List of battles involving Georgia (country)

This is a list of the battles in the history of the country of Georgia .

This list only includes battles which have corresponding pages in Wikipedia.

The list gives the name, the date, the combatants, and the result of the battles following this legend:

  Georgian victory

  Georgian defeat

  Another result(*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result,
status quo ante bellum , result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)

  Ongoing conflict

Antiquity

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
65 BC	Battle of the Pelorus [1]	Aragvi River, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia	Caucasian campaign of Pompey	Kingdom of Iberia	Roman Republic	Defeat
51 AD	Siege of Garni	Kotayk Province, Armenia	Iberian–Armenian War	Kingdom of Iberia	Kingdom of Armenia Roman Empire	Victory Rhadamistus ascended on the Armenian throne [2]

Early medieval fragmentation

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
541	Siege of Petra [3]	Tsikhisdziri, Adjara, Georgia	Lazic War	Sassanid Empire Lazica	Byzantine Empire	Victory
549	Siege of Petra [4]	Tsikhisdziri, Adjara, Georgia	Lazic War	Byzantine Empire Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Defeat
550	Battle of Mukhurisi  [ ka ]	Imereti, Georgia	Lazic War	Byzantine Empire Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Victory
550	Battle of Rioni  [ ka ]	Imereti, Georgia	Lazic War	Byzantine Empire Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Victory
551	Siege of Petra [5]	Tsikhisdziri, Adjara, Georgia	Lazic War	Byzantine Empire Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Victory
551	Battle of Tsikhegoji  [ ka ] [a] [5]	Nokalakevi, Mingrelia, Georgia	Lazic War	Byzantine Empire Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Victory
553	Battle of Telephis–Ollaria	Samtredia Municipality, Imereti, Georgia	Lazic War	Byzantine Empire Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Defeat
555	Siege of Phasis	Poti, Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti Georgia	Lazic war	Byzantine Empire Lazica	Sassanid Empire	Victory
556	Battle of Tsakhar  [ ka ] [6]	Chkhalta, Kodori Valley, Abkhazia, Georgia	Misimian revolt	Misimian rebels	Byzantine Empire	Defeat
627-628	Siege of Tbilisi [7]	Tbilisi, Georgia	Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628	Sasanian Iberia Sasanian Empire	Byzantine Empire Western Turkic Khaganate (retreated) Chosroid Dynasty	Defeat • End of the Sasanian Iberia
737	Siege of Anakopia [8]	New Athos, Abkhazia, Georgia	Umayyad invasion of Georgia [9]	Principality of Iberia [10] Principality of Abkhazia [10]	Umayyad Caliphate	Victory
842	Battle of Rekha  [ ka ] [11]	Gori Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia	Muhammad ibn Khalid al-Shaybani's campaign in the Caucasus	Emirate of Tbilisi Principality of Kakheti [11]	Abbasid Caliphate Arminiya Kouropalatate of Tao-Klarjeti	Inconclusive
914	Siege of Queli	Queli, Ardahan Province, Turkey	Sajid invasion of Georgia	Kingdom of the Iberians	Sajid dynasty	Defeat
979	Battle of Pankaleia	Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey	Rebellion of Bardas Skleros	Byzantine Empire Kingdom of the Iberians	Bardas Skleros	Victory

Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1490)

