Roads in Georgia (country)

Last updated

Georgia road network
S1 Highway sign (green).svg S5-GE.svg SH26-GE.svg
Main road network of Georgia.png
System information
Maintained by the Roads Department of Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia (GeoRoad)
Length21,110 km [1] [2]  (13,120 mi)
Formed1996 [3]
Highway names
International roads x - xx (S)
State roads x - xxx (Sh)
Local roads x - xxx (A, per municipality)
System links
  • Roads in Georgia

Georgia's road network plays an important role in both domestic and international traffic with the four neighboring countries. This is expressed in the road numbering system. The country has a network of 13 internationally oriented trunk highways that connect the capital Tbilisi, home to about a third of the national population, with its four neighboring countries. This is also the backbone of a network of domestic oriented national roads connecting vital regions with each other.

Contents

The total length of the road network is approximately 21,110 kilometres (13,120 mi) according to 2021 numbers. [2] Only a limited number of these are express roads or motorways which are in good condition. The quality of the other roads varies greatly. Signposts are in both Georgian and Latin script, but the road number prefix is always in Georgian script. European E-routes are indicated on the signposts while Asian AH roads are not.

Numbering

Georgia has few Limited-access roads Mtskheta road (January 2013).jpg
Georgia has few Limited-access roads

The road numbering in Georgia consists of three layers: roads of "international" (Georgian: საერთაშორისო, saertashoriso), "domestic" (შიდასახელმწიფოებრივი, shidasakhelmts’ipoebrivi) and "local" (ადგილობრივი, adgilobrivi) importance. This system was introduced at the end of 1996, including a new list of major roads. [3]

The law on roads defines: [4]

These three categories are denoted by the Georgian letters ს (S), შ (Sh) and ა (A), derived from the first letter of their class:

The list of international (S) and domestic (Sh) roads is reviewed every 5 years according to the road law and requires government approval. [4] Since the decentralization in 2007, local A-roads are designated by the municipalities. Each municipality manages up to hundreds of A-roads. In the Autonomous Republics of Adjara and Abkhazia, local A roads are reviewed every three years by the Autonomous Government. For Abkhazia, this is the autonomous government-in-exile recognized by Tbilisi, which effectively exercises no authority over the area.

Network

Roads of "international importance" in Georgia Georgia International S Highways.svg
Roads of "international importance" in Georgia
European and Asian highways through Georgia Georgia International E Roads.svg
European and Asian highways through Georgia

Since the introduction of the current system, the Georgian network of numbered roads has been gradually expanding. In 2011, the S13 was added as an S-trunk highway, promoted from an Sh-road, after the decision to open a new border crossing with Turkey. Adjustment in highway lengths occur due to realignments. Most of the growth in the route network is achieved with the Sh roads of domestic importance. In 2006 the amount of routes increased considerably due to a major reassessment. The table below does not specify A-roads of local importance as data is generally not very consistent or complete to create a reliable picture. S and Sh roads fall under the responsibility of the Roads Department of the Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia while local A roads are the responsibility of municipalities.

1996 [3] 2005 [5] 2006 [6] 2008 [7] 2011 [8] 2014 [9] 2017 [10] 2022 [1]
-roads (S)Amount1212121213131313
Length1581 km
982 mi
1581 km
982 mi
1565 km
972 mi
1563 km
971 mi
1603 km
996 mi
1603 km
996 mi
1595 km
991 mi
1593 km
990 mi
-roads (Sh)Amount7374194199200202205205
Length3392 km
2108 mi
3417 km
2123 mi
5446 km
3384 mi
5446 km
3384 mi
5308 km
3298 mi
5298 km
3292 mi
5373 km
3339 mi
5460 km
3390 mi
Total length4973 km
3090 mi
4998 km
3106 mi
7011 km
4356 mi
7009 km
4355 mi
6911 km
4294 mi
6901 km
4288 mi
6968 km
4330 mi
7053 km
4383 mi
The table is based on successive decreed lists for "Determination of International, Domestic and Local Roads of Georgia" of 1996, [3] 2005, [5] 2006, [6] 2008, [7] 2011, [8] 2014, [9] 2017 [10] and 2022. [1]

Roads of international importance

Shield S3-GE.svg
Shield
Road sign S highway Georgian highway.jpg
Road sign S highway

The S-roads "of international importance" are indicated by a blue shield with white letters. The expressway or motorway sections are marked with a green shield with white letters. These highways are numbered ს1 to ს13 (or S1 to S13). Eleven of these terminate at Georgia's international border, while two act as connectors within the S-network (S9 and S12). The S9 is the mandatory bypass around Tbilisi for international transit traffic between the S1, S4 and S5 highways, while the S12 connects S1 and S2 highways via a shorter route to/from Turkey. Two S-routes run partially through Abkhazia (S1) and South Ossetia (S10) regions which sections are beyond control of Georgian authorities. Through travel is not possible from/to Tbilisi controlled territory, except for foot passage into Abkhazia. However, these roads serve traffic with Russia from within both regions.

