Lakkundi

Last updated

Lakkundi
Lokkigundi
village
11th century Kasivisvesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 03.jpg
Historic temples at Lakkundi
India Karnataka location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Lakkundi
Location in Karnataka, India
India location map 3.png
Red pog.svg
Lakkundi
Lakkundi (India)
Coordinates: 15°23′23″N75°43′06″E / 15.38972°N 75.71833°E / 15.38972; 75.71833
CountryFlag of India.svg  India
State Karnataka
Languages
 • Official Kannada
Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 code IN-KA
Vehicle registration KA-26
Nearest cityGadag

Lakkundi, also referred to as Lokkugundi, was a major city prior to the 14th century, and is now a village in Gadag District of Karnataka, India. By 10th century, it was already a major economic and commerce center with mint operations for South India, one mentioned in Kannada and Sanskrit inscriptions and texts. By 12th century, many Hindu and Jain temples had been consecrated here, along with public infrastructure such as stepwells and water reservoirs. Among the major temples are the Brahma Jinalaya (oldest), Mallikarjuna, Lakshminarayana, Manikeshwara, Naganatha, Kumbheshvara, Nanneshwara, Someshwara, Narayana, Nilakanteshwara, Kasivisesvara (most sophisticated, ornate), Virabhadhara, Virupaksha, and others. As its importance and wealth grew, Lakkundi became one of the capitals of the Hoysala Empire. [1] [2] [3]

Contents

In the 14th century, the city was targeted by Islamic Sultanates as they sought loot and political dominance over the South Indian Hindu kingdoms. The village of Lakkundi contains over 50 temple ruins, many of which are in poor condition and inhabited by bats. However, the major temples have been restored and are now maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). Lakkundi is an important center for the study of Kalyana Chalukya era Hindu architecture, known as the "Lakkundi-school" of architects and craftsmen. [4]

The British archaeologists of the 19th century played a significant role in rediscovering Lakkundi and its significance in Indian art history. The ruins of Lakkundi now highlight the history of Indian art in museums, with some ruins displayed in a local sculpture gallery (museum) and sheds near the temples. [5]

Aside from Hindu and Jain monuments, a Muslim dargah dedicated to Zindeshah Wali is also found in Lakkundi. The site attracts visitors from all over the world due to its rich historical and cultural heritage. [6]

Location

Core area of Western Chalukya architectural activity in modern Karnataka state, India Western Chalukya Monuments.svg
Core area of Western Chalukya architectural activity in modern Karnataka state, India

Lakkundi is about 12 kilometers from the twin city of Gadag-Betageri, between Hampi and Goa, connected by India's National Highway 67. A home to numerous ruins of historic Hindu and Jain temples, Lakkundi is geographically located in a region with many major temple groups from the Kalachuris, Chalukyas, Yadavas-Seunas, Hoysalas and Vijayanagara era. For example, it is close to historic temples found in Dambal, Kukkanur, Gadag, Annigeri, Mulgund, Harti, Laksmesvara, Kalkeri, Savadi, Hooli, Rona, Sudi, Koppal, and Itagi. [7] The nearest Railway station is in Gadag city.

History

Lakkundi is phonetically shortened name of the historic city of Lokkigundi, a name found in inscriptions in the village and those quite far in southern Karnataka and Maharashtra. [8] The earliest surviving inscription was discovered by British archaeologists on a stone slab near Kanner Bhanvi – a step well in Lakkundi. The inscribed stone slab was being used by local dhobis (laundry washerman) to wash clothes at the step well. [9] The inscription on it dates to 790 CE. This inscription confirms that Lakkundi was already in existence and significant enough for an inscription by the 8th-century. James Fergusson – the 19th-century Scottish historian known for his archaeological and architectural studies in India, reported over 30 more inscriptions from Lakkundi, in Kannada and Sanskrit, most of which range between the 11th and 12th century. Some of these were foundation stone inscriptions of Jain and Hindu temples, others gifts to different temples, to Maha-agrahara, to monasteries such as Hiree Matha (now lost), to donate step wells for the public and pilgrims, and other purposes. Though damaged, many of them include the Saka year of the inscription. The profusion of these inscriptions attests to the importance of Lakkundi as a historic city to both Hindu and Jain traditions. [9]