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1021	Battle of Shirimni	Childir, Turkey	Byzantine–Georgian war (1014-1022)	Kingdom of Georgia Bagratid Armenia	Byzantine Empire	Defeat
1022	Battle of Svindax	Turkey	Byzantine–Georgian war (1014-1022)	Kingdom of Georgia	Byzantine Empire	Defeat
1038-1040	Siege of Tbilisi	Tbilisi, Georgia	Unification of the Georgian realm	Kingdom of Georgia Duchy of Kldekari Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti [12]	Emirate of Tbilisi	Inconclusive Bagrat IV lifts the siege
1040	Battle of Tashir	Gagi Fortress, Georgia	Georgian–Shaddadid wars	Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget Kingdom of Ani Kingdom of Kapan Kingdom of Georgia	Shaddadids	Victory
1042	Battle of Sasireti	Kaspi Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia	Georgian civil war of 1033-1058	Kingdom of Georgia Varangians	Duchy of Kldekari Byzantine Empire	Defeat
1046	Battle of Ganja	Ganja, Azerbaijan	Byzantine–Seljuk wars	Byzantine Empire Duchy of Kldekari	Seljuk Empire	Defeat
1048	Battle of Kapetron	Pasinler District, Erzurum Province, Turkey	Byzantine–Seljuk wars	Byzantine Empire Duchy of Kldekari	Seljuk Empire	Tactical victory
1074 [b]	Battle of Partskhisi	On the Algeti river, [13] Tetritsqaro Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti	Seljuk Empire	Victory Giorgi II reclaims southern Georgian territories
1103	Siege of Zedazeni  [ ka ] [14]	Fortress of Zedazeni, Mtskheta Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia	Unification of the Georgian realm	Kingdom of Georgia	Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti	Victory [c]
1104	Battle of Ertsukhi	Eastern Georgia	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia Duchy of Kldekari	Seljuk Empire	Victory
1110	Siege of Samshvilde	Tetritsqaro Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Seljuk Empire	Victory
1110	Battle of Trialeti	Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Seljuk Empire	Victory
1115	Siege of Rustavi  [ ka ] [15]	Rustavi, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Seljuk Empire	Victory
1118	Battle of Rakhsi	On the Aras river, Armenia	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Seljuk Empire	Victory
1120	Battle of Botora	Georgia	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Seljuk Empire	Victory
1121	Battle of Didgori	Tbilisi, Georgia	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia Kipchak, Armenian, English, Frankish, and Alan mercenaries	Seljuk Empire Sultanate of Rum Artuqids Beylik of Dilmaç Banu Mazyad Shaddadids Emirate of Tbilisi	Victory Beginning of the Georgian Golden Age
1122	Siege of Tbilisi	Tbilisi, Georgia	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Emirate of Tbilisi, Seljuk Empire	Victory Reclamation of Tbilisi by the Georgians
1124	Siege of Ani	Ani, Kars Province, Turkey	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Shaddadids Seljuk Empire	Victory
1124	Capture of Dmanisi  [ ka ]	Dmanisi, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Seljuk Empire	Victory
1161	Siege of Ani	Ani, Kars Province, Turkey	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Eldiguzids Seljuk Empire Shah-Armens Artuqids Emirate of Kars Beylik of Dilmaç [16]	Victory
1173	Siege of Derbent	Derbent, Dagestan, Russian Federation	Caspian expeditions of the Rusʹ	Kingdom of Georgia Shirvanshah	Rus' people Alans Kipchaks	Victory
1174	Siege of Ani [17]	Ani, Kars Province, Turkey	Georgian–Shaddadid wars Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Shaddadids Saltukids Shah-Armens	Victory
1191	Battle of Niali  [ ka ] [18]	Niali Plain, Aspindza Municipality, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia	Revolt of Yury Bogolyubsky	Kingdom of Georgia	Yury Bogolyubsky	Victory
1195	Battle of Shamkor	Shamkir, Azerbaijan	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia Shirvanshahs Zakarids	Eldiguzids Armenians	Victory
1196	Siege of Amberd  [ hy ]	Amberd, Aragatsotn Province, Armenia	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia Zakarids	Shaddadids	Victory
1199	Siege of Ani	Ani, Kars Province, Turkey	Georgian–Seljuk wars Georgian–Shaddadid wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Shaddadids	Victory Ani conclusively annexed to the Kingdom of Georgia End of Shaddadids
1202	Battle of Basiani	Pasinler District, Erzurum Province, Turkey	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Sultanate of Rum	Victory [d]
1206–1207	Siege of Kars	Kars Province, Turkey	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Emirate of Kars	Victory Kars annexed to the Kingdom of Georgia
1208-1209	Capture of Archesh  [ ka ]	Erciş, Van Province, Turkey	Ayyubid–Georgian wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Ayyubid dynasty	Victory
1210	Capture of Tabriz [19]	Tabriz, East Azerbaijan province, Iran	Georgian campaign against Eldiguzids	Kingdom of Georgia Zakarids	Eldiguzids	Victory
1213	Siege of Ganja	Ganja, Azerbaijan	Georgian–Seljuk wars	Kingdom of Georgia	Eldiguzids	Victory [e]
1222	Battle of Khunan	Shamakhi District, Azerbaijan	Mongol invasions of Georgia	Kingdom of Georgia	Mongol Empire	Defeat
1225	Battle of Garni	Kotayk Province, Armenia	Khwarazmian–Georgian wars	Kingdom of Georgia Zakarids	Khwarazmian Empire Kipchaks Armenians	Defeat
1228	Battle of Bolnisi	Bolnisi Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Khwarazmian–Georgian wars	Kingdom of Georgia Vainakhs Alans Zakarids	Khwarazmian Empire Kipchaks	Defeat
1243	Battle of Köse Dağ	Sivas Province, Turkey	Mongol invasions of Anatolia	Mongol Empire Principality of Khachen Georgian mercenaries	Sultanate of Rum Georgian auxiliaries Trapezuntine auxiliaries Latin mercenaries	Mongol victory
1258	Siege of Baghdad	Baghdad, Iraq	Mongol invasions and conquests	Ilkhanate Kingdom of Georgia Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia	Abbasid Caliphate	Victory Annexation of Mesopotamia by the Ilkhanate
1260	Battle of Ain Jalut	Jezreel Valley, Israel	Mongol invasions of the Levant	Ilkhanate Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Kingdom of Georgia [20]	Mamluk Sultanate Ayyubid emirs of Kerak and Hamah	Defeat
1260	Battle of Kvishkheti  [ ka ] [21]	Kvishkheti, Khashuri Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia	David Ulugh's rebellion  [ ka ]	Kingdom of Georgia Principality of Samtskhe	Ilkhanate Georgian nobles	Defeat
1277	Battle of Elbistan	Kahramanmaraş Province, Turkey	Mongol invasions of the Levant	Ilkhanate Kingdom of Georgia Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Sultanate of Rum	Mamluk Sultanate	Defeat
1281	Second Battle of Homs	Homs, Syria	Mongol invasions of the Levant	Ilkhanate Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Kingdom of Georgia Sultanate of Rum Knights Hospitaller	Mamluk Sultanate	Defeat
1282	Siege of Trebizond	Trabzon, Turkey	Byzantine–Georgian wars	Kingdom of Western Georgia	Empire of Trebizond	Defeat
1299	Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar	Homs, Syria	Mongol invasions of the Levant	Ilkhanate Kingdom of Georgia Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia	Mamluk Sultanate	Victory
1303	Battle of Marj al-Saffar	Ghabaghib, 25 miles south of Damascus, Syria	Mongol invasions of the Levant	Ilkhanate Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Kingdom of Georgia [22]	Mamluk Sultanate	Defeat
1386	Siege of Tbilisi	Tbilisi, Georgia	Timurid invasions of Georgia	Kingdom of Georgia	Timurid Empire	Defeat
1399	Battle of Alinja (1399) [23] [24]	Alinja, Julfa District, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Azerbaijan	Timurid invasions of Georgia	Kingdom of Georgia	Timurid Empire	Victory
1403	Siege of Birtvisi	Tetritsqaro Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Timurid invasions of Georgia	Kingdom of Georgia	Timurid Empire	Defeat
1407	Battle of Nakhiduri	Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Turkoman invasions of Georgia	Kingdom of Georgia Simsir Shirvanshah	Qara Qoyunlu	Defeat
1412	Battle of Chalagan	Çalağan-Güney, Lachin District, Azerbaijan	Turkoman invasions of Georgia	Kingdom of Georgia	Qara Qoyunlu	Defeat
1444	Battle of Akhaltsikhe  [ ka ] [25]	Akhaltsikhe, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia	Turkoman invasions of Georgia	Kingdom of Georgia	Qara Qoyunlu	Victory [f]
1463	Battle of Chikhori	Terjola Municipality, Imereti, Georgia	Collapse of the Georgian realm	Kingdom of Georgia	Kingdom of Imereti	Defeat Imeretian secession from Georgia
1483	Battle of Aradeti	Kareli Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia	Georgian civil war of 1463-1491	Kingdom of Georgia	Principality of Samtskhe	Defeat
1488	Battle of Enageti  [ ka ]	Enageti, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Turkoman invasions of Georgia	Kingdom of Georgia	Aq Qoyunlu	Victory

