Mycoplasmataceae

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Mycoplasmataceae
Mycoplasma Howe Bovine Mastitis 2022.jpg
Mycoplasma growth on Hayflick agar from a bovine mastitis infection sample
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Mycoplasmatota
Class: Mollicutes
Order: Mycoplasmatales
Freundt, 1955
Family: Mycoplasmataceae
Freundt, 1955
Genera
Synonyms
  • "Borrelomycetaceae" Turner 1935
  • "Haemobartonellaceae" Yanokov 1973
  • "Parasitaceae" Sabin 1941
  • "Pleuropneumoniaceae" Tulasne & Brisou 1955

Mycoplasmataceae is a family of bacteria [1] in the order Mycoplasmatales. This family consists of the genera Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma .

Contents

In 1967, the order Mycoplasmatales was incorporated into the class Mollicutes. [2] Many species are sexually transmitted and cause pelvic inflammatory disease. [3]

Taxonomy

Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall and possess a three-layered cellular membrane. [4] They can be parasitic or saprotrophic. Several species are sexually transmitted and pathogenic in humans. Others are found on cats, dogs, and barnyard fowl.

Ureaplasma

Ureaplasma is the second of two genera of bacteria belonging to the family Mycoplasmataceae. As the name implies, ureaplasma is urease positive. This genera is distinct from other genera in Mollicutes in that it hydrolyses urea for generation of ATP.

Ureaplasmaspp. as human pathogens

Both Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum have been identified as important human pathogens, causing infection in the urogenital tract and, rarely, at distal sites. [5] [6] [7] Their role in neonatal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes has been well established, and semantic classifications are changing to reflect the nature of the detrimental outcomes these infections are associated with. [8] In the 2010s, Mycoplasma genitalium has been re-classified as an STI, [9] and it is possible that with more research, Ureaplasma spp. will follow this trend. Similar to other pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis , infection with Ureaplasma spp. is associated with adverse fertility outcomes in both men and women. [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] Both cause non-gonococcal urethritis. Ureaplasma spp. were implicated in conditions such as prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome as early as the 1980s. [15] [16] [17] Research in women has lagged several decades behind, but it is now becoming more clear how Ureaplasma spp. contribute to etiologies such as interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. [18] [19] [20] Ureaplasma spp. are associated with alterations in host environment that increase susceptibility to other infections such as bacterial vaginosis and vaginal candidiasis. [21] [22] Ureaplasma spp. can cause reactive arthritis as well as directly infect the synovium. [23] [7] Some case studies have suggested a causative role in complex regional pain syndrome/reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. [24]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [25] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [26]

16S rRNA based LTP_08_2023 [27] [28] [29] 120 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214 [30] [31] [32]
Mollicutes
part

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pelvic inflammatory disease</span> Infection of uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries or the inner surface of pelvis

Pelvic inflammatory disease, also known as pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID), is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system, namely the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis. Often, there may be no symptoms. Signs and symptoms, when present, may include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, fever, burning with urination, pain with sex, bleeding after sex, or irregular menstruation. Untreated PID can result in long-term complications including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and cancer.

<i>Mycoplasma</i> Genus of bacteria

Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that, like the other members of the class Mollicutes, lack a cell wall, and its peptidoglycan, around their cell membrane. The absence of peptidoglycan makes them naturally resistant to antibiotics such as the beta-lactam antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis. They can be parasitic or saprotrophic. Several species are pathogenic in humans, including M. pneumoniae, which is an important cause of "walking" pneumonia and other respiratory disorders, and M. genitalium, which is believed to be involved in pelvic inflammatory diseases. Mycoplasma species are among the smallest organisms yet discovered, can survive without oxygen, and come in various shapes. For example, M. genitalium is flask-shaped, while M. pneumoniae is more elongated, many Mycoplasma species are coccoid. Hundreds of Mycoplasma species infect animals.

Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is inflammation of the urethra that is not caused by gonorrheal infection.

Mycoplasma hominis is a species of bacteria in the genus Mycoplasma. M. hominis has the ability to penetrate the interior of human cells. Along with ureaplasmas, mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms known.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a very small cell wall-less bacterium in the class Mollicutes. It is a human pathogen that causes the disease mycoplasma pneumonia, a form of atypical bacterial pneumonia related to cold agglutinin disease. M. pneumoniae is characterized by the absence of a peptidoglycan cell wall and resulting resistance to many antibacterial agents. The persistence of M. pneumoniae infections even after treatment is associated with its ability to mimic host cell surface composition.

