Ministry of the Chits

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The Ministry of the Chits [1] was the government of the Kingdom of England from November 1679 to 1688. The administration was led by three young ministers, collectively known as the chits: Laurence Hyde [2] (Earl of Rochester, 1682), Sidney Godolphin (Lord Godolphin, 1684) [3] and the Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland. [4]

Contents

Rochester, brother-in-law of King Charles II's brother James, Duke of York, served as First Lord of the Treasury until "kicked upstairs" (term coined by Lord Halifax [5] ) as Lord President of the Council in September 1684. On the Duke of York's succession as King James II in February 1685, Rochester returned as Lord High Treasurer. He was troubled by the King's Catholicism and disputed religious matters with him. On 4 January 1687 James II dismissed Rochester and his brother the Earl of Clarendon, replacing both with Catholic appointees, Lord Belasyse (aged 72) and Lord Arundell (aged 79).

Sunderland, who served variously as Northern Secretary and Southern Secretary, and additionally as Lord President of the Council from 1685, remained in post until his dismissal by James II in October 1688, when he fled to Rotterdam. [4]

Godolphin, First Lord of the Treasury 1684–85, was retained at the Treasury by William III, returning as First Lord in the Carmarthen Ministry of 1690. [3]

The Chits

The moniker "the chits" stems from a satirical verse on the three ministers, attributed to John Dryden by Johnson's Dictionary: [6]

But Sunderland, Godolphin, Lory,
These will appear such chits in story,
'Twill turn all politics to jests,
To be repeated like John Dory,
While fiddlers sing at feasts. [7]

The Ministry

November 1679 to September 1684

OFFICENAMETERM
First Lord of the Treasury Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester 1679–1684
Treasury Commissioner
Northern Secretary 		Sidney Godolphin 1679–1684
1684
Northern Secretary
Southern Secretary
Northern Secretary 		Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland 1679–1680
1680–1681
1683–1684
Lord Chancellor
Lord Keeper 		Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham 1679–1682
Francis North, 1st Baron Guilford 1682–1684
Lord President of the Council John Robartes, 1st Earl of Radnor 1679–1684
Lord Privy Seal Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey 1679–1682
George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax 1682–1684
Lord Steward James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde 1679–1684
Lord Chamberlain Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington 1679–1684
Southern Secretary Henry Coventry 1679–1680
Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland 1680–1681
Sir Leoline Jenkins 1681–1684
Northern Secretary Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland 1679–1680
Sir Leoline Jenkins 1680–1681
Edward Conway, 1st Earl of Conway 1681–1683
Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland 1683–1684
Sidney Godolphin 1684
Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Ernle 1679–1684
First Lord of the Admiralty Sir Henry Capell 1679–1681
Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham 1681–1684

September 1684 to February 1685

OFFICENAMETERM
First Lord of the Treasury Sidney Godolphin, 1st Baron Godolphin 1684–1685
Southern Secretary Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland 1684–1685
Lord President of the Council Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester 1684–1685
Lord Keeper Francis North, 1st Baron Guilford 1684–1685
Lord Privy Seal George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax 1684–1685
Lord Steward James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde 1684–1685
Lord Chamberlain Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington 1684–1685
Northern Secretary Charles Middleton, 2nd Earl of Middleton 1684–1685
Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Ernle 1684–1685