Royal triarchy and principalities (1490–1801)

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1501	Battle of Sharur	Sharur Azerbaijan	Safavid–Aq qoyunlu wars Turkoman invasions of Georgia (1407-1502)	Safavid Empire Kingdom of Kartli	Aq Qoyunlu	Victory [g]
1512	Battle of Mokhisi  [ ka ]	Kareli Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia	Civil war	Bagrat III of Imereti	Vakhtang Supported by: Kingdom of Kartli Principality of Samtskhe	Victory of Bagrat
1520	Battle of Mokhisi	Kareli Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia	War of the Kakhetian Succession	Principality of Guria	Kingdom of Kartli	Gurian victory [h]
1522	Battle of Teleti  [ ka ] [26]	Gardabani Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Georgian–Safavid wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Safavid Empire	Defeat
1535	Battle of Murjakheti	Akhalkalaki Municipality, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia	Imereti–Samtskhe war	Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Guria	Principality of Samtskhe	Victory [i]
1543	Battle of Karagak	Turkey	Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria	Ottoman Empire	Victory • Death of Musa Pasha
1545	Battle of Sokhoista	Pasinler District, Erzurum Province, Turkey	Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Imereti Kingdom of Kartli Principality of Guria	Ottoman Empire	Defeat • Samtskhe becomes Ottoman vassal
1556	Battle of Garisi	Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Georgian–Safavid wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Safavid Empire	Pyrrhic victory [j]
1561	Battle of Tsikhedidi  [ ka ] [27]	Mtskheta Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia	Georgian–Safavid wars	Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Safavid Empire	Defeat
1567	Battle of Digomi	Tbilisi, Georgia	Georgian–Safavid wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Safavid Empire Daud Khan	Victory
1568	Battle of Samadlo  [ ka ] [28]	Tbilisi, Georgia	Georgian–Safavid wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Safavid Empire Daud Khan	Victory
1569	Battle of Partskhisi  [ ka ] [27]	Tetritsqaro Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Georgian–Safavid wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Safavid Empire Daud Khan Avars [29] Kumyks [29]	Pyrrhic victory [k]
1578	Battle of Çıldır	Çıldır, Ardahan Province, Turkey	Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)	Safavid Empire Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1579	Siege of Tbilisi  [ tr ]	Tbilisi, Georgia	Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)	Safavid Empire Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Defeat [l]
1582	Battle of Mukhrani  [ ka ]	Mukhrani, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia	Georgian–Ottoman wars, Ottoman–Persian Wars	Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti Safavid Empire	Ottoman Empire Çıldır Eyalet Erzurum Eyalet Diyarbekir Eyalet	Victory [m]
1584	Battle of Khatisopeli  [ ka ]	Bolnisi Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) Georgian-Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli Principality of Samtskhe	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1588	Battle of Gopanto  [ ka ]	Tsqaltubo Municipality, Imereti, Georgia	War of Imeretian succession	Kingdom of Kartli	Principality of Mingrelia Rostom of Imereti	Mingrelian victory [n]
1598–1599	Battle of Gori [31]	Gori, Shida Kartli, Georgia	Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire	Victory [o]
1599	Battle of Nakhiduri	Tetritsqaro Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli Principality of Guria Kingdom of Imereti	Ottoman Empire	Defeat [p]
1609	Battle of Tashiskari	Khashuri Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia	Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate	Victory
1615	Battle of Tsitsamuri	Mtskheta Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia	Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns	Kingdom of Kakheti	Safavid Empire	Victory
1623	Battle of Gochouri [32]	Kutaisi Municipality, Imereti, Georgia	War of the Kingdom of Imereti (1623-1658)  [ fr ]	Principality of Mingrelia	Kingdom of Imereti	Mingrelian victory
1625	Battle of Aghaiani	Kaspi Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia	Kartli-Kakhetian Uprising (1625)	Kingdom of Kartli	Safavid Empire	Defeat
1625	Battle of Martqopi	Gardabani Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Kartli-Kakhetian Uprising (1625)	Kingdom of Kartli	Safavid Empire	Victory
1625	Battle of Marabda [33]	Tetritsqaro Municipality, Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Kartli-Kakhetian Uprising (1625)	Kingdom of Kartli	Safavid Empire	Defeat
1625	Battle of Ksani  [ ka ]	Ksani Valley, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia	Kartli-Kakhetian Uprising (1625)	Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Safavid Empire	Victory
1626	Battle of Bazaleti	Bazaleti Lake, Dusheti Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia	Civil War	Teimuraz I of Kakheti	Giorgi Saakadze	Victory of Teimuraz
1658	Battle of Bandza  [ ka ] [34]	Martvili Municipality, Mingrelia, Georgia	War of the Kingdom of Imereti (1623-1658)  [ fr ]	Kingdom of Imereti Vameq III Dadiani	Liparit III Dadiani Principality of Guria Childir Eyalet	Victory of Imereti [q]
1659	Battle of Bakhtrioni	Akhmeta Municipality, Kakheti, Georgia	Georgian–Safavid wars	Kingdom of Kakheti	Safavid Empire	Victory [r]
1684	Battle of Rokiti  [ ka ] [35]	Baghdati Municipality, Imereti, Georgia	Civil war	Kingdom of Imereti Paata Abashidze	Principality of Guria Duchy of Racha	Imeretian victory