<i>Ureaplasma urealyticum</i> Species of bacterium

Ureaplasma urealyticum is a bacterium belonging to the genus Ureaplasma and the family Mycoplasmataceae in the order Mycoplasmatales. This family consists of the genera Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma. Its type strain is T960. There are two known biovars of this species; T960 and 27. These strains of bacteria are commonly found as commensals in the urogenital tracts of human beings, but overgrowth can lead to infections that cause the patient discomfort. Unlike most bacteria, Ureaplasma urealyticum lacks a cell wall making it unique in physiology and medical treatment.

Mollicutes is a class of bacteria distinguished by the absence of a cell wall. The word "Mollicutes" is derived from the Latin mollis, and cutis. Individuals are very small, typically only 0.2–0.3 μm in size and have a very small genome size. They vary in form, although most have sterols that make the cell membrane somewhat more rigid. Many are able to move about through gliding, but members of the genus Spiroplasma are helical and move by twisting. The best-known genus in the Mollicutes is Mycoplasma. Colonies show the typical "fried-egg" appearance.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acholeplasmataceae</span> Family of bacteria

Acholeplasmataceae is a family of bacteria. It is the only family in the order Acholeplasmatales, placed in the class Mollicutes. The family comprises the genera Acholeplasma and Phytoplasma. Phytoplasma has the candidatus status, because members still could not be cultured.

<i>Spiroplasma</i> Genus of bacteria

Spiroplasma is a genus of Mollicutes, a group of small bacteria without cell walls. Spiroplasma shares the simple metabolism, parasitic lifestyle, fried-egg colony morphology and small genome of other Mollicutes, but has a distinctive helical morphology, unlike Mycoplasma. It has a spiral shape and moves in a corkscrew motion. Many Spiroplasma are found either in the gut or haemolymph of insects where they can act to manipulate host reproduction, or defend the host as endosymbionts. Spiroplasma are also disease-causing agents in the phloem of plants. Spiroplasmas are fastidious organisms, which require a rich culture medium. Typically they grow well at 30 °C, but not at 37 °C. A few species, notably Spiroplasma mirum, grow well at 37 °C, and cause cataracts and neurological damage in suckling mice. The best studied species of spiroplasmas are Spiroplasma poulsonii, a reproductive manipulator and defensive insect symbiont, Spiroplasma citri, the causative agent of citrus stubborn disease, and Spiroplasma kunkelii, the causative agent of corn stunt disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salpingitis</span> Medical condition

Salpingitis is an infection causing inflammation in the fallopian tubes. It is often included in the umbrella term of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), along with endometritis, oophoritis, myometritis, parametritis, and peritonitis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grepafloxacin</span> Chemical compound

Grepafloxacin was an oral broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent used to treat bacterial infections. Grepafloxacin was withdrawn worldwide from markets in 1999, due to its side effect of lengthening the QT interval on the electrocardiogram, leading to cardiac events and sudden death.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chronic bacterial prostatitis</span> Bacterial infection of the prostate gland

Chronic bacterial prostatitis is a bacterial infection of the prostate gland. It should be distinguished from other forms of prostatitis such as acute bacterial prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome</span> Medical condition

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), previously known as chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, is long-term pelvic pain and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) without evidence of a bacterial infection. It affects about 2–6% of men. Together with IC/BPS, it makes up urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis</span> Medical condition

Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis is a painless inflammation of the prostate gland where there is no evidence of infection. It should be distinguished from the other categories of prostatitis characterised by either pelvic pain or evidence of infection, such as chronic bacterial prostatitis, acute bacterial prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS). It is a common finding in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Ureaplasma parvum is a species of Ureaplasma, a genus of bacteria belonging to the family Mycoplasmataceae.

Mycoplasma penetrans is a species of Gram-positive bacteria. It is pathogenic, though many infected show no symptoms. It is a sexually transmitted disease, though an infant may be infected during birth.