A decorated pillar at the Kasivisvesvara temple, Lakkundi 11th century Hindu temple stambha, Kasivisvesvara, Lakkundi, Karnataka.jpg
A decorated pillar at the Kasivisvesvara temple, Lakkundi

Many more inscriptions on stone and copper plates mentioning Lokkugundi have been discovered far from Lakkundi. However, in this part of ancient and medieval Karnataka, Lokkugundi is among the most mentioned cities. By 1884, some thirty five Hindu and Jain inscriptions dated to between the 9th and 13th-century CE had been found that mention Lokkugundi. [10] Though Lakkundi was an established town in the second half of the 1st millennium, its growth and wealth came after 973 CE when Taila II, a Chalukya of Vatapi descendant and chieftain appointed in 965 CE, organized a successful revolt against Karkka II of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. In regional texts, the reign that followed is called Cālukya (Later Chalukyas, Kalyani Chalukyas, or Chalukyas of Kalyana) to distinguish them from the Calukya (Early Chalukyas). Lakkundi flowered and grew with the Shiva-tradition Hindu monarch Satyasraya Irivabedanga – the successor and son of Taila II who came to power in 997 or 998 CE. This is attested by both Jain and Hindu inscriptions of early 11th-century, particularly of a woman named Attimabbe who gets permission from Satyasraya to build her Jaina temple, which she did and which is now the oldest surviving Brahma Jinalaya temple in Lakkundi. [11] [12]

Lakkundi grew to be a major city, prosperous and one with a mint. Lakkundi and several historic towns to its north – such as Rona, Sudi, Kradugu now known as Gadag, Hooli and others – attracted a burst of religious, cultural and literary flowering from the 11th to 13th century, with ever more sophisticated temple architectures, Vidyadana (charity supported schools) and public works such as step wells. These are largely in the context of Shaivism and Jainism, though a few major temples of Vaishnavism here are also from this period. [13]

Smaller Lakkundi monuments can be traced to the Kalachuris, the short rule here of the Seunas and the longer rule of the Hoysalas. In 1192 CE, after many of the remarkable temples of Lakkundi were already standing, a Sanskrit inscription of Hoysala king Ballala II re-affirms the continued importance of Lakkundi and it becoming his capital. [14] [15] After the 13th-century, there is an abrupt end to all evidence of new public works, temples, inscriptions and other indirect signs of economic prosperity in Lakkundi.

Temples

Lakkundi has about 50 temples and temple ruins of different sizes and sophistication, all dated to pre-14th century. They are of Shaivism, Jainism and Vaishnavism, though most temples include diverse iconography such as Surya and of Vedic deities such as Brahma. For example, the oldest Jaina temple – Brahma Jinalaya – includes Hindu statues and artworks such as that of 4-headed Brahma, Saraswati and Lakshmi, along with Mahavira, Parsvanatha and other Tirthankaras. The major surviving temples in Lakkundi include: [9]

