Mondino de Liuzzi (c. 1270–1326), physician and anatomist whose Anathomia corporis humani (MS. 1316; first printed in 1478) was the first modern work on anatomy
Trotula (11th–12th centuries), physician who wrote several influential works on women's medicine; whose texts on gynecology and obstetrics were widely used for several hundred years in Europe
Rogerius (before 1140–c. 1195), surgeon who wrote a work on medicine entitled Practica Chirurgiae ("The Practice of Surgery") around 1180
Roland of Parma (1198–c. 1250), surgeon whose commentary on his teacher's Practica Chirurgiae, known as the Rolandina, became the standard surgical textbook in the West for the next three centuries
Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472), humanist, art theorist, artist, architect, philosopher, engineer, mathematician, inventor, and author, considered the prototype of the Renaissance universal man
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), philosopher, astronomer, architect, engineer, inventor, mathematician, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, sculptor, botanist, writer, father of hydraulic science, painter of Mona Lisa and Last Supper, regarded by many as the greatest genius in history
Piero Borgi (1424–1484), mathematician, author of many of the best books on arithmetic written in the 15th Century
Francesco Maurolico (1494–1575), mathematician and astronomer, made contributions to the fields of geometry, optics, conics, mechanics and music, edited the works of classical authors as Archimedes, Apollonius, Theodosius and many others
Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605), naturalist, noted for his systematic and accurate observations of animals, plants and minerals
Federico Commandino (1509–1575), humanist and mathematician, translator of many works of ancient mathematicians, the proposition known as Commandino's theorem first appears in his work on centers of gravity
Andrea Cesalpino (1519–1603), physician, philosopher and botanist, produced the first scientific classification of plants and animals by genera and species
Luca Pacioli (1446/7–1517), mathematician and founder of accounting; popularized the system of double bookkeeping for keeping financial records; often cited as the father of modern accounting
Luca Ghini (1490–1556), physician and botanist, best known as the creator of the first recorded herbarium and founder of the world's first botanical garden[6]
Franciscus Patricius (1529–1597), philosopher and scientist, defender of Platonism and opponent of Aristotelianism, opposed the traditional view of the meaning of historical studies, which was usually restricted to moral instruction, with his concept of a broad, neutral, scientific historical research
Michele Mercati (1541–1593), physician, one of the first to recognize prehistoric stone tools as man-made
Rafael Bombelli (1526–1572), mathematician, a central figure in the understanding of imaginary numbers, was the first to document the rules of addition and multiplication of complex numbers
Ignazio Danti (1536–1586), Dominican mathematician, astronomer, cosmographer, and cartographer
Leonardo Garzoni (1543–1592), Jesuit natural philosopher; author of the first known example of a modern treatment of magnetic phenomena
Guidobaldo del Monte (1545–1607), mathematician, philosopher and astronomer, a staunch friend of Galileo, wrote a highly influential book about perspective
Matteo Ricci (1552–1610), missionary to China, mathematician, linguist and published the first Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements
Pietro Cataldi (1548–1626), mathematician, discovered the sixth and seventh perfect numbers; his discovery of the 7th (for p=19) held the record for the largest known prime for almost two centuries, until Leonhard Euler discovered that 231 - 1 was the eighth Mersenne prime
Paolo Sarpi (1552–1623), historian, scientist, canon lawyer, and statesman on behalf of the Venetian Republic, highly critical of the Scholastic tradition, a proponent of the Copernican system, his extensive network of correspondents included Francis Bacon and William Harvey
Giovanni Antonio Magini (1555–1617), astronomer, astrologer, cartographer and mathematician, known for his reduced size edition of Ptolemy's Geographiae (1596)
Fausto Veranzio (1551–1617), polymath and inventor from the Republic of Venice; his most important work Machinae Novae describes 49 machines, tools and technical concepts that predated many future inventions
Prospero Alpini (1553–1617), physician and botanist, wrote several botanical treatises covering exotic plants; his description of coffee and banana plants are the oldest in European literature
Eustachio Divini (1610–1685), mathematician, astronomer, physicist, techniques required for the construction of optical instruments he was the first scientist to develop the techniques necessary for the construction of optical instruments.