Most of the roughly 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) of S-roads are in a good or acceptable condition with an asphalt or concrete surface. Typically they have been built as two-lane highway. Limited sections have been upgraded since 2006 to motorway and 2 or 4 lane expressway and this is gradually expanding. These upgrades are mostly related to the E60/E70 East-West Highway project, an internationally sponsored project to upgrade the (East-West) transport corridor through Georgia, connecting Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey. Most S-routes are part of European E-roads which are often signposted together with the Georgian road numbers. Three Asian Highway Network routes traverse Georgia, but these are not signposted.

Roads of domestic importance

Shield SH26-GE.svg
Shield
Destination sign Sh road Pshaveli Sh43 road sign.jpg
Destination sign Sh road

The vast network of 5,460 km (3,390 mi) domestic Sh-roads connects vital regions with each other and the capital. By far most of these routes are relatively short, but some routes are quite long, up to nearly 200 km. The longer Sh-roads are interregional in nature while others are designed as part of a subregional network, provide access to the main S-highways or remote mountain valleys. The list of Sh-routes is slowly expanding. Recent additions შ203, შ204, შ 205 and შ 208 are former parts of the S1, S2 and S12 highways, renumbered to Sh-road after realignment of sections of these highways. More of such additions can be expected with the ongoing and scheduled realignment of parts of key S-highways. At the same time, new important regional routes are being built in mountain regions and elsewhere, such as the შ 209 Sachkhere - Oni road.

The condition of Sh-roads varies from excellent to horrid. From newly sealed (asphalt) to unsealed or lacking decades of reconstruction. This mixed picture also applies to long distance Sh-routes. That said, with the limited resources the state has, some key projects have been launched since 2006, and increasingly so since 2014. The Sh7 road to Mestia in the Svaneti mountain valley and the long distance Sh31 through the southern Samtskhe-Javakheti region were key regional road projects during the tenure of 3rd President Saakashvili. In more recent years other long and medium distance roads in the regions in partially or wholly terrible shape have been reconstructed, such as the Sh16 through Racha, the Sh26 to Shatili, the Sh38 across the Gombori mountains and others. Also, the construction of regional bypasses, such as the new Sh207 Gurjaani-Bakurtsikhe Bypass, [11] are a point of attention. Overall, the quality of the regional road network is improving with the years, but large sections remain in bad (unsealed) condition under sometimes harsh climatic conditions, especially in the mountainous regions.

Speed limits

Speed limits GE road sign 7.1.svg
Speed limits

The speed limits in Georgia are determined by the Traffic Act, Section 33. [12]

Historically, the speed limit in Georgia was 90 km/h (56 mph) as there were no motorways in the country. That has changed since construction of motorways commenced with the new government after the 2003 Rose Revolution for which the speed limit was raised to 110 km/h (68 mph). This limit can mainly be found on a large part of the S1/E60 highway between Tbilisi and Samtredia, but also on the short motorway section of the S12. In contrast, the short motorway section of the S4 between Tbilisi and Rustavi has a speed limit of 90 km/h (56 mph).

VervoersmiddelCityRuralMotorways
Passenger and cargo vehicle (<3.5 t)60 km/h (37 mph)90 km/h (56 mph)110 km/h (68 mph)
Small bus and motorcycle60 km/h (37 mph)80 km/h (50 mph)80 km/h (50 mph)
Vehicle with trailer (>3.5 t)60 km/h (37 mph)70 km/h (43 mph)80 km/h (50 mph)
Vehicle with passenger trailer60 km/h (37 mph)60 km/h (37 mph)60 km/h (37 mph)

There are a number of streets in Tbilisi, Batumi and Kutaisi where the speed limit exceeds the general 60 km/h (37 mph) limit for built-up areas. These are for example:

History

Numbered main roads Caucasus region USSR 1960-1982. Main Roads Caucasus region USSR 1960-1982.svg
Numbered main roads Caucasus region USSR 1960–1982.