Lakkundi temples
TempleYear/CenturyImageNotes
Brahma Jinalaya 1007 CE [16] 11th century Brahma Jinalaya temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 01.jpg the largest Jain temple in Lakkundi, the oldest of the large temples (1007 CE)
Naganatha Temple, Lakkundi early 11th century [17] 12th century Naganatha temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 01.jpg another Jain temple, to Parsvanatha and Naga (serpent deity)
Kasivisvesvara Temple, Lakkundi 1030 CE [18] 11th century Kasivisvesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 06.jpg also known as Kavatalesvara temple in historic texts, it is a Hindu twin temple – one for Shiva and the other for Surya, highly ornate and most sophisticated among the Lakkundi temples; according to Burgess, it has "one of the finest surviving illustration of Hindu decorative artwork in India". One of the best illustrations of Kalyana-Chalukya style of Hindu architecture. [18]
Malikarjuna Temple, Lakkundi 11th century [17] a Hindu temple
Halagund Basavanna Temple, Lakkundi a Shaiva Lingayat temple
Virupaksha Temple, Lakkundi 1010 CE [19] 11th 12th century Virupaksha temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 01.jpg active and most attended village temple, has Rashtrakuta-style Hindu architecture
Lakshminarayana Temple, Lakkundi 11th century [17] a Vishnu temple
Manikesvar Temple, Lakkundi 1160 CE [20] 11th 12th century Manikeshwara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 01.jpg a trikuta temple with one of many historic step wells in Lakkundi
Virabhadra Temple, Lakkundi 11th century [17] a Hindu temple
Nanesvara Temple, Lakkundi 1020–30 CE [21] 11th century Nannesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 01.jpg a Hindu temple with innovations in mandapa and pillar architecture, one of the earliest examples of fully-developed Kalyana Chalukya style
Somesvara Temple, Lakkundi 11th-century [22] a Shiva temple closer to the historic fort walls, parts of the temple have influences from the Sudi–Aihole school of Hindu architecture
Nilakanthesvara Temple, Lakkundi 11th century [17] a Shiva temple with notable artwork on the outer walls
Kumbheshvara Temple, Lakkundi Late 11th or early 12th century [23] 11th 12th century Kumbhareshwara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 01.jpg another trikuta Hindu temple with one section better preserved, now surrounded by private homes, the symmetric gudhamandapa is brilliantly structured and constructed
Other Hindu and Jaina temple ruins8th to 13th-centurySiddharamesvara temple, for example, is a small Karnata-Chalukya style temple from the early 11th-century. [24]

Step wells

Step well near the Manikesvara Temple in Lakkundi Stepped Well at ManikesvaraTemple in Lakkundi.JPG
Step well near the Manikesvara Temple in Lakkundi

Lakkundi has a number of step wells, some functioning as water tanks for the temples. These are artistically built with small canopied niches enshrining lingas. The Chateer Bavi, Kanne Bavi and Musukina Bavi are architecturally significant and popular for their artwork and carvings.

Inscriptions

Over two dozen Kannada and Sanskrit inscriptions from different Hindu dynasties have been found at Lakkundi. These describe gifts and donations, donor names and which social classes these donors came from, the ritual and cultural aspects of their times and the socio-political contexts of medieval era Karnataka. Some of these are important to help establish the Jain heritage in Karnataka during these Hindu dynasties. [25] Some of these include:

Tourism

Lakkundi is known for Chalukya style temples, stepped wells and historic inscriptions. Lakkundi is often a gem missed by a majority of tourists. [26] If you take the trouble to visit Lakkundi, you will be rewarded with one of the finest architectural feasts of the Kalyana Chalukya period (c. 10th century CE).

See also

Architecture References

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halebidu</span> Town in Karnataka, India

Halebidu is a town located in Hassan District, Karnataka, India. Historically known as Dwarasamudra, Halebidu became the regal capital of the Hoysala Empire in the 11th century CE. In the modern era literature it is sometimes referred to as Halebeedu or Halebid as the phonetic equivalent, a local name after it was damaged and deserted after being ransacked and looted twice by the forces of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindu temple architecture</span>

Hindu temple architecture as the main form of Hindu architecture has many varieties of style, though the basic nature of the Hindu temple remains the same, with the essential feature an inner sanctum, the garbha griha or womb-chamber, where the primary Murti or the image of a deity is housed in a simple bare cell. For rituals and prayers, this chamber frequently has an open space that can be moved in a clockwise direction. There are frequently additional buildings and structures in the vicinity of this chamber, with the largest ones covering several acres. On the exterior, the garbhagriha is crowned by a tower-like shikhara, also called the vimana in the south. The shrine building often includes an circumambulatory passage for parikrama, a mandapa congregation hall, and sometimes an antarala antechamber and porch between garbhagriha and mandapa. In addition to other small temples in the compound, there may be additional mandapas or buildings that are either connected or separate from the larger temples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Belur, Karnataka</span> Town in Karnataka, India

