Religion and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

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The role of religion in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, along with the impact the invasion has had on religion, have attracted significant attention. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Peter Mandaville of the United States Institute of Peace has stated that "the conflict in Ukraine is not only a matter of horrible violence, but also a conflict with deeply rooted religious significance." [7]

Contents

Orthodox Christianity

Orthodox church in Russia

Patriarch Kirill of Moscow, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, has been described by many commentators as supporting the invasion. [8] In a Forgiveness Sunday sermon on 6 March, he stated that the invasion would determine "which side of God humanity will be on," saying that Western governments were attempting to destroy the separatist Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic for rejecting Western "so-called values," such as LGBT+ rights. [9]

However, some priests in the Russian Orthodox Church have publicly opposed the invasion, with some facing arrest under the new Russian law criminalising discrediting the armed forces. [10] [11]

Kristina Stoeckl of the University of Innsbruck has stated that "this war and the justifications given by the Russian president and the head of the church for the military aggression have made clear how closely the Orthodox Church and the state are linked in Russia." [12] Georg Michels of the University of California, Riverside has argued that "the Russian Orthodox Church is providing much of the symbolism and ideology that Putin has used to cement his popularity" and that this symbolism "derives from the Kremlin’s mythologization of Russia’s historical past." [13] The links between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian government under Vladimir Putin have led some commentators to describe the invasion as a religious war. [14] [15] [16]

Some commentators have pointed to Russian Christian nationalism as playing a role in the Russian government's motivations for the invasion. [17] [18] [19] Jason Stanley of Yale University argued that the invasion was in part motivated by antisemitism, saying that Putin was "the leader of Russian Christian nationalism" and "has come to view himself as the global leader of Christian nationalism, and is increasingly regarded as such by Christian nationalists around the world." [20] Mark Silk of Trinity College has argued that it would be overstating it to call the invasion a religious war, but that "there can be no doubt that, under Putin, the Russian Orthodox Church has resumed its czarist role as an arm of state policy," calling it the political religion of Russian Orthodox nationalism. [21]

Splits with the Russian Orthodox Church

The invasion of Ukraine, and the Russian Orthodox Church's seeming support for it has caused controversy among Orthodox churches elsewhere in the world. [22] [23] The invasion has been condemned by Bartholomew I of Constantinople, [24] and by Patriarch Daniel of Romania, Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria, and Archbishop Leo of Helsinki and All Finland. [25]

On 13 March, the Parish of Saint Nicholas of Myra in Amsterdam, in the Netherlands, announced that it would be disaffiliating from the Russian Orthodox Church due to its support of the invasion, to instead affiliate with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. [26]

On 17 March, Archbishop Innokentiy, head of the Lithuanian Orthodox Church, announced that the Church would "strive for an even greater independence" from the Russian Orthodox Church, condemning the invasion. [27]

Other Christianity

The day after the invasion began, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints said that it would "pray that this armed conflict will end quickly" and "that the controversies will end peacefully," but did not directly refer to either Ukraine or Russia in the statement. [28]

Pope Francis, head of the Roman Catholic Church, has condemned the invasion. [29] On 16 March, Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill held a video meeting to discuss the invasion for the first time. Afterwards, they released a joint statement saying they "stressed the exceptional importance of the ongoing negotiation process, expressing their hope for the soonest achievement of a just peace." [30] Claire Giangravé of Religious News Service has argued that the invasion has "set back the clock on overcoming the Christian divide between East and West." [31]

Judaism

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy is Jewish. [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]

Haaretz has reported that the Russian government has pressured Russian Jewish institutions to speak in favour of the invasion, including with threats of retaliation if those institutions did not. [37] Some Jewish Russian opposition figures have been targeted with antisemitic threats due to their opposition to the war, including Alexei Venediktov. [38]

Julia Gris, the only female rabbi in Ukraine, was forced to leave Ukraine as a refugee due to the invasion. [39] At least 5000 Jewish Ukrainians have become refugees in Moldova due to the invasion. [40] [41]

Islam

Islam is a prominent minority faith in Russia, and some Muslims in that country have given theological justifications for supporting the invasion of Ukraine. Magomed Khitanev, a Muslim military commander, described the Russian invasion as a “holy jihad” and said “We’re on the side of God! We are defending divine laws. We are defending our faith. We're asking: Oh Ukrainians, why did you permit gay parades in Kyiv, Kharkiv and Odesa?" Khitanev also falsely accused Pope Francis, who opposes the invasion, of officially endorsing gay marriage and gender transition and claimed that the “Roman Pope officially opened the temple of Satan.” The event featuring Khitanev and Vladimir Solovyov was widely broadcast on Russian state TV. [42]