For decades the Soviet Union lacked a systematic public numbering system for its (trunk) road network. In 1960 a list of 37 numbered "highways of national importance" across the 15 Soviet Socialist Republics was adopted. [13] Three of these routes passed through the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic: the 16, 17 and 19. These were canceled in 1982 with a major revision of the road numbering.

RouteLength*Currently part of
16 Beslan - Ordzhonikidze - Tbilisi - Leninakan - Yerevan 270 km (170 mi) S3 (Georgian Military Highway) and S6 via Marneuli with transit through Tbilisi city.
17 Tbilisi - Kutaisi - Samtredia 245 km (152 mi) S1 between Natakhtari and Samtredia but through the cities of Gori, Khashuri and Kutaisi
19 Novorossiysk - Batumi 404 km (251 mi) S1 (Sokhumi - Zugdidi, Samtredia), part of S12, Sh2 via Ozurgeti and S2
*) Shown is the length of the route within the Georgian SSR.
M and A main roads through Georgia 1982-1996 Main Roads Georgia 1982-1996.svg
M and A main roads through Georgia 1982-1996

In 1982 a three-tier classification system was adopted in the Soviet Union with M, A and R (Russian : Р) routes, which laid the foundation for the current Georgian numbered trunk road network. The routes can still be found in the current Georgian network, especially the M and A roads. The M (Магистральные, Magistral'nyye, arterial) and A (Автомобильные, Avtomobil'nyye, automobile) routes "of national importance" were assigned at the federal Soviet level, while the R ("republican") routes were assigned at the SSR republic level. Cross border R-routes therefore had different numbers on either side of the internal border. The A-routes had 3 digits and were assigned according to their region: the 300 series was assigned to the Caucasus and Central Asia. The A routes had 3 digits and were assigned according to their region: the 300 series was assigned to the Caucasus and Central Asia. [14] The R routes had 1 to 3 digits, based on their importance in the road network.

One M-route (M-27) and ten A-routes (A-301 to A-310) led through the Georgian SSR. [15] These designations were maintained in independent Georgia until 1996/1997 when Georgia switched to their own (and current) system.

RouteLength*Currently part of
M-27 Novorossiysk - Tbilisi - Baku 604 km (375 mi)Entire S1, through Tbilisi city, and entire S4.
A-301 Tbilisi (Natakhtari) - Beslan 137 km (85 mi) S3 (Georgian Military Highway)
A-302 Tbilisi - Lagodekhi via Bakurtsikhe 152 km (94 mi) S5 (Kakheti Highway). A-302 continued as A-315 after Lagodekhi
A-303 Tbilisi - Bogdanovka (Ninotsminda) via Manglisi 164 km (102 mi)Via Tbilisi's Sololaki District, Kojori, Manglisi and then Sh31 to Ninotsminda.
A-304 Tbilisi - Leninakan (Gyumri) until A-30698 km (61 mi)Entire S6
A-305 Mikha Tskhakaya (Airbase Senaki, M-27) - Batumi 97 km (60 mi) S2 highway from Senaki via Poti to Batumi
A-306 Batumi - Leninakan (Gyumri) through Akhaltsikhe 166 km (103 mi)Sh2 Batumi - Akhaltsikhe and S11 via Ninotsminda to Armenia
A-307 Kutaisi - Benara (A-306) via Sairme104 km (65 mi)Sh14 Kutaisi - Benara (Sh2 connection) via Baghdati and Sairme
A-308 Khashuri - Akhaltsikhe 77 km (48 mi) S8 highway Khashuri - Akhaltsikhe via Borjomi
A-309 Bzyb - Avadhara through Ritsu 59 km (37 mi)Entire Sh11 route (located in Abkhazia).
A-310 Kirovakan (Vanadzor) - Marneuli through Alaverdi 349 km (217 mi)Entire S7 highway Marneuli - Sadakhlo
*) Shown is the length of the route within the Georgian SSR.

In 1997, remaining terminology of the Soviet numbering system were subtly removed from the old road law. The word "trunk road" (მაგისტრალური, magist'raluri, for M-road) was replaced with "international" and "republican" (რესპუბლიკური, resp'ublik'uri, R-road) with "domestic". [16]

In practice this meant that most of the (Soviet) Georgian A-routes and the only M-route were reclassified and renumbered as S-roads and former R-routes as Sh-roads. The rationale behind this was that most of the M and A major roads that independent Georgia inherited from the Soviet Union in 1991 lead to the country's outer borders, in some cases with a short extension, such as the S2 and S8. As a result, the trunk road network became strongly internationally oriented.

