The history of the formation of the Pesisir people is not much different from the history of the formation of the Aneuk Jamee people on the west coast of Aceh, the Negeri Sembilan Malays in the Malay Peninsula, and several other ethnic groups who are the diaspora of the Minangkabau people since centuries ago.[3]
Etymology
The names "Pesisir" or "Pasisi" mean an 'area on the coast'. The name "Pesisir people" for the ethnic group living on the west coast of North Sumatra was never known until the end of the 20th century. This term is used to distinguish between ethnic groups on the west coast of North Sumatra and the Batak people in the interior. Based on the geographical space of ethnicity compiled by Collet (1925), Cunningham (1958), Reid (1979), and Sibeth (1991), on the west coast of North Sumatra there are several ethnic groups who are not ethnically part of the Batak ethnic group.[3] The group are Minangkabau immigrants from Pagaruyung who migrated to the west coast of Tapanuli centuries ago.[4] In its development, the term Pesisir people is more used to emphasize the political interests of the people of Sibolga and Central Tapanuli, especially to avoid the domination of the Batak people from the interior.[4]
History
In the 14th century, many Minangkabau people migrated to the coast of Tapanuli. The purpose was to make Barus as one of the ports of the Pagaruyung Kingdom, along with Tiku and Pariaman, which became the outlet of trade on the west coast of Sumatra.[5] Their arrival in Barus led to the displacement of the Tamil traders who had been trading in the town for hundreds of years.[6]
A wave of group migration led by Sultan Ibrahimsyah, a nobleman from the Pesisir Selatan. This group went on to create the Sultanate of Barus which became one of the vassals of the Pagaruyung Kingdom that had a strong influence on the west coast of Sumatra.[7] The arrival of Minangkabau people continues to complete the form of Tapanuli residents who have thousands of cities in Sibolga. The Dutch East Indies government employed many of them to fill labor and government positions. Since the early 19th century, people from the interior of Toba Batak, Angkola, and Mandailing have begun to settle in Barus, Sorkam, and Sibolga. They assimilated with the Minangkabau people and formed a group of Pesisir people. In the 2000 census, the Pesisir people was classified as an ethnic group distinct from the Batak. In 2008, most the Pesisir people did not like to join the Toba Batak people to explain province of Tapanuli.[8]
The language used by the Pesisir people is one of the dialects of the Minangkabau language. The Pesisir language is an acculturation of two languages, namely Minangkabau and Malay, and there are some vocabulary taken from Batak and Acehnese. This mixture of languages is known as the Pesisir language which became the language of everyday communication (lingua franca) on the west coast of North Sumatra.[7]
Customs and culture
As a region of Minangkabau, the culture of the coastal ethnic group is greatly influenced by the culture of Minangkabau or known as Adaik Sumando (lit.'Sumando Custom').[9] The customs and culture of the Pesisir people that are similar to the culture of Minangkabau is in welcoming guests, where the Pesisir people also uses parsambahan dance. Although not following the matrilineal system, the Pesisir people also has a chief who is called a mamak. To address a woman's sister, the Pesisir people also uses the terms mak tuo, mak angah, and mak etek. As for the call to the brother, is the terms tuan adik, ndak ogek, kak uti, and ndak ajo, and to refer to siblings, among others, uniang, acik, cek angah, and teti/teta.
The Pesisir people performing arts include sikambang art, senyum Minang manis, bagala duo baleh, and randai dances. In the custom of marriage, the Pesisir people usually conduct a night procession bainai and manjapuk which is also found in many other Minangkabau regions.[10] For a nobleman to the Pesisir people, still given the title of Sutan and Marah that we can find in the Minangkabau people behind his name.[11]
Naming people and surnames
In addition to maintaining some aspects of Minangkabau culture, such as language, art, and culinary, the Pesisir people also adopted some aspects of Batak culture. Among them is the use of the surname behind the main name, the general form of the Batak people in the interior. Some of the famous figures of the Pesisir people include Akbar Tanjung, Feisal Tanjung, Chairul Tanjung, and Zainul Arifin Pohan[id].[12]
† indicates an extinct ethnic groups or one that no longer has a population
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