Gjuro Baglivi (1668–1707), physician and scientist; published the first clinical description of pulmonary edema; made classic observations on the histology and physiology of muscle
Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679), physiologist and physicist who was the first to explain muscular movement and other body functions according to the laws of statics and dynamics
Giuseppe Campani (1635–1715), optician and astronomer who invented a lens-grinding lathe[9]
Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625–1712), mathematician, astronomer and engineer who was the first to observe four of Saturn's moons and the co-discoverer of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter
Giovanni Battista Hodierna (1597–1660), astronomer, one of the first to create a catalog of celestial objects with a telescope
Niccolò Zucchi (1586–1670), astronomer and physicist; may have been the first to observe belts on the planet Jupiter with a telescope (on 17 May 1630), also claimed to have explored the idea of a reflecting telescope in 1616, predating Galileo Galilei and Giovanni Francesco Sagredo's discussions of the same idea a few years later[10]
Elena Cornaro Piscopia (c. 1646–1684), philosopher, musician, and mathematician, the first woman in the world to receive a Ph.D. degree
Antonio Vallisneri (1661–1730), physician and naturalist who made numerous experiments in entomology and human organology, and combated the doctrine of spontaneous generation
Antonio Maria Valsalva (1666–1723), professor of anatomy at Bologna; described several anatomical features of the ear in his book De aure humana tractatus (1704)
Tito Livio Burattini (1617–1681), mathematician, in his book Misura Universale, published in 1675, first suggested the name meter as the name for a unit of length
Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694), physician and biologist; regarded as the founder of microscopic anatomy and may be regarded as the first histologist[11]
Francesco Redi (1626–1697), physician who demonstrated that the presence of maggots in putrefying meat does not result from spontaneous generation but from eggs laid on the meat by flies
Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1658–1730), scholar, natural scientist and soldier, one of the founders of modern oceanography
Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), linguist, mathematician and philosopher, considered to be the first woman in the Western world to have achieved a reputation in mathematics[14]
Laura Bassi (1711–1778), scientist who was the first woman to become a physics professor at a European university[15]
Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich (1711–1787), physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, theologian, Jesuit priest, a precursor of the atomic theory, made many contributions to astronomy, also discovered the absence of atmosphere on the Moon
Giovanni Arduino (1714–1795), father of Italian geology, who established bases for stratigraphic chronology by classifying the four main layers of the Earth's crust[16]
Jacopo Riccati (1676–1754), mathematician, known in connection with his problem, called Riccati's equation, published in the Acla eruditorum (1724)[17]
Luigi Guido Grandi (1671–1742), philosopher, mathematician and engineer, known for studying the rose curve, a curve which has the shape of a petalled flower, and for Grandi's series
Giuseppe Olivi (1769–1795), abbot and naturalist, his wide interests stretched from chemistry, passing through mineralogy and agriculture, to botany; one of the first to make observations under the water
19th century
Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856), chemist, most noted for his contribution to molecular theory now known as Avogadro's law, which states that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure will contain equal numbers of molecules.
Giovanni Battista Amici (1786–1863), astronomer and microscopist, inventor of the catadioptric microscope[19] (presented at the Arts and Industry Exhibition in Milan in 1812)
Giovanni Battista Brocchi (1772–1826), naturalist, mineralogist and geologist, presented the thesis that species, like individuals, age and eventually die out, that later influenced Charles Darwin
Olinto De Pretto (1857–1921), industrialist and geologist, may have been the first person to derive the energy–mass-equivalence , generally attributed to Albert Einstein
Ernesto Cesàro (1859–1906), mathematician; in 1880 he developed methods of finding the sum of divergent series; made important contributions to intrinsic geometry
Quirico Filopanti (1812–1894), mathematician and politician; in his book Miranda! (1858), he was the first to propose universal time and worldwide standard time zones, 21 years before Sandford Fleming
Francesco Zantedeschi (1797–1873), physicist who published papers (1829, 1830) on the production of electric currents in closed circuits by the approach and withdrawal of a magnet
Orso Mario Corbino (1876–1937), physicist and politician, discovered modulation calorimetry and Corbino effect, a variant of the Hall effect
Alfonso Giacomo Gaspare Corti (1822–1876), anatomist, known for his discoveries on the anatomical structure of the ear