Border checkpoints

Georgia has 14 border checkpoints for vehicular traffic with its four neighbours. Eleven of these are the terminus of an S-road, the other three connect to a domestic Sh-road.

Turkish-Georgian border in Sarpi Georgian-Turkish border, Sarpi village, Georgia.jpg
Turkish-Georgian border in Sarpi
Georgian-Russian border in Darial Gorge (Stepantsminda) Dariali Gorge at the Georgian border checkpoint (Verkhny Lars) to Russia.jpg
Georgian-Russian border in Darial Gorge (Stepantsminda)
CountryHighwayMunicipalityRegion
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkish border S2-GE.svgTabliczka E70.svg ს 2  / E70 Khelvachauri Adjara
S8-GE.svgTabliczka E691.svg ს 8  / E691 Akhaltsikhe Samtskhe-Javakheti
S13-GE.svg ს 13 Akhalkalaki Samtskhe-Javakheti
Flag of Armenia.svg Armenian border S11-GE.svgTabliczka E691.svg ს 11  / E691 Ninotsminda Samtskhe-Javakheti
S6-GE.svgTabliczka E117.svg ს 6  / E117 Dmanisi Kvemo Kartli
SH37-GE.svg შ 37 Marneuli Kvemo Kartli
S7-GE.svgTabliczka E001.svg ს 7  / E001 Marneuli Kvemo Kartli
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijani border S4-GE.svgTabliczka E60.svg ს 4  / E60 Marneuli Kvemo Kartli
SH66-GE.svg შ 66 Gardabani Kvemo Kartli
SH173-GE.svg შ 173 Dedoplistskaro Kakheti
S5-GE.svg ს 5 Lagodekhi Kakheti
Flag of Russia.svg Russian border S3-GE.svgTabliczka E117.svg ს 3  / E117 Stepantsminda Mtskheta-Mtianeti
S10-GE.svg ს 10 Java Shida Kartli
S1-GE.svgTabliczka E97.svg ს 1  / E97 Gagra Abkhazia

See also

Related Research Articles

For Soviet transportation, see Transport in the Soviet Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Controlled-access highway</span> Highway designed for high-speed, regulated traffic flow

A controlled-access highway is a type of highway that has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow—ingress and egress—regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway, and expressway. Other similar terms include throughway or thruway and parkway. Some of these may be limited-access highways, although this term can also refer to a class of highways with somewhat less isolation from other traffic.

This article describes the highway systems available in selected countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">State highways (Italy)</span> State highway system of Italy

The Strade Statali, abbreviated SS, are the Italian national network of state highways. The total length of the network is about 25,000 km (16,000 mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S1 highway (Georgia)</span> Trunk road in Georgia

The Georgian S1 route, is a "road of international importance" with a registered length of 542.7 kilometres (337.2 mi) within the Georgian classification system, which makes it the longest Georgian highway route. It runs from Tbilisi via Mtskheta, Gori, Khashuri, Zestaponi, Kutaisi, Samtredia, Senaki, Zugdidi, Sukhumi and Gagra to the border with Russia near Leselidze at the northwestern tip of the country, covering in practice 537 kilometres (334 mi). After crossing the Georgia–Russia border in breakaway Abkhazia, the highway continues to Sochi and Krasnodar as A147. It is part of European E60, E97 and E117 routes and Asian Highways AH5, AH81 and AH82, and connects with six other S-routes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S2 highway (Georgia)</span> Trunk road in Georgia

The Georgian route S2, also known as Senaki-Poti-Sarpi , is a "road of international importance" within the Georgian road network which runs from Senaki via Poti, Kobuleti, and Batumi to the border with Turkey near Sarpi (Adjara) with a length of 119 kilometres (74 mi). After crossing the Georgian-Turkish border the highway continues as D.010 to Trabzon. The S2 highway is part of European E60, E70, E97 and Asian AH5 routes and is mostly built as a 2-lane road through villages, towns and cities. Part of the highway has been upgraded in recent years to a single carriageway with hard shoulder bypassing residential communities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S3 highway (Georgia)</span> Trunk road in Georgia

The Georgian S3 route, also known as Mtskheta-Stepantsminda-Larsi or Georgian Military Road, is a "road of international importance" within the Georgian road network and runs from Mtskheta to the border with Russia near Stepantsminda with a length of 139 kilometres (86 mi). After crossing the Georgian-Russian border the highway continues as A161 to Vladikavkaz, the capital of Russia's North Ossetia–Alania federal republic. The highway is the only open land route between Russia and Georgia (country), while routes via Georgian breakaways South Ossetia and Abkhazia are effectively closed for through traffic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S4 highway (Georgia)</span> Trunk road in Georgia