Mycoplasma fermentans is a very small bacterium in the class Mollicutes. Like other mycoplasmas M. fermentans is characterized by the absence of a peptidoglycan cell wall and resulting resistance to many antibacterial agents. It is a possible human pathogen with roles suggested in many illness such as respiratory, genital, and rheumatoid diseases among others. Investigations have focused on a possible link to it being a cofactor in HIV infection as well as fibromyalgia, Gulf War syndrome and Chronic fatigue syndrome, however the belief that M. fermentans is pathogenic in such conditions has largely been disregarded after the failure of several large scale studies to find a link. Due to its incredibly small size it is difficult to determine the full extent of its role in human diseases, while M. fermentans has been implicated in a myriad of diseases, research at the current point has not conclusively proven its pathogenicity in humans outside of opportunistic infections.

Mycoplasma orale is a small bacterium found in the class Mollicutes. It belongs to the genus Mycoplasma, a well-known group of bacterial parasites that inhabit humans. It also is known to be an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised humans. As with other Mycoplasma species, M. orale is not readily treated with many antibiotics due to its lack of a peptidoglycan cell wall. Therefore, this species is relevant to the medical field as physicians face the task of treating patients infected with this microbe. It is characterized by a small physical size, a small genome size, and a limited metabolism. It is also known to frequently contaminate laboratory experiments. This bacteria is very similar physiologically and morphologically to its sister species within the genus Mycoplasma; however, its recent discovery leaves many questions still unanswered about this microbe.

The exact role of Mycoplasma hominis in regards to a number of conditions related to pregnant women and their (unborn) offspring is controversial. This is mainly because many healthy adults have genitourinary colonization with Mycoplasma, published studies on pathogenicity have important design limitations and the organisms are very difficult to detect. The likelihood of colonization with M. hominis appears directly linked to the number of lifetime sexual partners Neonatal colonization does occur, but only through normal vaginal delivery. Caesarean section appears protective against colonization and is much less common. Neonatal colonization is transient.