Belur is a town and taluk in Hassan district in the state of Karnataka, India. The town is renowned for its Chennakeshava Temple dedicated to Vishnu, one of the finest examples of Hoysala architecture and the largest Hindu temple complex that has survived from pre-14th-century Karnata-Dravida tradition. A historic site inspired by the teachings of Ramanujacharya, it has been a Vaishnava Hindu pilgrimage center since at least the 12th century. It was also the first capital of the Hoysala dynasty, before they built Dwarasamudra.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gadag district</span> District of Karnataka in India

Gadag is a district in the state of Karnataka, India. It was formed in 1997, when it was split from Dharwad district. As of 2011, it had a population of 1064570. The overall population increased by 13.14 percent from 1991 to 2001. Gadag district borders Bagalkot district on the north, Koppal district on the east, Vijayanagara district on the southeast, Haveri district on the southwest, Dharwad district on the west and Belgaum District on the northwest. It is famous for the many monuments from the Western Chalukya Empire. It has seven talukas: Gadag, Gajendragad, Ron, Shirhatti, Nargund, Lakshmeshwar and Mundargi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Bhadravati</span>

Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, also referred to as Lakshminarasimha temple of Bhadravati, is a 13th-century Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu, built by the Hoysala ruler Vira Someshwara. It is located in Bhadravati, Shimoga District of Karnataka state, India. The temple opens to the east and has three sanctums, one each dedicated to Venogopala, Lakshminarasimha and Vishnu-Puroshottama. It is notable for its Vesara architecture, with artwork that includes legends and deities of Vaishnavism, as well as those of Shaivism, Shaktism and Vedic deities. Important reliefs include those of Ganesha, Dakshinamurti, Bhairava, Sarasvati, Brahma, Surya, Harihara, and others. The temple's original shikaras were ruined, and have been restored with a conical structure. According to Adam Hardy – a scholar of Indian temple architecture, this temple has two "exceptional" stellate structures highlighting the architectural sophistication of the Hoysalas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ishvara Temple, Arasikere</span> Hindu temple in Karnataka, India

The Ishvara temple, also referred to as the Ishwara or Isvara temple, is an early 13th-century Hindu temple in Arsikere, Hassan district, Karnataka India. Dedicated to Shiva, it is one of the most notable early Hoysala architecture examples with a rotating circular plan, a domed mandapa with 16-point star shape, a pancatala vimana, and a galaxy of artwork depicting Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Vedic legends of Hinduism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chandramauleshwara Temple, Unkal</span>

The Chandramauleshwara Temple, sometimes referred to as the Candramauḷĩśvara or Chandramouleshwara temple at Unkal, is an 11th-century Shiva temple with Chalukyan architecture in Unkal (Hubballi), Karnataka, India. The temple has a square plan architecture with four entrances from the cardinal directions, while illustrating the sandhara plan found in Sanskrit texts on architecture. It originally had a Chaturmukha (four-faced) Linga in the center of the temple and many more mandapas (halls), but the surviving structure is much smaller. The temple preserves an early example of a relatively uncommon Hindu architecture. The temple is also notable for how it integrates the artwork of Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Vedic deities together.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kasivisvesvara Temple, Lakkundi</span>

The Kasivisvesvara temple, also referred to as the Kavatalesvara, Kashivishveshvara or Kashi Vishvanatha temple of Lakkundi is located in the Gadag district of Karnataka state, India. It is about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from Gadag city, between Hampi and Goa. The Kasivisvesvara temple is one of the best illustrations of fully developed Kalyana Chalukya style of Hindu architecture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami</span> 7th to 12th century temples in Badami

The Bhutanatha group of temples are 7th to 12th century Hindu temples to the east of Agastya lake in Badami, Karnataka state, India. It consists of two subgroups – one called the East Bhutanatha group or Bhutanatha main group from 7th to 8th-century mostly in the Dravida architecture style; the other called the North Bhutanatha group or Mallikarjuna group from 11th to 12th-century mostly in the Nagara architecture. The former illustrates the Badami Chalukya architects, the latter along with the nearby Yellamma temple the Kalyani Chalukya architects.

