Ma'anyan people

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Ma'anyan people
Dusun Ma'anyan / Dayak Ma'anyan / Eastern Barito Dayak
Maanyan Women at Keang Ethnic Festival 151030003.JPG
Ma'anyan women at Keang Ethnic Festival.
Total population
Approximately 85,000
Regions with significant populations
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia :
Central Kalimantan 71,000
South Kalimantan 10,000
Languages
Ma'anyan language, Ngaju language, Banjar language, East Barito languages, Indonesian language
Religion
Christianity (Protestant & Roman Catholic) 86%, Kaharingan 9%, Islam (Sunni) 5% [1]
Related ethnic groups
Dayak people, Malagasy people, Ot Danum people, Banjar people

Ma'anyan (colonial spelling Maanjan or Meanjan), Dayak Maanyan or Eastern Barito Dayak people are an ethnic group of the Dayak people indigenous to Borneo. They are also considered as part of the east Barito Dusun group with the name Dusun Ma'anyan. According to J. Mallinckrodt (1927), the Dusun people group is part of the Ot Danum people cluster, although later that theory was disproved by A. B. Hudson (1967), who argues that the Ma'anyan people are a branch of the Barito family. The Ma'anyan people who are often referred to as Dayak people are also referred to as Dayak Ma'anyan. The Dayak Ma'anyan people inhabit the east side of Central Kalimantan, especially in the East Barito Regency and parts of South Barito Regency which are grouped as Ma'anyan I. The Dayak Ma'anyan people also inhabit the northern parts of South Kalimantan, especially in Tabalong Regency which refers to the Dayak Warukin people. The Dayak Balangan people or Dusun Balangan people which are found in the Balangan Regency and the Dayak Samihim people that are found in the Kotabaru Regency are grouped together with the Dayak Ma'anyan people group. The Dayak Ma'anyan people in South Kalimantan are grouped as Ma'anyan II.

Contents

Administratively, the Ma'anyan people have just recently appeared in the 2000 census and made up 2.8% of the Central Kalimantan population; previously the Ma'anyan people were grouped together with the Dayak people in the 1930 census. [2]

The uniqueness of the Dusun Ma'anyan people among others are agriculture, elaborate funeral ceremonies, and having shaman to treat their disease. [3]

History

The independent state of Nansarunai, established by the Ma'anyan prior to the 12th century, flourished in southern Kalimantan. [4] The kingdom suffered two major attacks from the Majapahit forces that caused the decline and fall of the kingdom by the year 1389; the attacks are known as Nansarunai Usak Jawa (meaning "the destruction of the Nansarunai by the Javanese") in the oral accounts of the Ma'anyan people. These attacks contributed to the migration of the Ma'anyans to the Central and South Borneo region.

Rumah Betang, a traditional Ma'anyan house in Muara Bagok, East Barito Regency, Central Kalimantan. Rumah Betang Muara Bagok.jpg
Rumah Betang, a traditional Ma'anyan house in Muara Bagok, East Barito Regency, Central Kalimantan.

Ma'anyan people (or other indigenous people of Kalimantan closely related to the Ma'anyans) were brought as labourer and slaves by Malay and Javanese in their trading fleets, which reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 AD. [5] [6] [7] The Malagasy language originated from the Southeast Barito language, and the Ma'anyan language is its closest relative, with numerous Malay and Javanese loanwords. [8] [9]

In the oral literature of the Ma'anyan people, after the Nan Sarunai kingdom was attacked by the Majapahit kingdom, the Ma'anyan people broke up into several sub-group. Among the sub-groups, they are:-

According to the Ma'anyan people, before they had begun occupying the current regions, they came from the downstream of South Kalimantan. Although today the East Barito Regency is not part of the South Kalimantan province, that region in the past was the last region to be a part of the Banjar sultanate before it was annexed to the Dutch Indies in 1860. It was a region of the Banjar sultanate that had shrunk and was land-locked as it was surrounded by other Dutch Indies territories.

Culture

A group of Ma'anyan people who had recently been baptized in the 1920s. Impa-abmpix-1713 (Maanyan Cristian People).jpeg
A group of Ma'anyan people who had recently been baptized in the 1920s.