References

  1. ↑ E.A. Freundt The classification of the pleuropneumonia group of organisms (Borrelomycetales) Archived 22 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy, 1955, 5, 67–78.] (See page 73)
  2. ↑ Edward DG, Freundt EA (1967). "Proposal for Mollicutes as name of the class established for the order Mycoplasmatales" (PDF). Int J Syst Bacteriol. 17 (3): 269–272. doi: 10.1099/00207713-17-3-267 .[ permanent dead link ]
  3. ↑ Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T (2014). "Chlamydia trachomatis and Genital Mycoplasmas: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health". Journal of Pathogens. 2014 (183167): 183167. doi: 10.1155/2014/183167 . PMC   4295611 . PMID   25614838.
  4. ↑ Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 409–12. ISBN   978-0-8385-8529-0.
  5. ↑ Waites KB, Xiao L (1 January 2015). "Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas of Humans". Molecular Medical Microbiology: 1587–1609. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-397169-2.00089-5. ISBN   9780123971692. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  6. ↑ Deetjen P, Maurer C, Rank A, Berlis A, Schubert S, Hoffmann R (February 2014). "Brain abscess caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum in an adult patient". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 52 (2): 695–8. doi:10.1128/JCM.02990-13. PMC   3911303 . PMID   24478517.
  7. 1 2 Vittecoq O, Schaeverbeke T, Favre S, Daragon A, Biga N, Cambon-Michot C, et al. (November 1997). "Molecular diagnosis of Ureaplasma urealyticum in an immunocompetent patient with destructive reactive polyarthritis". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 40 (11): 2084–9. doi: 10.1002/art.1780401122 . PMID   9365099.
  8. ↑ Viscardi RM (January 2014). "Ureaplasma species: role in neonatal morbidities and outcomes". Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 99 (1): F87-92. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-303351. PMC   4239122 . PMID   23960141.
  9. ↑ Horner P, Blee K, Adams E (February 2014). "Time to manage Mycoplasma genitalium as an STI: but not with azithromycin 1 g!". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 27 (1): 68–74. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000030. PMID   24322592. S2CID   10367939.
  10. ↑ Zeighami H, Peerayeh SN, Yazdi RS, Sorouri R (June 2009). "Prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum in semen of infertile and healthy men". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 20 (6): 387–90. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2008.008334. PMID   19451322. S2CID   29253206.
  11. ↑ Zhou YH, Ma HX, Shi XX, Liu Y (December 2018). "Ureaplasma spp. in male infertility and its relationship with semen quality and seminal plasma components". Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi. 51 (6): 778–783. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2016.09.004 . PMID   28739435.
  12. ↑ Haggerty CL, Totten PA, Tang G, Astete SG, Ferris MJ, Norori J, et al. (September 2016). "Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 92 (6): 441–6. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052285 . PMC   5013099 . PMID   26825087.
  13. ↑ Abele-Horn M, Wolff C, Dressel P, Pfaff F, Zimmermann A (May 1997). "Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovars with clinical outcome for neonates, obstetric patients, and gynecological patients with pelvic inflammatory disease". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 35 (5): 1199–202. doi: 10.1128/JCM.35.5.1199-1202.1997 . PMC   232729 . PMID   9114407.
  14. ↑ Piscopo RC, Guimarães RV, Ueno J, Ikeda F, Bella ZI, Girão MJ, Samama M (May 2020). "Increased prevalence of endocervical Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma colonization in infertile women with tubal factor". JBRA Assisted Reproduction. 24 (2): 152–157. doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20190078. PMC   7169909 . PMID   32031768.
  15. ↑ Weidner W, Brunner H, Krause W (1 November 1980). "Quantitative Culture of Ureaplasma Urealyticum In Patients with Chronic Prostatitis Or Prostatosis". Journal of Urology. 124 (5): 622–625. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)55586-X. PMID   7452788. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  16. ↑ Magri V, Perletti G, Stamatiou K, Montanari E, Trinchieri A (2021). "Lithogenic Potential of Ureaplasma in Chronic Prostatitis". Urologia Internationalis. 105 (3–4): 328–333. doi:10.1159/000511653. PMID   33264795. S2CID   227261093.
  17. ↑ Park H, Lee G (September 2019). "Roles of Ureaplasma Species in Idiopathic Chronic Prostatitis: A Case-Control Study". The World Journal of Men's Health. 37 (3): 355–363. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180081. PMC   6704302 . PMID   30799562.
  18. ↑ Potts JM, Ward AM, Rackley RR (1 April 2000). "Association of chronic urinary symptoms in women and Ureaplasma urealyticum". Urology. 55 (4): 486–489. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(99)00555-5. ISSN   0090-4295. PMID   10736488. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  19. ↑ Combaz-Söhnchen N, Kuhn A (December 2017). "A Systematic Review of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma in Urogynaecology". Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde. 77 (12): 1299–1303. doi:10.1055/s-0043-119687. PMC   5734936 . PMID   29269957.
  20. ↑ Kim MS, Lee DH, Kim TJ, Oh JJ, Rhee SR, Park DS, Yu YD (January 2021). "The role of Ureaplasma parvum serovar-3 or serovar-14 infection in female patients with chronic micturition urethral pain and recurrent microscopic hematuria". Translational Andrology and Urology. 10 (1): 96–108. doi: 10.21037/tau-20-920 . PMC   7844479 . PMID   33532300.
  21. ↑ Rumyantseva T, Khayrullina G, Guschin A, Donders G (March 2019). "Prevalence of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis in healthy women and patients with flora alterations". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 93 (3): 227–231. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.001. hdl: 10067/1585870151162165141 . PMID   30344067. S2CID   53041181.
  22. ↑ Payne MS, Ireland DJ, Watts R, Nathan EA, Furfaro LL, Kemp MW, et al. (October 2016). "Ureaplasma parvum genotype, combined vaginal colonisation with Candida albicans, and spontaneous preterm birth in an Australian cohort of pregnant women". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 16 (1): 312. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-1110-x . PMC   5070304 . PMID   27756249.
  23. ↑ Hannu T (June 2011). "Reactive arthritis". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 25 (3): 347–57. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.018. PMID   22100285.
  24. ↑ Palazzi C, D'Amico E, Izzo F, Pace-Palitti V, Petricca A (1 January 2002). "Ureaplasma urealyticum as a possible cause of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome". Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 31 (2): 97–9. doi:10.1080/03009740252937621. PMID   12109655. S2CID   35964460.
  25. ↑ J.P. Euzéby. "Mycoplasmataceae". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  26. ↑ Sayers, et al. "Mycoplasmatales". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  27. ↑ "The LTP" . Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  28. ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format" . Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  29. ↑ "LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  30. ↑ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  31. ↑ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  32. ↑ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
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