1716	Battle of Simoneti  [ ka ]	Terjola Municipality, Imereti, Georgia	Civil war	Kingdom of Imereti	Principality of Mingrelia Zurab Abashidze Childir Eyalet	Victory of Mingrelia and Abashidze [s]
1724	Battle of Zedavela  [ ka ]	Gori Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia	Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kakheti	Ottoman Empire Jesse of Kartli	Defeat Constantine II of Kakheti flees to the mountains, leaving Kakheti's throne vacant
1724	Battle of Ateni  [ ka ] [36]	Gori Municipality, Georgia	Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Kakheti Kartlian rebels	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1732	Battle of Chikhori [37]	Terjola Municipality, Imereti, Georgia	Civil war	Kingdom of Imereti	Principality of Mingrelia Duchy of Racha	Imeretian victory
1739	Battle of Ananuri  [ ka ]	Ananuri, Dusheti Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia	Civil war	Duchy of Ksani	Duchy of Aragvi	Victory of Ksani
1739	Battle of Karnal [38] [39]	Karnal, Haryana, India	Nader Shah's invasion of India	Afsharid Empire Kingdom of Kakheti	Mughal Empire Hyderabad Oudh	Victory
1744	Battle of Achabeti  [ ka ] [40]	Temporary Kurta Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia (de facto South Ossetia)	Kartli uprising	Kingdom of Kakheti Teimuraz II Heraclius II Afsharid Empire	Givi Amilakhvari Ottoman Empire Childir Eyalet Lezgins	Victory of Heraclius and Teimuraz
1750	Battle of Danghis  [ ka ] [41]	Dagestan, Russian Federation	Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Gazikumukh Khanate Lezgins	Victory
1751	Battle of Agri-Chai  [ ka ] [42]	Azerbaijan	Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Jar-Balakan Elisu Sultanate Shaki Khanate	Defeat
1751	Battle of Kirkhbulakh	Near Yerevan, Armenia	Azad Khan's invasion of Erivan Khanate	Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti Erivan Khanate	Azad Khan Afghan	Victory [t]
1752	Battle of Ganja  [ ka ]	Ganja, Azerbaijan	Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Shaki Khanate	Defeat
1752	Battle of Tulkitepe  [ ka ] [44] [42]	On the border of Qazax and Shamshadin Districts, Azerbaijan and Armenia	Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Shaki Khanate	Victory [u]
1754	Battle of Mchadijvari  [ ka ] [42]	Dusheti Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia	Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Avar Khanate Shaki Khanate	Victory
1755	Battle of Kvareli	Kvareli, Kakheti, Georgia	Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Avar Khanate Gazikumukh Khanate Shaki Khanate [45]	Victory
1756	Battle of Skra  [ ka ]	Kvemo Kartli, Georgia	Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Avar Khanate Lezgin mercenaries	Victory
1757	Battle of Khresili [46]	Tkibuli Municipality, Imereti, Georgia	Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Guria Principality of Abkhazia (Samurzakano)	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1769	Siege of Shorapani  [ tr ]	Shorapani, Zestaponi Municipality, Imereti, Georgia	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)	Kingdom of Imereti Russian Empire	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1770	Siege of Atskuri  [ tr ]	Atskuri Fortress, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Russian Empire	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1770	Battle of Aspindza	Aspindza, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Ottoman Empire Lezgin mercenaries	Victory
1770-1771	Siege of Poti  [ ka ] [47]	Poti, Mingrelia, Georgia	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)	Russian Empire Principality of Mingrelia	Ottoman Empire	Defeat [48] General Tottleben lifts the siege
1774	Battle of Chkheri	Kharagauli Municipality, Imereti, Georgia	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)	Kingdom of Imereti Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1778/79	Battle of Ghartiskari	Mtskheta Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia	Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Lezgin marauders	Victory
1779	Battle of Rukh	Zugdidi Municipality, Mingrelia, Georgia	Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria Principality of Mingrelia	Ottoman Empire Principality of Abkhazia Crimean Khanate Alans Circassians Kabardians	Victory
1784	Battle of Nachiskrevi  [ ka ]	Tsikhisdziri, Adjara, Georgia	Georgian–Ottoman wars	Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Guria	Ottoman Empire Pasha of Poti	Defeat [v]
1785	Battle of Mokhisi  [ ka ]	Kareli Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia	Georgian–Ottoman wars Georgian–Lezgin wars	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Russian Empire	Childir Eyalet Lezgin marauders	Victory
1789	Battle of Matkhoji  [ ka ] [49]	Khoni Municipality, Imereti, Georgia	War of Imeretian succession	David II of Imereti	Solomon II of Imereti Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Principality of Mingrelia	Solomon II ascends to the Imeretian throne
1790	Battle of Zovreti  [ ka ]	Near Zovreti, Zestaponi Municipality, Imereti, Georgia	War of Imeretian succession	David II of Imereti Ottoman Empire Childir Eyalet Lezgins	Solomon II of Imereti	David II ascends to the Imeretian throne
1795	Battle of Krtsanisi	Tbilisi, Georgia	Qajar invasion of Kartli-Kakheti	Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti Kingdom of Imereti	Qajar Iran Ganja Khanate Erivan Khanate Armenians	Defeat • 13.000 Persians were killed by Georgians [50]
1800	Battle of Niakhura	On the shores of Iori River, Kakheti, Georgia,	Georgian–Lezgin wars	Russian Empire Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti	Avar Khanate Prince Alexander of Georgia	Victory