Language

The Ma'anyan language shares many similarities with the languages in Madagascar. Examples of Ma'anyan words are:-

Ma'anyan language Malagasy language English language
HanyuIanaoYou
MandrusMandroBath
ManreeMandry (to lay by ext. to sleep)Sleep
MidiMividyBuy
TadiTadyRope
WarikVarika ('lemur')Monkey
KakauKakazoTree - piece of wood
WurungVoronaBird

Organization

The organization of the Ma'anyan people is "Dusmala" which combines three Dayak people sub-group which are Dusun people, Ma'anyan people and Lawangan people. [10]

Traditional folk song

Traditional dance

Traditional ceremony

Food

Ma'anyan people in Tabalong Regency and Balangan Regency in South Kalimantan

Ma'anyan people in a fruit market in Telang, 1963. Dayak Maanyan.png
Ma'anyan people in a fruit market in Telang, 1963.

The Dayak Ma'anyan Warukin people whom are often referred as Dayak Warukin people are the sub-ethnic of the Ma'anyan people group living in villages such as Warukin, Haus and its surrounding in Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan. [15] The settlements of the Dayak Warukin are found in regions where its surroundings are Banjarese settlements. The Dayak Warukin in Warukin village in Tanta District, Tabalong Regency are part of the Ma'anyan Banua Lima people. The Ma'anyan Banua Lima people are a sub-ethnic of the Ma'anyan people found in Banua Lima, East Barito Regency. The original name of the people was Ma'anyan Paju Lima. The word "Banua" (literally means, continent) came from the Banjar language. The funeral ceremony of the Dayak Warukin people according to the Kaharingan religion is called mambatur, or marabia for the Ma'anyan Banua Lima people.

The similarities of the Ma'anyan Warukin language with the Banjar language of Kuala Lupak are about 50%. While the similarities of the Ma'anyan Warukin language with the Banjar language of Asam-Asam village are about 57%.

There are four regions of Dayak culture in Tabalong Regency, where one of its region is of Dayak Ma'anyan culture, namely:-

Outside of the four Dayak cultural regions in Tabalong Regency, there are also Banjar people who form as the majority of the Tabalong Regency population and these Banjar people are not bound by Dayak customary laws.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Kalimantan</span> Province in Indonesia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Kalimantan</span> Province of Indonesia

Central Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo. It is bordered by West Kalimantan to the west, South Kalimantan and East Kalimantan to the east, Java Sea to the south and is separated narrowly from North Kalimantan and Malaysia by East Kalimantan's Mahakam Ulu Regency. Its provincial capital is Palangka Raya and in 2010 its population was over 2.2 million, while the 2020 Census showed a total of almost 2.67 million; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 2,774,747, and was projected to rise to 2,809,700 at mid 2024.

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Negara Daha was a Hindu kingdom successor of Negara Dipa that appears in the Hikayat Banjar. It was located in what is now the Regency of Hulu Sungai Selatan, Province of South Kalimantan, Republic of Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banjar people</span> Ethnic group native to South Kalimantan

The Banjar or Banjarese are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the Banjar regions in the southeastern Kalimantan regions of Indonesia. Nowadays, Banjarese diaspora can be found in neighbouring Banjar regions as well; including Kotabaru Regency, the southeastern regions of Central Kalimantan, southernmost regions of East Kalimantan, and some provinces of Indonesia in general. The Banjarese diaspora community also can be found in neighbouring countries of Indonesia, such as Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Banjarese language</span> Native language of Banjarese people

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The East Barito languages are a group of a dozen Dayak (Austronesian) languages of Borneo, Indonesia, and most notably Malagasy, the national language of Madagascar. They are named after the Barito River located in South Kalimantan, Indonesia.

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The Greater North Borneo languages are a proposed subgroup of the Austronesian language family. The subgroup historically covers languages that are spoken throughout much of Borneo and Sumatra, as well as parts of Java, and Mainland Southeast Asia. The Greater North Borneo hypothesis was first proposed by Robert Blust (2010) and further elaborated by Alexander Smith. The evidence presented for this proposal are solely lexical. Despite its name, this branch has been now widespread within the Maritime Southeast Asia region.

Bakumpai is an Austronesian language belonging to the West Barito languages. It is spoken by about 100,000 Bakumpai people living in the central Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Maanyan or Maʼanyan is an Austronesian language belonging to the East Barito languages. It is spoken by about 150,000 Ma'anyan people living in the province of Central Kalimantan and South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is most closely related to the Malagasy language spoken in Madagascar, although these languages are not mutually intelligible due to the geographical separation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ngaju people</span> Ethnic group of Borneo

The Ngaju people are an indigenous ethnic group of Borneo from the Dayak group. In a census from 2000, when they were first listed as a separate ethnic group, they made up 18.02% of the population of Central Kalimantan province. In an earlier census from 1930, the Ngaju people were included in the Dayak people count. They speak the Ngaju language.