February 1685 to October 1688

OFFICENAMETERMHow left office
Lord High Treasurer
First Lord of the Treasury 		Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester 1685–1687
John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse 1687–1689
Chamberlain to the Queen
Treasury Commissioner 		Sidney Godolphin, 1st Baron Godolphin 1685–1687
1687–1689		"He adhered to James till the last; he was one of the council of five [the others were Belasyse, Preston, Jeffreys and Arundell] appointed to remain in London when James advanced to Salisbury [on 17 November], and he was sent with Halifax and Nottingham to treat with the Prince of Orange at Hungerford in December." [3]
Lord President of the Council and Southern Secretary
Lord President of the Council and Northern Secretary 		Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland 1685–1688Dismissed 27 October 1688. [4]
Richard Graham, 1st Viscount Preston October 1688
Lord Chancellor George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys 1685–1688Surrendered the great seal to the king, 8 December 1688 [8]
Lord Privy Seal Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon 1685–1687
Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour 1687–1688"On the abdication of James, Arundell retired to his house at Breamore, Hampshire, and took no further part in public life." [9]
Lord Steward James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde 1685–1688Died 21 July 1688
Lord Chamberlain Robert Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury July 1685 – October 1685Died 20 October 1685
John Sheffield, 3rd Earl of Mulgrave 1685–1689"Upon William's landing in England Mulgrave remained with James in London until the time of his flight. When the news of his capture in Kent [on 11 December] reached London, Halifax wished to adjourn the council of lords, who carried on a provisional government, in order to avoid the responsibility of action. But Mulgrave, begging them to keep their seats, introduced the king's messenger, and prevailed on them to send Lord Feversham to the assistance of James (Mulgrave, Account of the Revolution). He came to the aid also of the Spanish ambassador when the mob demolished his house, inviting him to Whitehall and paying him marked honour. For this conduct, which avoided friction with the Spanish court, he received the thanks of both James and William. On the establishment of the revolutionary government Mulgrave quietly submitted and voted for associating William with Mary on the throne." [10]
Northern Secretary Charles Middleton, 2nd Earl of Middleton 1685–October 1688Transferred to Southern Department Oct. 1688 [11]
Southern Secretary Charles Middleton, 2nd Earl of Middleton October 1688"[H]e justified the confidence reposed in him by remaining faithful to James to the last. After the king's sudden withdrawal to Faversham [on the night of 10/11 December] he declined to attend the meeting of the lords and privy council called to consider the steps to be taken in the crisis (Clarke, Life of James II, ii. 259). Nevertheless he was one of the four nobles deputed by them to invite the king to return to Whitehall, and was present with him at Whitehall when a message came from the Prince of Orange that James should retire from London. At the king's request he arranged for his withdrawal to Rochester [on 18 December]. Subsequently he waited on the king there to surrender the seals of the secretary's office, and endeavoured to induce him to abandon his projected flight and to summon a parliament. It was to him that the king, after making his secret escape, left the paper containing his reasons for ‘withdrawing himself from England.’ " [12]
Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Ernle 1685–1688

References

  1. ↑ Treasure, Geoffrey; Dawson, Ian (1998). Who's Who in British History, Vol.1, A-H: Hyde, Laurence, Earl of Rochester. Google Books. ISBN   9781884964909 . Retrieved 6 May 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ↑ Ward, Adolphus. "Hyde, Laurence"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 28. pp. 394–399.
  3. 1 2 3 Stephen, Leslie. "Godolphin, Sidney (1645-1712)"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 22. pp. 42–46.
  4. 1 2 3 Seccombe, Thomas. "Spencer, Robert (1640-1702)"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 53. pp. 368–377.
  5. ↑ Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1889). The History of England from the Accession of James the Second . Vol. 1. London: Longmans. p. 136.
  6. ↑ Johnson, Samuel (1773). "A Dictionnary of the English Language (4th ed.)". Google Books. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  7. ↑ Russell, Lord John (1820). "The Life of William Lord Russell, Vol. 1, p.182". Google Books. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  8. ↑ Barker, G.F.R. "Jeffreys, George (1648-1689)"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 29. pp. 277–284.
  9. ↑ Lee, Sidney. "Arundell, Henry"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 02. pp. 144–145.
  10. ↑ Carlyle, E. I. "Sheffield, John (1648-1721)"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 52. pp. 13–15.
  11. ↑ 'Lists of appointments', in Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 2, Officials of the Secretaries of State 1660-1782, ed. J C Sainty (London, 1973), pp. 22-58. British History Online accessed 13 January 2018.
  12. ↑ Henderson, Thomas Finlayson. "Middleton, Charles (1640?-1719)"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 37. pp. 339–341.
Preceded by Government of England
1679–1688		Succeeded by
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