Other religions

The current Dalai Lama expressed “anguish” over the bloodshed in Ukraine, saying that “war is outdated” and calling for a quick return to peace. [43]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Clay, J. Eugene. "Two Orthodox Christian countries at war – here's an explanation of the faith tradition shared by Russia and Ukraine". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  2. ↑ Pullella, Philip (2022-03-14). "Analysis: Ukraine invasion splits Orthodox Church, isolates Russian patriarch". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  3. ↑ Harris, Kayla. "As war rages, some Ukrainians look to Mary for protection – continuing a long Christian tradition". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  4. ↑ "The Muslim Reaction to the Ukraine War: From Crimean Tatars to Erdogan". Haaretz. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  5. ↑ Kassidiaris, Alex (2022-03-22). "Russia's religious soft power and the war in Ukraine". New Arab. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  6. ↑ Olmstead, Molly (2022-03-08). "Can the Christian Right Quit Putin?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  7. ↑ "The Role of Religion in Russia's War on Ukraine". United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  8. ↑ Kenworthy, Scott. "Why is Russia's church backing Putin's war? Church-state history gives a clue". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  9. ↑ Times, The Moscow (2022-03-07). "Russian Church Leader Appears to Blame Gay Pride Parades for Ukraine War". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  10. ↑ Jenkins, Jack (2022-03-10). "Orthodox priest reportedly arrested in Russia for sermon decrying invasion of Ukraine". Religion News Service. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  11. ↑ "Ukraine war: Russians grieve for fallen soldiers". BBC News. 2022-03-17. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  12. ↑ "The Use of Religious Arguments for the Justification of the Russian Invasion of Ukraine". Talk About: Law and Religion. 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  13. ↑ "The missing piece about Putin and Ukraine". News. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  14. ↑ "Why Putin's invasion of Ukraine is an utterly modern holy war". ABC News. 2022-03-19. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  15. ↑ Jenkins, Jack (2022-03-19). "How Putin's invasion became a holy war for Russia". Religion News Service. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  16. ↑ "Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: The First Religious War in the 21st Century". Religion and Global Society. 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  17. ↑ "'Key to white survival': how Putin has morphed into a far-right savior". the Guardian. 2022-03-05. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  18. ↑ "Putin's Spiritual Destiny". Religion and Global Society. 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  19. ↑ Harned, Lena Surzhko. "Holy wars: How a cathedral of guns and glory symbolizes Putin's Russia". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  20. ↑ "The antisemitism animating Putin's claim to 'denazify' Ukraine | Jason Stanley". the Guardian. 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  21. ↑ Silk, Mark (2022-02-28). "Religious nationalism and the invasion of Ukraine". Religion News Service. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  22. ↑ Jenkins, Jack (2022-03-04). "Among Russian Orthodox, glimmers of dissent against the invasion of Ukraine". Religion News Service. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  23. ↑ Heneghan, Tom (2022-03-14). "Russian Orthodox parishes in Europe pressured from both sides as war rages in Ukraine". Religion News Service. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  24. ↑ "Christian Orthodox spiritual leader calls for end of Ukraine war". Reuters. 2022-02-27. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  25. ↑ Vorobyov, Niko. "'A catastrophe': Putin's war on Ukraine divides Orthodox church". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  26. ↑ "Russian Orthodox church in Amsterdam announces split with Moscow". the Guardian. 2022-03-13. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  27. ↑ "Lithuanian Orthodox Church condemns Russia's war on Ukraine". lrt.lt. 2022-03-18. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  28. ↑ Riess, Jana (2022-02-28). "Amid Russian invasion, LDS Church issues generic denunciation of 'armed conflict'". Religion News Service. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  29. ↑ Rome, Associated Press in (2022-03-18). "Pope Francis denounces 'abuse of power' in Russia-Ukraine war". the Guardian. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  30. ↑ "Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill discuss Ukraine war for first time". Religion News Service. 2022-03-16. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  31. ↑ Giangravé, Claire (2022-03-10). "With war in Ukraine, Pope Francis' yearslong outreach to Kirill appears to be in ruins". Religion News Service. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  32. ↑ Friedman, Gabe. "Who are Ukraine's Jews, and how is Russia's invasion affecting them?". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  33. ↑ Khiterer, Victoria. "Kyiv's Jews, persecuted under Polish-Lithuanian, Russian, Nazi and Soviet regimes, now face the onslaught of Putin's forces". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  34. ↑ Ali, Taz (2022-03-20). "Zelensky tells Israel 'our neighbours want us dead' and compares invasion to WW2 atrocities". inews.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  35. ↑ "How past horrors are pushing Polish Jews to help fleeing Ukrainians". euronews. 2022-03-28. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  36. ↑ "'It is terrible': For Ukraine's Jews and Roma, war revives old traumas". BBC News. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  37. ↑ "Russia Pressures Jewish Leaders to Support Putin's Ukraine War". Haaretz. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  38. ↑ "Vandals Attack Homes of Prominent Anti-War Russian Activists". The Moscow Times. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  39. ↑ Ukraine's woman rabbi jews fleeing war [ dead link ]
  40. ↑ Hughes, Trevor. "'We are that united family': Russia's war uproots Ukrainian Jews amid false Nazi claims". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  41. ↑ "Ukraine's Jews seek refuge in synagogues as Russia invades". Los Angeles Times. 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
  42. ↑ Brugen, Isabel van (Jan 19, 2023). "Russian troops given pep talk with LGBTQ attacks and warnings of Satanism". Newsweek. Retrieved Jan 22, 2023.
  43. ↑ "Problems, disagreements best resolved through dialogue: Dalai Lama on Ukraine crisis - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved Jan 22, 2023.
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