Kalakeri is a village in Northern part of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Sindgi taluk of Vijayapura district in Karnataka. Pincode is 586118.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brahmeshvara Temple, Kikkeri</span>

The Brahmeshvara temple, also referred to as the Brahmeshwara or Brahmesvara temple, is a 12th-century Hindu temple with Hoysala architecture in Kikkeri village, Mandya district of Karnataka state, India. Along with two other major historic temples within the village, the Brahmeshvara temple is one of many major ruined temples with notable artwork in Kikkeri area close to the more famous monuments of Shravanabelagola.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nageshvara-Chennakeshava Temple complex, Mosale</span>

The Nageshvara-Chennakeshava temple complex, sometimes referred to as the Nagesvara and Chennakesava temples of Mosale, are a pair of nearly identical Hindu temples in the village of Mosale near Hassan city, Karnataka, India. One for Shiva, other for Vishnu, this pair is a set of highly ornamented stone temples, illustrating the Hoysala architecture. These temples also include panels of artwork related to the goddess tradition of Hinduism (Shaktism) and Vedic deities. Another notable feature of these temples is the artwork in their ceilings, how the shilpins (artisans) integrated the historic pre-Hoysala architectural innovations from the Chalukya era. Further, the temples include north Indian Bhumija and south Indian Vesara aedicules on the outer walls above the panels. It is unclear when this temple pair was built, but given the style and architectural innovations embedded therein, it was likely complete before 1250 CE.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chaya Someswara Temple</span> Hindu temple in Telangana, India

Chaya Someswara Temple, also known as the Chaya Someshvara Swamy Alayam or the Saila-Somesvara temple, is a Saivite Hindu temple located in Panagal, Nalgonda district of Telangana, India. It was built around the mid 11th-century during the rule of the Kunduru Chodas, supported and embellished further by later Hindu dynasties of Telangana. Some date it to late 11th to early 12th-century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brahma Jinalaya, Lakkundi</span>

The Brahma Jinalaya, sometimes called as the Greater Jain Temple of Lakkundi, is an early 11th-century Mahavira temple in Lakkundi, Gadag District of Karnataka state, India. The temple is attributed to Attiyabbe, the wife of the local governor Dandanayaka Nagadeva. It faces east, has a mukhamandapa, a gudhamandapa and its sanctum is covered by a sur-temple style vimana superstructure. The temple is notable for its reliefs depicting Jaina artwork, statues of the Tirthankaras and the two Hindu statues of Brahma and Saraswati inside its inner mandapa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nannesvara Temple, Lakkundi</span>

The Nannesvara Temple, also referred to as the Nanneshvara temple, is an 11th century Hindu temple in Lakkundi, Gadag district, Karnataka. It is notable for being the earliest known imperial-style temple of the Kalyana Chalukyas, one with significant influences from both North Indian and South Indian schools of Hindu architecture. It stands immediately west to the much larger and more ornate Kasivisvesvara twin Temple in a similar style.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lakshminarasimha Temple, Vignasante</span> Hindu temple in Karnataka, India

The Lakshminarasimha temple at Vignasante is a 13th-century Vishnu temple in the village of Vignasante, Tumkur district, Karnataka, India. The three-shrine temple is dedicated to Venugopala, Narasimha and Lakshmi Narayana. One of the late temples built before Hoysala empire came under sustained attacks from the Delhi Sultanate, it illustrates the mature Hoysalanadu architectural tradition. The fully carved, three storey Vesara vimana of this temple is notable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Badami Shivalaya</span> 6th to 8th century Shiva temples with Dravida architecture in Badami

Badami Shivalaya refers to one of three 6th to 8th-century CE Hindu temples in Badami, Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. They illustrate the early Chalukya style, and are among the better preserved illustrations of Dravida Hindu architecture. They are close to the Badami cave temples and other structural temples near Agasthya lake, but the Badami Shivalyas are located near or on top of different hillocks. These include the Upper Shivalaya, Lower Shivalaya and the better preserved Mallegitti Sivalaya found to the north of the Badami town. These temples include Shiva, Vishnu and Devi-related artwork, as well as depict legends from the Ramayana and Mahabharata.

The Chalukyas of Vemulavada were an Indian dynasty that ruled in and around the present-day Telangana between 7th and 10th centuries. Their capital was located at Vemulavada, and they were vassals of the Rashtrakutas.

