Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians

Last updated
Map of 20 Russian filtration camps in the Donetsk Oblast of Ukraine, data according to Conflict Observatory and the researchers from Yale University. Color coding of camp types: .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} registration secondary interrogation detention holding Russian filtration camps in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine.png
Map of 20 Russian filtration camps in the Donetsk Oblast of Ukraine, data according to Conflict Observatory and the researchers from Yale University. Color coding of camp types:
  registration
  secondary interrogation
  detention
  holding

Filtration camps, also referred to as concentration camps, [2] [3] [4] are camps used by Russian forces during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine [5] [6] [7] [8] to register, interrogate, and detain Ukrainian citizens in regions under Russian occupation [1] before transferring them into Russia, [9] sometimes as part of forced population transfers. [10] Filtration camp detainees undergo a system of security checks and personal data collection. [11] Detainees are subject to widespread torture, killings, rape, starvation and other grave human rights violations. [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]

Contents

The number of Ukrainian citizens relocated to Russia cannot be independently verified. According to the Ukrainian government, some 1.6 million Ukrainians have been forcibly relocated to Russia, with about 250,000 of these being children. [17] The Russian government denies it is forcibly removing Ukrainians to Russia [7] and calls the deportations "evacuation". [18]

According to a leaked Russian occupation plan, "filtration" was to represent the foundation of their counter-insurgency and pacification strategy, with Russian occupation authorities planning to pass large portions of the Ukrainian population through the "filtration" process after occupying the entire country. [19]

Overview

Occupying powers in international conflicts have the right to register persons within their area of control or even detain civilians under certain circumstances, however, Russia's filtration system violates multiple elements of international humanitarian law and may involve multiple grave human rights abuses. [1]

Ukrainians in Russian-occupied zones are often left unable to flee into Ukrainian-held territory, having to either stay [9] in areas experiencing unliveable conditions or flee to other areas under Russian control or into Russia itself. [20] To enter Russia, many Ukrainians are forced to undergo "filtration", a process during which they are interrogated, and their biometric data is taken. While awaiting "filtration", Ukrainians are settled in so-called "filtration camps", set up ad hoc in various public buildings where the "filtration" takes place. After passing "filtration", Ukrainians are reportedly often forcibly transferred to the Russian Far East. [9]

According to Meduza, filtration most likely occurs either at "filtration posts" which are essentially border crossing points where people have been obliged to voluntarily wait their turn due to the large influx of people trying to cross, or at actual filtration camps where people awaiting "filtration" are temporarily detained.[ citation needed ]

According to a leaked Russian occupation plan, "filtration" was intended to serve as pacification and counter-insurgency strategy following Russian occupation of the entirety of Ukrainian territory. According to the occupation plans, large portions of the Ukrainian populations were to be rounded up during door-to-door sweeps and passed through "filtration" in order to compile comprehensive counter-intelligence files: "Filtration would be used to intimidate people, to determine whether they needed to be displaced into Russia, and to lay the groundwork for records to monitor and disrupt resistance networks." [19]

Location of the filtration camps

As of June 2022, most filtration camps were attested to be located in towns and villages across the puppet quasi-state Donetsk People's Republic. Filtration camps have been set up in what had previously been public buildings like schools, cultural centres, sports halls, [9] community centres, police stations, and makeshift camp areas. [10]

In a July 2022 statement to the OSCE, a U.S. diplomat stated that the U.S. had identified at least 18 filtration camp sites set up by Russia both in Ukrainian and Russian territory, with preparations of filtration camps having been undertaken even before the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The filtration camps had been set up in Ukrainian territory that had recently come under Russian occupation by Russian officials working alongside proxy groups, the U.S. diplomat said. The U.S. diplomat said the filtration camps were set up in what had been schools, sport centres, and cultural institutions. [17] An article published by the Polish Spokesman for the Minister Coordinator of Special Services found and published the location of six such camps "where there are Russian torture chambers used against Ukrainians." [21]

Intake and detention

Fleeing Ukrainians have been transferred into filtration camps unknowingly, being falsely told that they are being taken to Ukrainian-held territory. [9] [10] Some are forced to pass "filtration" while fleeing combat or forcibly herded into the process by occupation forces or authorities, while still others agree to undergo the process in order to be able enter Russia or continue travel within occupied areas. [10]

After arriving in filtration camps, detainees are told they are not allowed to leave the town in which the filtration camp is located as they await "filtration". [9] Detention in filtration camps have been reported to last anywhere from an hour [10] to many weeks. [9]

Living conditions

Living conditions in the camps are often squalid. The camps are poorly organised. [9] [10] Those detained in the camps described sleeping on the floors or on cardboard, [9] living in poor sanitary conditions, [10] and meal rations that were scant or altogether absent. [9] [10]

