1954". Crime, History & Society. 11 (Vol. 11, n°1): 27–54. doi: 10.4000/chs.144 .
3. The transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales. v. 1-2, [1863-73]. Sydney: [s.n.] 1866. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.9427.
4. Willett, Graham (15 July 2014). "Gay rights and gay wrongs". Inside Story. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
5. "Dubbing homosexuals as criminals 'unjust'". Canberra Times . 19 October 1973.
6. "Home Page". Positive Life NSW. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
7. "About | Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras". Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
8. Madeleine Coorey (23 March 2011). "Sydney's Mardi Gras pride of Aussie tourism". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 8 April 2011.^{[ dead link ]}
9. Allen, Karma; Katersky, Aaron (2 July 2019). "Millions more attended WorldPride than expected". ABC News . Retrieved 9 July 2019.
10. Caspani, Maria; Lavietes, Matthew. "Millions celebrate LGBTQ pride in New York amid global fight for equality: organizers". Reuters. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
11. O’Doherty, Cahir (4 July 2019). "Irish march at historic World Pride in New York City". IrishCentral.com. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
12. Lynch, Scott. "Photos: Massive Turnout For Euphoric NYC Pride March: Gothamist". Gothamist. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
13. Ripardo, SÉRGIO (28 May 2008). "Guinness exclui recorde da Parada Gay - 28/05/2008". Folha Online. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
14. Lawler, Opheli Garcia (18 June 2017). "Brazil Holds World's Largest Pride Parade". The Fader. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
15. Sheets, Cassie (1 June 2017). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Pride". Pride.com. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
16. Petrov, Arkady (30 June 2019). "2019 LGBT Parade in São Paulo Raised R$403 Million for the City". The Rio Times. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
17. "Pride 2019: The world's 15 biggest LGBTQ celebrations, from New York to Tel Aviv". USA Today Travel. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
18. Nomadic Boys (11 June 2019). "South America's best Pride parades". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
19. Duffy, Nick (20 February 2019). "Glitter has been banned from Australia's biggest Pride celebration". PinkNews. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
20. Mohamed, Amarra (6 June 2019). "Pride in Pictures: Johannesburg's Pride parade is the biggest in Africa & there's a reason why". www.lgbtqnation.com. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
21. Sames, Christine (7 March 2004). "Statements and sequins on parade". The Sun-Herald. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
22. "Mardi Gras marchers push for gay marriage". Australia: ABC News. 6 March 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
23. "Sydney WorldPride 2023: Key events, tickets, performers and everything else you need to know". www.9news.com.au. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
24. "Home Page". Sydney WorldPride 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.

Notes

1. As of June 2019, New York City's NYC Pride March is North America’s biggest Pride parade. For Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 up to five million took part over the final weekend, ^{[9] [10]} with an estimated four million in attendance at the parade. ^{[11] [12]} São Paulo, Brazil’s event, Parada do Orgulho GLBT de São Paulo, is South America’s largest, and is listed by Guinness World Records as the world’s largest Pride parade starting in 2006 with 2.5 million people. ^[13] They broke the Guinness record in 2009 with four million attendees. ^[14] They have kept the title from 2006 to at least 2016. ^[15] They had five million attend in 2017. ^{[16] [17]} As of 2019 it has three to five million each year. ^[18] As of June 2019, Spain‘s Madrid Pride, Orgullo Gay de Madrid (MADO), is Europe’s biggest, it had 3.5 million attendees when it hosted WorldPride in 2017. ^[17] As of June 2019 the largest LGBTQ events include:
   • in Asia it is Taiwan Pride in China’s Taipei; ^[17]
   • in the Middle East it is Tel Aviv Pride in Israel; ^[17]
   • in Oceania, it is Australia’s Sydney Mardi Gras Parade; ^[19]
   • in Africa it is South Africa’s Johannesburg Pride. ^[20]

See also

• LGBT rights in Australia
• Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey

• LGBT portal
• Australia portal