Russian Empire

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1807	Siege of Akhalkalaki  [ ru ]	Akhalkalaki, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia	Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)	Russian Empire	Ottoman Empire	Defeat [w]
1809	Battle of Maltakva	Maltakva River, Mingrelia, Georgia	Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)	Russian Empire Principality of Guria Principality of Mingrelia Principality of Abkhazia	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1810	Siege of Sukhum  [ ru ]	Sukhumi, Abkhazia, Georgia	Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)	Russian Empire	Ottoman Empire Principality of Abkhazia	Russian victory [x]
1812	Battle of Chumlaki  [ ka ] [51]	Gurjaani Municipality, Kakheti, Georgia	Kakheti uprising	Prince Grigol of Georgia	Russian Empire	Defeat
1828-1829	Battle of Akhaltsikhe	Akhaltsikhe, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia	Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)	Russian Empire	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1829	Battle of Limani	Near Shekvetili, Ozurgeti Municipality, Guria, Georgia	Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)	Russian Empire	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1841	Battle of Gogoreti  [ ka ]	Ozurgeti Municipality, Guria, Georgia	Rebellion in Guria (1841)	Russian Empire	Gurian rebels	Victory
1853	Battle of Shekvetili	Shekvetili, Ozurgeti Municipality, Guria, Georgia	Crimean War	Russian Empire Kutaisi Governorate	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1853	Battle of Akhaltsikhe	Akhaltsikhe, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia	Crimean War	Russian Empire Kutaisi Governorate	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1854	Battle of Nigoiti	Lanchkhuti Municipality, Guria, Georgia	Crimean War	Russian Empire Kutaisi Governorate	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1854	Battle of Choloki	Kakuti, Ozurgeti Municipality, Guria, Georgia	Crimean War	Russian Empire Kutaisi Governorate	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1855	Battle of Enguri  [ ka ]	On the shores of Enguri River, border between Mingrelia and Abkhazia, Georgia	Crimean War	Russian Empire Kutaisi Governorate	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1877-1878	Batumi operation  [ ru ]	Adjara, Georgia	Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)	Russian Empire	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1905	Battle of Nasakirali	Nasakirali, Ozurgeti Municipality, Guria, Georgia	Russian Revolution of 1905	Gurian Republic	Russian Empire Cossacks	Victory

Georgian Democratic Republic (1918–1921)