"Filtration" and interrogation

During filtration, detainees are photographed, fingerprinted, interrogated, and the contents of their phones are examined. [9] [22] [23] [24] They undergo detailed interrogations about personal background, family ties, and political views and allegiances. [11] Detainees are questioned about whether they know anyone serving in the Ukrainian army. [9] [22] [23] [24] Detainees are asked about their political views and any ties to the Azov Regiment. [25] [26] [27] Men and in some instances women are strip-searched to be examined for Ukrainian nationalist tattoos. [9] [22] [23] [24] During "filtration", men have been subjected to inspections looking for possible signs of bruising from body armour or rifle use. Officials involved in the "filtration" process have said that the collected information is used to populate a database. [10]

"Filtration" usually ends in one of two ways: either the detainee is given a document certifying that they have passed filtration, or they are detained for further interrogation. Even after passing "filtration", some men are interrogated again during their passage from the filtration camp across areas under Russian control. [9] Children are sometimes separated from their parents and separately transferred to Russia during filtration as part of the child abductions in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. [28]

According to the U.S. State Department, Ukrainians with affiliations with the Ukrainian armed forces, government, media, or civil society are "filtered" from the rest of the detainees, and subject to transfer to detention facilities where they reportedly face torture, and summary execution. [29] [ better source needed ]

Violence, torture, and killings

Detainees perceived as having ties to the Ukrainian armed forces or Ukrainian state, or pro-Ukrainian or anti-Russian views are subject to maltreatment, arbitrary detenion, torture, and forced disappearance. [11] Beatings, torture with electricity, and killings have been reported by people interrogated in the filtration camps. [12] Women and girls are at risk of sexual abuse. [11] One witness said filtration camp staff forced detainees to give false testimony (blame Ukraine for destroying their homes) on camera. [30]

Release and forced deportations

After passing "filtration", some people are released within the DNR, while others are deported onward into Russia. [10] People that have passed through the filtration camps have said that they had been ultimately sent to various cities across Russia after their release from the filtration camps, with many having been sent to the Russian Far East. [17] After arriving in Russia, they are usually first temporarily placed in refugee centres before being instructed or coerced by Russian officials to travel to other destinations within Russia, while some are able to go to stay with relatives or friends in Russia, arrange their own accommodation in Russia, or leave Russia. Russian officials have pressured Ukrainians placed in temporary refugee centres to apply for asylum [10] [30] or Russian citizenship, or face indefinite detention in the centres. [30] Some are interrogated again by Russian officials after arriving in Russia. Ukrainians are not officially prohibited from leaving Russia, but in practice face obstacles (sometimes significant ones) in doing so. An ad hoc network of activists has emerged to help Ukrainians leave Russia. [10] [30] According to the U.S. State Department, Ukrainian citizens are coerced to sign agreements to stay in Russia prior to their release from filtration camps, thereby hindering their return to Ukraine. [29] [ better source needed ]

Ukrainian intelligence has said that Ukrainian citizens released from filtration camps are offered employment in economically depressed regions of Russia by Russian employment centres. [31]

Mikhail Mizintsev, chief of Russia's National Defense Management Center, said in May 2022 that 1,185,791 people have been transferred into Russia. [32] According to the U.S. State Department, "between 900,000 and 1.6 million Ukrainian citizens, including 260,000 children" have passed through the "filtration" process and deported, "often to isolated regions in the Far East" in a "pre-meditated [...] apparent effort to change the demographic makeup of parts of Ukraine". [29] [ better source needed ]

Remaining in Russia

Russia has enacted measures to facilitate the process of granting temporary asylum and Russian citizenship to Ukrainians. In April 2022, Russia adopted federal legislation which includes provisions streamlining applications for Russian citizenship for Russian-speaking Ukrainians from Donbas. On March 5, 2022, Putin signed a decree to help civilians fleeing hostilities that established a simplified administrative procedures for Ukrainians entering Russia and seeking asylum or citizenship. Ukrainians arriving in Russia from the DNR and LNR are entitled to a one-time cash payment. Asylum seekers and refugees in Russia are entitled a number of rights, including food and temporary accommodation, and resources and support in finding work and housing; in practice, people face significant obstacles in claiming these rights. Ukrainians must hand over their passport to obtain a temporary asylum card without being informed that they are entitled to retrieve their passport and exit Russia, leading some to believe they are not allowed to exit Russia. [10]

Escape from "filtration" and forced deportation

Ukrainians that have fled into Georgia have avoided forced deportations into Russian cities that are reportedly common after passing "filtration". Some Ukrainians that were detained in filtration camps have said that informing filtration camp officials that they have concrete plans to go to a specific Russian city enabled them to be released and told to find their own way there, thus enabling them to escape into Georgia and avoid forced transfers. [9]

Some people reported that they needed to slip out of filtration camps in Novoazovsk or post-filtering from Taganrog or Rostov-on-Don to escape through neighboring countries like Georgia, rather than be forcibly sent to distant parts of Russia. [9]