The Georgian S4 route, also known as Tbilisi–Red Bridge or Rustavi Highway, is a "road of international importance" within the Georgian road network and runs from Tbilisi via Rustavi city to the border with Azerbaijan at the Red Bridge over a distance of 57 kilometres (35 mi). After crossing the Georgian-Azerbaijan border the highway continues as M2 to Ganja and Baku.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S5 highway (Georgia)</span> Trunk road in Georgia

The Georgian S5 route, also known as Tbilisi-Bakurtsikhe-Lagodekhi or Kakheti Highway, is a "road of international importance" within the Georgian road network and runs from Tbilisi via Sagarejo and Bakurtsikhe to the border with Azerbaijan near Lagodekhi over a distance of 160 kilometres (99 mi). After crossing the Georgian-Azerbaijan border the highway continues as M5 to Zagatala and Yevlakh. The S5 highway is one of the two Georgian S-highways that is not part of the European or Asian international highway routes. Within the Georgian S-network it connects with the S9 Tbilisi Bypass.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S6 highway (Georgia)</span> Trunk road in Georgia

The Georgian S6 route, also known as Ponichala–Marneuli–Guguti , is a "road of international importance" within the Georgian road network and runs from Ponichala in Tbilisi via Marneuli and Bolnisi to the border with Armenia near Guguti over a distance of 98 kilometres (61 mi). After crossing the Georgian-Armenian border the highway continues as M3 to Vanadzor and Ashtarak, northwest of Yerevan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S7 highway (Georgia)</span> Trunk road in Georgia

The Georgian S7 route, also known as Marneuli–Sadakhlo , is a "road of international importance" within the Georgian road network and runs from Marneuli to the border with Armenia near Sadakhlo over a distance of 34 kilometres (21 mi), making it the shortest S-highway in Georgia. After crossing the Georgian-Armenian border the highway continues as M6 to Vanadzor, Armenia's third largest city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S8 highway (Georgia)</span> Trunk road in Georgia

The Georgian S8 route, also known as Khashuri–Akhaltsikhe-Vale , is a "road of international importance" within the Georgian system and runs from Khashuri via Borjomi and Akhaltsikhe to the border with Turkey near Vale over a distance of 97 kilometres (60 mi). After crossing the Georgia–Turkey border the highway continues as D955 to Ardahan. The S8 is a two lane road and is part of European route E691 between Akhaltsikhe and the Turkish border, and part of the Asian Highway AH82 between Khashuri and Akhaltsikhe. It connects with the Georgian S11 highway in Akhaltsikhe. The road is mostly located in the Samtskhe–Javakheti region, while its Khashuri segment is located in the Shida Kartli region. The S8 highway route follows the Kura river through its gorge until Akhaltsikhe and reaches a maximum altitude of 1230 metres (4040 ft) above sea level at the Georgia–Turkey border.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S9 highway (Georgia)</span> Trunk road in Georgia

The Georgian S9 route, also known as Tbilisi Bypass, is a "road of international importance" within the Georgian road network with a length of 49 kilometres (30 mi) and runs in a wide curve around the East side of Tbilisi between the S1 Highway near Mtskheta) to the S4 Highway near Rustavi. The bypass intersects with the S5 "Kakheti Highway" near the Tbilisi International Airport and is part of the European E60 and Asian AH5 and AH81 routes. Transit traffic is mandated to take the bypass around Tbilisi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S10 highway (Georgia)</span> Trunk road in Georgia

The Georgian S10 route, also known as "Gori-Tskhinvali-Gupta-Java-Roki ", is a "road of international importance" within the Georgian road network from Gori via Tskhinvali to the Russian border at the Roki Tunnel with a length of 92.5 kilometres (57.5 mi). After crossing the Russian border the road continues as A164 highway to Alagir and the R217 "Caucasus Highway". The S10 route, which intersects with the S1 highway just outside of the city of Gori, is often referred to as Transkam or Transcaucasian Highway. It is not part of European or Asian international highway routes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S11 highway (Georgia)</span> Trunk road in Georgia