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1918	Battle of Batum [52] Battle of Anaria Fort  [ ka ]	Adjara, Georgia	Caucasus campaign	Transcaucasian Commissariat	Ottoman Empire	Defeat
1918	Battle of Choloki	Choloki River, Adjara, Georgia	Caucasus campaign	Transcaucasian Commissariat	Ottoman Empire	Victory
1918	Battle of Mokvi  [ ka ]	Ochamchire Municipality, Abkhazia, Georgia	Abkhazia conflict (1918)	Democratic Republic of Georgia	Ottoman Empire Abkhaz Muhacir landing force	Victory
1919	Battle of Gagra	Gagra Municipality, Abkhazia, Georgia	Sochi conflict	Democratic Republic of Georgia Military support: Green armies	White movement	Victory Georgians recapture Gagra
1919	Battle of Artvin	Artvin Province, Turkey	Part of Turkish War of Independence	Democratic Republic of Georgia	Ottoman Empire Republic of Kars	Victory Artvin and Ardahan transferred to Georgia
1921	Battle of Tbilisi  [ ka ]	Tbilisi, Georgia	Red Army invasion of Georgia	Democratic Republic of Georgia	Russian SFSR	Defeat
1921	Battle of Osiauri  [ ka ]	Khashuri Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia	Red Army invasion of Georgia	Democratic Republic of Georgia	Russian SFSR Georgian SSR	Defeat
1921	Battle of Surami  [ ka ]	Khashuri Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia	Red Army invasion of Georgia	Democratic Republic of Georgia	Russian SFSR Georgian SSR	Defeat
1921	Battle of Batumi	Adjara, Georgia	Red Army invasion of Georgia	Democratic Republic of Georgia Supported by: Georgian SSR	Turkish Provisional Government	Victory

Soviet Union (1922–1991)

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1941-1944	Siege of Leningrad	Saint Petersburg, Russia	Eastern Front of World War II	Germany   Finland Naval support:   Italy	Soviet Union 224th Georgian Division	Victory
1941-1942	Battle of the Kerch Peninsula	Crimea, Ukraine	Eastern Front of World War II Crimean campaign	Germany Romania	Soviet Union 224th Georgian Division [53] 414th Georgian Division	Defeat
1942-1943	Battle of the Caucasus [53]	Northern Caucasus	Eastern Front of World War II Case Blue	Germany Romania Slovakia	Soviet Union 276th Georgian Division 242nd Georgian Division 392nd Georgian Division 394th Georgian Division 406th Georgia Division 414th Georgian Division	Victory
1943	Battle of the Dnieper	Dnieper River, Ukraine and Russia	Eastern Front of World War II	Germany Romania	Soviet Union 394th Georgian Division	Victory
1943	Kerch–Eltigen operation	Crimea, Ukraine	Eastern Front of World War II	Germany Romania	Soviet Union 414th Georgian Division	Inconclusive
1944	Nikopol–Krivoi Rog offensive	Nikopol and Krivoi Rog area, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine	Eastern Front of World War II Dnieper–Carpathian offensive	Germany	Soviet Union 394th Georgian Division	Victory
1944	Battle of Crimea	Crimea, Ukraine	Eastern Front of World War II	Germany Romania	Soviet Union 414th Georgian Division	Victory
1944	First Jassy–Kishinev offensive	Eastern Romania	Eastern Front of World War II	Romania Germany	Soviet Union 394th Georgian Division	Defeat
1944	Battle of Vyborg Bay	Vyborg Bay	Continuation War	Finland Germany	Soviet Union 224th Georgian Division	Inconclusive
1944	Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive	Eastern and Southern Romania	Eastern Front of World War II	Romania (until 24 August 1944) Germany	Soviet Union 394th Georgian Division Romania (since 24 August 1944) Democratic Federal Yugoslavia Air support: United States	Victory

Republic of Georgia (1991–)

Date	Battle	Modern Location	Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Result
1992	Battle of Sokhumi	Sukhumi, Abkhazia, Georgia	War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)	Georgia	Abkhazia • Bagramyan Battalion	Victory
1992	Landing at Gagra	Gagra Municipality, Abkhazia, Georgia	War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)	Georgia	Abkhazia • Bagramyan Battalion	Victory
1992-1993	Siege of Tkvarcheli	Tkvarcheli, Abkhazia, Georgia	War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)	Georgia	Abkhazia Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus Bagramyan Battalion Russia	Defeat
1992	Battle of Gagra	Gagra Municipality, Abkhazia, Georgia	War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)	Georgia	Abkhazia Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus Bagramyan Battalion Russia	Defeat Abkhaz separatists capture Gagra District
1993	Battle of Gumista	Gumista River, Abkhazia, Georgia	War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)	Georgia	Abkhazia Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus Bagramyan Battalion Russia	Victory Abkhaz separatists fail to capture Sokhumi
1993	July Offensive	Sukhumi and Ochamchire Municipality, Abkhazia, Georgia	War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)	Georgia	Abkhazia Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus Bagramyan Battalion Russia	Inconclusive
1993	Battle of Kamani	Sukhumi Municipality, Abkhazia, Georgia	War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)	Georgia	Abkhazia Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus Bagramyan Battalion Russia	Defeat
1993	Battle of Tamishi  [ ka ] [54]	Sukhumi Municipality, Abkhazia, Georgia	War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)	Georgia	Abkhazia Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus Bagramyan Battalion Russia	Victory
1993	Fall of Sokhumi  [ ka ]	Sokhumi, Abkhazia, Georgia	War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)	Georgia	Abkhazia Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus Bagramyan Battalion Russia	Defeat
1993	Battle of Poti	Poti, Mingrelia, Georgia	Georgian Civil War	Eduard Shevardnadze government Russia	Zviadists	Victory of the Shevardnadze government and Russia
1993	Battle of Samtredia	Samtredia, Imereti, Georgia	Georgian Civil War	Eduard Shevardnadze government Russia	Zviadists	Victory of the Shevardnadze government and Russia
2006–2014	Battle of Nawzad	Nawzad, Helmand province, Afghanistan	War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)	International Security Assistance Force United States United Kingdom Estonia Georgia	Taliban	Indecisive
2008	Operation Phantom Phoenix	North-central Iraq	Iraq War	United States Iraq Georgia United Kingdom	Islamic state of Iraq Other Iraqi Insurgents	Partial victory
2008	Battle of Tskhinvali	Tskhinvali, Shida Kartli, Georgia (de facto South Ossetia)	Russo-Georgian War	Georgia	South Ossetia Russia	Defeat
2008	Battle in the Liakhvi Gorge	Georgia (de facto South Ossetia)	Russo-Georgian War	Georgia	South Ossetia Russia	Defeat
2008	Battle of the Kodori Valley	Upper Abkhazia, Georgia	Russo-Georgian War	Georgia	Abkhazia Russia	Defeat
2008	Bombing of Tbilisi	Tbilisi, Georgia	Russo-Georgian War	Georgia	Russia	Defeat
2008	Battle off the coast of Abkhazia	Black Sea off Abkhazia, in the vicinity of Ochamchire, Georgia	Russo-Georgian War	Georgia	Abkhazia Russia	Defeat
2008	Battle of Shindisi  [ ka ]	Shindisi, Gori Municipality, Georgia	Russo-Georgian War	Georgia	South Ossetia Russia	Defeat
2008	Occupation of Poti	Poti, Mingrelia, Georgia	Russo-Georgian War	Georgia	Russia	Defeat
2008	Occupation of Gori	Gori, Shida Kartli, Georgia	Russo-Georgian War	Georgia	Russia	Defeat
2010–2011	Battle of Sangin	Sangin District, Helmand Province, Afghanistan	War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)	ISAF / NATO United States Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Georgia	Taliban	Victory