Vinayaditya alias Yuddhamalla I, was an Indian ruler from the Vemulavada Chalukya dynasty. He was most probably a vassal of the Rashtrakuta king Dantidurga, and his capital was likely located at Podana ; his successors moved the capital to Vemulavada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lakshmeshwara Jain temples</span>

The Lakshmeshwara Jain temples is a group of Jain temples in the town of Lakshmeshwara in the Gadag district of Karnataka.

References

  1. ↑ Edith Tomory (1982). A History of Fine Arts in India and the West. Orient Longman. pp. 119–120. ISBN   978-0-86131-321-1.
  2. ↑ "Chapter XIV, Karnataka, The Tourist Paradise". Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
  3. ↑ Adam Hardy (1995). Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries. Abhinav Publications. pp. 157–160, 335–337. ISBN   978-81-7017-312-0.
  4. ↑ "Archaeological Survey of India". asi.nic.in. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  5. ↑ Eb, Pranav (10 April 2018). "A Guide To Nelliyampathy: Nature At Its Best". www.nativeplanet.com. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  6. ↑ "Lakkundi | India | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  7. ↑ Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 3–4, Chapter 33. ISBN   978-81-86526-00-2.
  8. ↑ "CHAPTER 9. THE CALUKYAS AND THE KALACURYAS OF KALYANI. HISTORY–ANCIENT PERIOD, Chalukya" (PDF). Retrieved 10 March 2009.
  9. 1 2 3 James Burgess (1885). Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Bombay Presidency. Government Central Press. pp. 37–39.
  10. ↑ J.M. Campbell (1884). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Dháwár. Government Central Press. pp. 389–390.
  11. ↑ Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 3–7. ISBN   978-81-86526-00-2.
  12. ↑ G. S. Dikshit (1947), Satyasraya Chalukya, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 10, pp. 241-244, JSTOR   44137139
  13. ↑ Nupur Dasgupta (2021). Henry Albery; Jens-Uwe Hartmann; Himanshu Prabha Ray (eds.). Power, Presence and Space: South Asian Rituals in Archaeological Context. Taylor & Francis. pp. 260–272. ISBN   978-1-00-016880-8.
  14. ↑ Nupur Dasgupta (2021). Henry Albery; Jens-Uwe Hartmann; Himanshu Prabha Ray (eds.). Power, Presence and Space: South Asian Rituals in Archaeological Context. Taylor & Francis. pp. 279–280. ISBN   978-1-00-016880-8.
  15. ↑ Edith Tomory (1982). A History of Fine Arts in India and the West. Orient Longman. p. 120. ISBN   978-0-86131-321-1.
  16. ↑ Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 89–91. ISBN   978-81-86526-00-2.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 83–84, 87. ISBN   978-81-86526-00-2.
  18. 1 2 Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 95–100. ISBN   978-81-86526-00-2.
  19. ↑ Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 88–89. ISBN   978-81-86526-00-2.
  20. ↑ Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. p. 102. ISBN   978-81-86526-00-2.
  21. ↑ Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 92–94. ISBN   978-81-86526-00-2.
  22. ↑ Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 87–88. ISBN   978-81-86526-00-2.
  23. ↑ Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. pp. 100–102. ISBN   978-81-86526-00-2.
  24. ↑ Madhusudan A. Dhaky; Michael Meister (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates. American Institute of Indian Studies. p. 87. ISBN   978-81-86526-00-2.
  25. ↑ "LAKKUNDI". By Dr. A. V. Narasimha Murthy. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2009.
  26. ↑ "Handbook of Karnataka, Lakkundi". Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2008.

11. LAKKUNDIY BRAMAJINALAY : VASTU-SHILP-SHASAN (2014), Dr. Appanna N. Hanje, Vidyashre Prakashan, ALAGAWADI-591317 12. LAKKUNDIY BASADIGALU (2015), Dr. Appanna N. Hanje, Vidyashre Prakashan, ALAGAWADI-591317 13. SAMAVASARAN (Research Articles-2015), Dr. Appanna N. Hanje, Vidyashre Prakashan, ALAGAWADI-591317

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.