Domenico Cotugno (1736–1822), physician and anatomist; discovered albuminuria (about a half century before Richard Bright); one of the first scientists to identify urea in human urine, demonstrated the existence of the labyrinthine fluid
Adelchi Negri (1876–1912), pathologist and microbiologist who identified what later became known as Negri bodies (1903) in the brains of animals and humans infected with the rabies virus
Vincenzo Tiberio (1869–1915), physician and researcher; one of many scientists to notice the antibacterial power of some types of mold before Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin[21]
Francesco Siacci (1839–1907), mathematician and officer in the Italian army, eponym of the Siacci's theorem, best known for his contributions to the field of exterior ballistics
20th century
Virginia Angiola Borrino (1880–1965), physician who was the first woman to serve as head of a University Pediatric Ward in Italy[22][23]
Giuseppina Aliverti (1894–1982), geophysicist remembered for developing the Aliverti-Lovera method of measuring the radioactivity of water
Maria Piazza (1894–1976), Italian mineralogist and educator of Jewish children in Rome during World War II
Edoardo Amaldi (1908–1989), cosmic-ray physicist, one of the founding fathers of European space research, led the founding of the CERN, the ESRO and later the European Space Agency (ESA)[24]
Silvano Arieti (1914–1981), psychiatrist and psychoanalyst long recognized as a leading authority on schizophrenia
Carlo Perrier (1886–1948), mineralogist and chemist who along with Emilio Segrè did extensive research on the element technetium, the last gap in the periodic table and the first element produced artificially
Fabio Badilini (born 1964), pioneer in noninvasive electrocardiography
Chiara Nappi (born 1951), physicist who has made significant contributions to the field of particle physics and the search for dark matter
Leon Croizat (1894–1982), scholar and botanist who developed an orthogenetic synthesis of evolution of biological form over space, in time, which he called panbiogeography.
Bruno de Finetti (1906–1985), probabilist, statistician and actuary, noted for the "operational subjective" conception of probability
Annibale de Gasparis (1819–1892), astronomer, his first asteroid discovery was 10 Hygiea in 1849; between 1850 and 1865, he discovered eight more asteroids
Ennio De Giorgi (1928–1996), mathematician; brilliantly resolved the 19th Hilbert problem; today, this contribution is known as the De Giorgi–Nash Theorem
Franco Rasetti (1901–2001), physicist, paleontologist and botanist, together with Enrico Fermi, discovered key processes leading to nuclear fission but refused to work on the Manhattan Project on moral grounds
Henry Salvatori (1901–1997), geophysicist, founder of Western Geophysical, an international oil exploration company for the purpose of using reflection seismology to explore petroleum
Renato Dulbecco (1914–2012), virologist, known for his brilliant work with two viruses that can transform animal cells into a cancer-like state in the test tube
Bruno Pontecorvo (1913–1993), nuclear physicist, author of numerous studies in high energy physics, especially on neutrinos; the prestigious Pontecorvo Prize was instituted in his memory
Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937), physicist, credited as the inventor of radio, often called the father of wireless communication and technology (1896)[26]
Maria Montessori (1870–1952), physician and educator; the innovative educational method that bears her name (1907) is now spread in 22,000 schools in at least 110 countries worldwide[27]
Nazareno Strampelli (1866–1942), geneticist and agronomist, whose innovative scientific work in wheat breeding 30 years earlier than Borlaug laid the foundations for the Green Revolution[30]
Amelia Tonon (1899–1961), silkworm entomologist in Padua
Enzo Paoletti (1943–2018), Italian-American virologist who developed the technology to express foreign antigens in vaccinia
Fabiola Gianotti (born 1960), experimental particle physicist, worked on several CERN experiments, including the one that discovered the Higgs boson, first woman ever Director-General at CERN
↑ "Gaspare Aselli"Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2011. Web 3 March 2011.
↑ Educational Voices in Botanic Garden Histories: From Luca Ghini to Lilian Clarkemore, Dawn Sanders, published in: "Gardens and Society." P. Baas & A. van der Staay (eds), ClusiusFoundation and National Herbarium of the Netherlands. Leiden, 2011.
↑ Public Health History Corner, 2011. Vincenzo Tiberio: a misunderstood researcher.
↑ D'Ajutolo, Luisa Longhena; Nasi, Bianca Teglio (2021). "Storia Dell'Associazione Italiana Donne Medico (AIDM) (1921 - 2001)"[History of the Italian Association of Medical Women (AIDM) (1921 - 2001)](PDF). donnemedico.org. Italian Association of Medical Women. Retrieved July 7, 2021.
↑ Hofmann, Paul. "2,500-Year-Old Altars Found Near Rome; Believed to Be Part of Lost Sanctuary of Lavinium ITALY UNEARTHS ANCIENT ALTARS." The New York Times May 13, 1959. p. 1.
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