Notes

1. Archaepolis
2. Or 1075 ^[13]
3. Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti conclusively annexed to the Kingdom of Georgia in 1105
4. Ahlatshahs and Beylik of Dilmaç become vassal of the Kingdom of Georgia
5. Last battle between Eldiguzids and Kingdom of Georgia
6. Jahan Shah quietly left the battlefield at night and escaped to Tabriz
7. Last battle with Turkomans
8. Kingdom of Kartli recognizes the ascension of Gurian-supported Levan of Kakheti to the throne.
9. Principality of Samtskhe is annexed by Imereti
10. Death of both Shahverdi Sultan and Luarsab I of Kartli
11. Simon I of Kartli defeats Safavids in a battle, but is captured and imprisoned, while Daud Khan assumes nominal control of Kartli
12. Georgian-Kizilbash army fails to recapture Tbilisi ^[30]
13. Army of the Ottoman Empire fails to capture Kartli
14. Simon I of Kartli recognizes Rostom as the King of Imereti
15. King Simon I of Kartli liberates city Gori from the Ottoman Empire
16. Simon who was taken captive, was brought to Istanbul and imprisoned in Yedikule.
17. Vameq is confirmed as Prince of Mingrelia and Imereti restores hegemony over western Georgia.
18. 80,000 Turkoman and Persian killed by Georgians
19. George IV of Guria is crowned as King of Imereti, but George VII of Imereti soon regains power
20. Erivan Khanate becomes vassal of the Kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti ^[43]
21. Erivan Khanate and Ganja Khanate again become vassals of the Kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti ^[44]
22. Lower Guria remains under Ottoman control
23. Russian general Ivan Gudovich fails to capture Akhalkalaki and retreats while having lost a third of his forces.
24. Abkhazia joins Russian Empire as an autonomous principality

See also

• List of wars involving Georgia (country)