The Georgian S11 route, also known as Akhaltsikhe - Ninotsminda , is a "road of international importance" within the Georgian system and runs from Akhaltsikhe via Akhalkalaki to the border with Armenia near Ninotsminda covering 112 kilometres (70 mi). After crossing the Georgia–Armenia border the highway continues as M1 to Gyumri, Armenia's second largest city. The entire two-lane S11 is part of the European E691 and Asian AH82 routes and connects with two other Georgian S-highways. The road is located entirely in the Samtskhe–Javakheti region which is geographically an extension of the Armenian Highlands, and reaches a maximum altitude of 2,150 metres (7,050 ft) above sea level without passing any mountain passes. The high altitude plains between Akhalkalaki and the Armenian border have a harsh winter climate, leading to frequent road closures due to high snow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S12 highway (Georgia)</span> Trunk road in Georgia

The Georgian S12 route, also known as Samtredia-Lanchkhuti-Grigoleti, is a 56 kilometres (35 mi) long "road of international importance" within the Georgian road network which branches off the S1 highway in Samtredia and runs to the S2 highway near Grigoleti (Guria). It is part of the main route between Kutaisi and Batumi, bypassing the Black Sea port Poti. Within the European E-road network it is referred to as E692. Most of the S12 is a two-lane road through villages and towns, while a limited part is a motorway since 2020. Upgrading the entire S12 to a four lane motorway is work in progress but experiences severe delays.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Speed limits in Georgia (country)</span>

The speed limits in Georgia are regulated by Law of Road Safety, article 29.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S13 highway (Georgia)</span> Trunk road in Georgia

The S13 route, also known as "Akhalkalaki-Kartsakhi", is a 36.5 kilometres (22.7 mi) highway route of "international importance" in southern Georgia from Akhalkalaki to the Turkish border near Kartsakhi. The route branches off from the S11/E691 highway on the northside of Akhalkalaki. It is a simple (two-lane) asphalt road through the highlands that are characteristic for the Samtskhe–Javakheti region. The road starts at 1700 m (5600 ft) above sea level and gradually climbs to 1970 m (6460 ft) before reaching the Turkish border at 1820 m (5970 ft), the 3rd highest border checkpoint in Georgia next to Georgia's 2nd largest lake. After the Turkish border, the road continues to the Turkish D010 at Çıldır. It is the shortest route from Armenia to Turkey, shortcutting the E691 route.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "2022 List of highways of international and domestic importance" (in Georgian). The Legislative Herald of Georgia. 19 July 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  2. 1 2 "Statistical Yearbook Georgia 2021" (PDF). National Statistics Office of Georgia (GeoStat). 2021. p. 200. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "On Approval of Indicators and List for Determination of International, Domestic and Local Roads of Georgia" (in Georgian). The Legislative Herald of Georgia. 16 December 1996. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  4. 1 2 "Law "About motor roads", consolidated version of 15 July 2020" (in Georgian). The Legislative Herald of Georgia. 15 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  5. 1 2 "2005 List of Roads of International, Domestic and Local Importance" (in Georgian). The Legislative Herald of Georgia. 5 August 2005. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  6. 1 2 "2006 List for Determination of International, Domestic and Local Roads of Georgia" (in Georgian). The Legislative Herald of Georgia. 15 September 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  7. 1 2 "2008 List for Determination of International, Domestic and Local Roads of Georgia" (in Georgian). The Legislative Herald of Georgia. 3 November 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  8. 1 2 "2011 List of highways of international and domestic importance" (in Georgian). The Legislative Herald of Georgia. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  9. 1 2 "2014 List of highways of international and domestic importance" (in Georgian). The Legislative Herald of Georgia. 18 June 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  10. 1 2 "2017 List of highways of international and domestic importance" (in Georgian). The Legislative Herald of Georgia. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  11. "Photo Gallery: Construction of Bakurtsikhe-Gurjaani bypass road is being completed" (in Georgian). Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure of Georgia. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  12. "Law of Georgia - About traffic (consolidated version 16-11-2021)" (in Georgian). The Legislative Herald of Georgia. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  13. "Resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of 12/22/1960 N 1303 "On approval of the List of highways of national importance"" (in Russian). USSR Law. 22 December 1960. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  14. "Road numbering systems - Russia" . Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  15. "Decision of the Council of Ministries of the USSR of 08.27.1982 N 800 on Approval of the List of Roads of the USSR of National Significance" (in Russian). USSR Law. 27 August 1982. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  16. "On Changes and Amendments to the Law of the Republic of Georgia on Roads" (in Georgian). The Legislative Herald of Georgia. 16 October 1997. Retrieved 13 December 2021.