Lawangan or Luangan people are an ethnic group of the Dayak Dusun people group, sometimes also referred to as Dusun Lawangan or Dayak Lawangan. The Lawangan people inhabit the eastern side of Central Kalimantan and West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In Tabalong Regency, South Kalimantan, the Lawangan people can be found only in Binjai village. They speak Lawangan language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bakumpai people</span> Ethnic group in Indonesia

Bakumpai or Baraki are indigenous people of Borneo and are considered as a sub-ethnic group of the Dayak Ngaju people group with Islamic background. The Bakumpai people first occupy along the Barito riverbanks in South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan, from Marabahan to Puruk Cahu, Murung Raya Regency. The Bakumpai people first appeared as a newly recognized people group in census 2000 and were made up of 7.51% of Central Kalimantan population, which before this the Bakumpai people were considered as part of the Dayak people in a 1930 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tanjung, Tabalong</span> District in South Kalimantan, Indonesia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heritage Mosque of Banua Lawas</span> Mosque in Tabalong, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jukung tambangan</span>

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Negara Dipa was a Hindu kingdom in South Kalimantan that appears in Hikayat Banjar. It was located in Amuntai near modern-day Tabasan. It was also the predecessor of Negara Daha and Banjar Sultanate.

Dusun Balangan language or Halong language is one of the Dayak languages spoken by the Halong Dayak people in the Balangan Regency, South Kalimantan, and in the village of Tanjung Pinang, Paser Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.

References

  1. ↑ Chalmers, Ian (2006). "The Dynamics of Conversion: The Islamisation of the Dayak Peoples of Central Kalimantan". In Vickers, A.; Hanlon, M. (eds.). Proceedings of the 16th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia (ASAA): Asia Reconstructed, Jun 26–29 2006. Wollongong, NSW: Australian National University. hdl: 20.500.11937/35283 .
  2. ↑ Riwanto Tirtosudarmo (2007). Mencari Indonesia: Demografi-Politik Pasca-Soeharto (in Indonesian). Yayasan Obor Indonesia. ISBN   978-979-799-083-1.
  3. ↑ Budi Susanto, ed. (2003). Politik dan Postkolonialitas di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Kanisius. ISBN   978-979-210-850-7.
  4. ↑ "Kerajaan Nan Sarunai". Melayu Online (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  5. ↑ Dewar, Robert E.; Wright, Henry T. (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar". Journal of World Prehistory. 7 (4): 417–466. doi:10.1007/bf00997802. hdl: 2027.42/45256 . S2CID   21753825.
  6. ↑ Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ (August 2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 47 (1–2): 25–63. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005. PMID   15288523.
  7. ↑ Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia’s Maritime Reach', in Geoff Wade (ed.), Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122.
  8. ↑ Otto Chr. Dahl, Malgache et Maanjan: une comparaison linguistique, Egede-Instituttet Avhandlinger, no. 3 (Oslo: Egede-Instituttet, 1951), p. 13.
  9. ↑ There are also some Sulawesi loanwords, which Adelaar attributes to contact prior to the migration to Madagascar: See K. Alexander Adelaar, “The Indonesian Migrations to Madagascar: Making Sense of the Multidisciplinary Evidence”, in Truman Simanjuntak, Ingrid Harriet Eileen Pojoh and Muhammad Hisyam (eds.), Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago, (Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences, 2006), pp. 8–9.
  10. ↑ "Mantir Adat Jaga Wibawa Lembaga Kedamangan". Pro Kalteng (in Indonesian). 6 August 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
  11. ↑ M. Syaifullah (30 November 2007). "Aruh Buntang, Prosesi Dayak Manyaan". lamanday.wordpress.com (in Indonesian).
  12. ↑ "晚上睡不着想看点片2021免费_卡1卡2卡3卡4卡5免费视频_亲爱的老师韩国高清中字_芒果乱码天天看隐藏入口".
  13. ↑ Iwan Prasetya (22 June 2013). "Nikmatnya Daging Paing, Kelelawar Raksasa Khas Kalteng". Liputan6 (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  14. 1 2 Febria Silaen (20 May 2016). "Sederet kuliner khas Kalimantan Tengah". Beritagar.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  15. ↑ "Kematian dalam Pengetahuan Orang Dayak Maanyan di Kalimantan Tengah". MelayuOnline.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
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