References

1. Appian, p. 103.
2. Edwell, Peter (2021). Rome and Persia at War: Imperial Competition and Contact, 193–363 CE. Routledge. p. 36.
3. Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 46.
4. Petersen 2013, p. 271.
5. Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 47.
6. "Battle of Tsakhar 556". Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia (PDF) (in Georgian). Vol. 11. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. 1987. p. 265.
7. Kaegi 2003, p. 143.
8. Khalid Yahya Blankinship (1994). The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām Ibn ʿAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. State University of New York Press. p. 172. ISBN   9780791496831.
9. Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edition, p. 28. Indiana University Press, ISBN   0253209153
10. Mikaberidze 2015, p. 424.
11. Thomson 1996, p. 260.
12. Allen 2023, p. 89.
13. Rayfield 2012, p. 82.
14. Fähnrich 2010, p. 197.
15. Rayfield 2012, p. 127.
16. Peacock 2006, p. 130.
17. Minorsky 1953, p. 96.
18. Bogveradze, A. (1984). "Niali Battle 1191". Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia (PDF) (in Georgian). Vol. 7. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. p. 406.
19. ( Silogava & Shengelia 2007 , p. 68)
20. Allen 2023, p. 116.
21. "Battle of Kvishkheti 1260". Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia (PDF) (in Georgian). Vol. 10. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. 1986. p. 523.
22. Constantin d'Ohsson (1852). Histoire des Mongols: depuis Tchinguiz-Khan jusqu'à Timour Bey, ou Tamerlan (in French). Vol. IV. Les fères Van Cleef. p. 330.
23. Rayfield 2012, p. 149.
24. Javakhishvili 1949, p. 193.
25. Rayfield 2012, p. 225.
26. Nodar Asatiani; Otar Janelidze (2009). History of Georgia: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Publishing House Petite. p. 127. ISBN   9789941906367.
27. Rayfield 2012, p. 172.
28. Mikaberidze 2015, p. 259.
29. Rayfield 2012, p. 250.
30. Rayfield 2012, p. 177.
31. Kalistrat Salia (1983). History of the Georgian Nation. Paris. p. 261.
32. Fähnrich 2010, p. 328.
33. Rayfield 2012, p. 282.
34. Rayfield 2012, p. 213.
35. Rayfield 2012, p. 218.
36. Rayfield 2012, p. 226.
37. Rayfield 2012, p. 235.
38. David Marshall Lang. Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797–1889: a documentary record Columbia University Press, 1957 (digitalised March 2009, originally from the University of Michigan), p. 142.
39. Valeri Silogava, Kakha Shengelia. "History of Georgia: From the Ancient Times Through the "Rose Revolution" Caucasus University Publishing House, 2007 ISBN   978-9994086160 pp. 158, 278.
40. Mikaberidze 2015, p. 120.
41. Mikaberidze 2015, p. 122.
42. Kakhaber Demetrashvili (2022). The Political Relationship of the Georgian Kings with the Rulers of the Shaki Khanate in the Middle of the 18th Century. Ilia State University. p. 2.
43. Fähnrich 2010, p. 316.
44. Fähnrich 2010, p. 318.
45. Kakhaber Demetrashvili (2022). The Political Relationship of the Georgian Kings with the Rulers of the Shaki Khanate in the Middle of the 18th Century. Ilia State University. p. 3.
46. Rayfield 2013, p. 240.
47. Fähnrich 2010, p. 292.
48. Rayfield 2013, p. 243.
49. Mikaberidze 2015, p. 586.
50. Rayfield 2012, p. 255.
51. Khatuna Kokrashvili (2020). Anti-Russian Demonstrations in Georgia in the First Half of the XIX Century (PDF). Rondeli Foundation. p. 6.
52. Gürbüz, Musa (2009). "Turkish Military Activities in the Caucasus Following the 1917 Russian Revolution: The Battle of Sardarabad and its Political Consequences". Review of Armenian Studies. 19–20: 112.
53. Asatiani & Janelidze 2009, p. 392.
54. "Battle of Tamishi - Facing unexpected landing". Radio Freedom (in Georgian). 10 July 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2023.

Bibliography

• Appian. The Mithridatic Wars.
• Bagrationi, Vakhushti (1976). Nakashidze, N.T. (ed.). История Царства Грузинского [History of the Kingdom of Georgia](PDF) (in Russian). Tbilisi: Metsniereba. pp. 133–135.
• Bournoutian, George A. (1997). "Eastern Armenia from the Seventeenth Century to the Russian Annexation". In Hovannisian, Richard (ed.). The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. Macmillan. pp. 81–107. ISBN   0-333-61974-9.
• Javakhishvili, Ivane (1949). ქართველი ერის ისტორია, ტომი III [History of the Georgian nation, volume III] (in Georgian). Tbilisi: Metsniereba.
• Javakhishvili, Ivane. ქართველი ერის ისტორია, წიგნი IV [History of the Georgian nation, book IV](PDF) (in Georgian). pp. 30–32.
• Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003). Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-81459-6.
• Petersen, Leif Inge Ree (2013). Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam. BRILL. ISBN   978-9004254466.
• Rayfield, Donald (2013). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. ISBN   978-1780230702.
• Minorsky, Vladimir (1953). Studies in Caucasian History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521057356.
• Brosset, Marie-Félicité (1849). Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle. Volume I[History of Georgia from Ancient Times to the 19th Century, Volume 1] (in French). Saint-Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences.
• Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires, a History of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN   9781780230306.
• Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN   9781442241466.
• Asatiani, Nodar; Janelidze, Otar (2009). History of Georgia: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Publishing House Petite. ISBN   9789941906367.
• Fähnrich, Heinz (2010). Geschichte Georgiens (in German). Brill Publishers. ISBN   978-9004184503.
• Allen, William (2023). A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   9781000855302.
• Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia
• Rakhmanalieva (1992). Тамерлан. Эпоха. Личность. Деяния. Москва: Гураш.
• Thomson, Robert W. (1996). Rewriting Caucasian History. Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-826373-2.
• Silogava, Valeri; Shengelia, Kakha (2007). History of Georgia: From the Ancient Times Through the "Rose Revolution". Caucasus University Publishing House. ISBN   9789994086160.
• Narimanishvili, Goderdzi; Shanshashvili, Nino (2018). Trialeti: Cultural and Historical Heritage, Ancient Sources and Prospects of Research. Georgian National Museum. ISBN   9789941279652.
• Frye, R. N. (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-20093-6.
• Baumer, Christoph (2021). History of the Caucasus. Volume one, At the crossroads of empires. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN   978-1-78831-007-9. OCLC   1259549144.
• Peacock, Andrew (2006). "Georgia and the Anatolian Turks in the 12th and 13th centuries" . Anatolian Studies. 56: 127–146. doi:10.1017/S0066154600000806. ISSN   0066-1546. JSTOR   20065551. S2CID   155798755.