NGC 4402

NGC 4402
Hubble Space Telescope image of NGC 4402
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation	Virgo
Right ascension	12h 26m 07.566s [1]
Declination	+13° 06′ 46.06″ [1]
Redshift	0.000774 [2]
Helio radial velocity	232 [2]
Distance	48.38 ± 13.37  Mly (14.833 ± 4.098  Mpc) [2]
Group or cluster	Virgo Cluster
Apparent magnitude  (B)	12.55 [3]
Characteristics
Type	(d)Sc [3]
Size	55,000  ly (17,000  pc) [4]
Apparent size  (V)	2.967' × 0.593' [1]
Notable features	Edge-on spiral galaxy near Markarian's Chain
Other designations
UGC 7528, MCG+02-32-044, PGC 40644, VCC 873 [3]

NGC 4402 is a relatively near, edge-on spiral galaxy located around 50 million light-years from Earth. It is in the constellation of Virgo within the Virgo Cluster of galaxies. It can be seen when viewing Markarian's Chain.

NGC 4402 is roughly 55 thousand light-years wide and is moving away from Earth at around 232 kilometers per second. It is falling into the Virgo galaxy cluster. Images show evidence that the material it once contained to enable it to form stars has been stripped away in a process known as "ram-pressure stripping". This is due to NGC 4402's cooler gasses being struck by hot x-ray gasses coming from the middle of the Virgo galaxy cluster as it moves toward it. The evidence is as follows: ^{[5] [6] [7]}

• There is apparent truncation of the NGC 4402's dust disk.
• An upward bowing of the dusty disk is apparent. This is caused by a wind of hot gas.
• Light coming from the far side of the stellar disk appears dim and reddish. This may be because pressure coming from the cluster gas is being forced between the disk and the observer.
• The bottom part of the main disk shows dust in the form of linear filaments. These are being ablated in a characteristic "outside-in" manner.

The supernova SN 1976B was observed in NGC 4402 in 1976. ^{[6] [7]}

NGC 4402 will likely transition into a Jellyfish galaxy as it falls further towards the center of the galaxy cluster. GALEX observations of the galaxy do not appear to show trailing gas, dust and star formation streamers extending from the disc, indicating that the galaxy has likely begun to feel the effects of the ram pressure stripping only recently. NGC 4402 will likely lose a significant fraction of its star formation material to this process, rendering it an Anemic galaxy.

Gallery

• 
  NGC 4402 and other galaxies viewed through the Burrell Schmidt telescope. The black circles were put there to remove bright, foreground stars. ^[8]
• 
  NGC 4402 visible in an image of Markarian's Chain. Click the image then move the cursor over it to reveal the location of NGC 4402.
• 
  NGC 4402 with color rendering

References

1. Skrutskie, Michael F.; Cutri, Roc M.; Stiening, Rae; Weinberg, Martin D.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Carpenter, John M.; Beichman, Charles A.; Capps, Richard W.; Chester, Thomas; Elias, Jonathan H.; Huchra, John P.; Liebert, James W.; Lonsdale, Carol J.; Monet, David G.; Price, Stephan; Seitzer, Patrick; Jarrett, Thomas H.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gizis, John E.; Howard, Elizabeth V.; Evans, Tracey E.; Fowler, John W.; Fullmer, Linda; Hurt, Robert L.; Light, Robert M.; Kopan, Eugene L.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; McCallon, Howard L.; Tam, Robert; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Wheelock, Sherry L. (1 February 2006). "The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)". The Astronomical Journal. 131 (2): 1163–1183. Bibcode:2006AJ....131.1163S. doi: 10.1086/498708 . ISSN   0004-6256. S2CID   18913331.
2. "NED results for object NGC 4402". National Aeronautics and Space Administration / Infrared Processing and Analysis Center . Retrieved 3 February 2017.
3. "NGC 4402". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg.
4. Courtney Seligman. "New General Catalog Objects: NGC 4400 – 4449" . Retrieved 3 February 2017.
5. "National Optical Astronomy Observatory". noao.edu. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
6. "NGC 4402, an edge-on spiral galaxy in Virgo – Anne's Astronomy News". annesastronomynews.com. 15 April 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
7. "NOAO Press Release 04-06: Galaxy Cleaned Out by Encounter with Hot Cluster Gas". noao.edu. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
8. Eso.org. "Messier 87 in the Virgo Cluster". eso.org. Retrieved 4 October 2015.

Further reading

• Crowl, Hugh H.; Kenney, Jeffrey D. P.; van Gorkom, J. H.; Vollmer, Bernd (2005). "Dense Cloud Ablation and Ram Pressure Stripping of the Virgo Spiral NGC 4402". The Astronomical Journal . 130 (1): 65–72. arXiv: astro-ph/0503422 . Bibcode:2005AJ....130...65C. doi:10.1086/430526. S2CID   15640394.
• Bregman, J. N.; Roberts, M. S. (October 1990). "H I in the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4406". The Astrophysical Journal . 362: 468–472. Bibcode:1990ApJ...362..468B. doi:10.1086/169284.
• Vaucouleurs, G. DE; Vaucouleurs, A. DE & Odewahn, S. (April 1981). "Photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN 1976b in NGC 4402". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 93 (552): 181–189. Bibcode:1981PASP...93..181D. doi: 10.1086/130802 . JSTOR   40677743.(subscription required)