History

On 15 March 2022, The Guardian reported that witnesses have said that Russian troops have ordered women and children out of a bomb shelter in Mariupol. One witness said they were forcibly bussed with two or three hundred others to Novoazovsk, where they had to wait for hours inside the buses until they were ordered to go through a group of tents to what was called a filtration camp. Satellite imagery showed a group of tents in Bezimenne, near Novoazovsk. Representatives of Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic said they had set up a "tent city of 30 tents" with a capacity for 450 people. [6]

Russian government newspaper Rossiyskaya Gazeta reported that 5,000 Ukrainians had been processed in the Bezimenne camp and that they had run checks to prevent "Ukrainian nationalists from infiltrating Russia disguised as refugees so they could avoid punishment." One witness said she was extensively questioned by men who said they were from the FSB. She was questioned about her background and described the questioning as "very degrading". The group was then taken to Rostov. [6]

In May 2022, videos with Ukrainian civilians apologizing to Russian soldiers, with some of them saying that they had undergone a "denazification course", have appeared on social media. [33] [34] [35]

In November 2022, the Head of the UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, Matilda Bogner, reported on the "admission procedures" in the penal colony near Olenivka, which often involved beatings, threats, dog attacks, mock executions, forced nudity, electric and positional torture. The UN agency also reported receiving information about nine deaths in Olenivka in April 2022. [36]

In December 2022, OHCHR reported that Russian security services may have forcibly disappeared a woman who had failed the "filtration process" in the Rostov region on 10 October. [37]

Reactions

Russia

The Russian Embassy in the United States has said the filtration camps are "checkpoints for civilians leaving the zone of active hostilities". [38]

Ukraine

Ukrainian officials have compared the filtration camps to filtration camps in Chechnya. [7]

United States

United States ambassador to the UN Linda Thomas-Greenfield said "I do not need to spell out what these so-called 'filtration camps' are reminiscent of. It's chilling and we cannot look away". [8] She cited reports that FSB agents confiscated passports, IDs and mobile phones, as well as reports of Ukrainian families being separated. [8] The US envoy to the OSCE, Michail Carpenter, told the organization's permanent council that according to credible reporting, Ukrainian civilians in the filtration camps were interrogated and those suspected of ties to independent media or the military were beaten or tortured before being transferred to the Donetsk region, "where they are reportedly disappeared or murdered." [39]

Civil society

Tanya Lokshina, director of Human Rights Watch for Europe and Asia, said: "Under international human rights law, forced displacement or transfer doesn't necessarily mean people were forced into a vehicle at gunpoint, but rather that they found themselves in a situation that left them no choice." [6] She pointed out that the Geneva Convention prohibits "individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory, are prohibited, regardless of their motive". [6]

In an interview to Current Time TV , human rights activist Pavel Lisyansky said that the "courses" are often accompanied by physical violence, moral pressure and humiliation, and compared them to the "re-education" of Uyghurs by the Chinese government, which likely inspired these filtration camps and methods. Lisyansky also said that he knows three or four cases of Ukrainian civilians getting killed and their documents destroyed after they had a conflict with their "curator". [33] [34] [35]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Population transfer</span> Movement of a large group of people from one region to another

Population transfer or resettlement is a type of mass migration, often imposed by state policy or international authority and most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion but also due to economic development. Banishment or exile is a similar process, but is forcibly applied to individuals and groups. Population transfer differs more than simply technically from individually motivated migration, but at times of war, the act of fleeing from danger or famine often blurs the differences. If a state can preserve the fiction that migrations are the result of innumerable "personal" decisions, the state may be able to claim that it is not to blame for the displacement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abu Ghraib prison</span> 1950s–2014 prison in central Iraq

Abu Ghraib prison was a prison complex in Abu Ghraib, Iraq, located 32 kilometers (20 mi) west of Baghdad. Abu Ghraib prison was opened in the 1950s and served as a maximum-security prison. From the 1970s, the prison was used by Saddam Hussein to hold political prisoners and later the United States to hold Iraqi prisoners. It developed a reputation for torture and extrajudicial killing, and was closed in 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohammed al-Qahtani</span> Saudi Arabian Guantanamo detainee

Mohammed Mani Ahmad al-Qahtani is a Saudi citizen who was detained as an al-Qaeda operative for 20 years in the United States's Guantanamo Bay detention camps in Cuba. Qahtani allegedly tried to enter the United States to take part in the September 11 attacks as the 20th hijacker and was due to be onboard United Airlines Flight 93 along with the four other hijackers. He was refused entry due to suspicions that he was trying to illegally immigrate. He was later captured in Afghanistan in the Battle of Tora Bora in December 2001.

Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States, in the context of the early twenty-first century War on Terrorism, refers to foreign nationals the United States detains outside of the legal process required within United States legal jurisdiction. In this context, the U.S. government is maintaining torture centers, called black sites, operated by both known and secret intelligence agencies. Such black sites were later confirmed by reports from journalists, investigations, and from men who had been imprisoned and tortured there, and later released after being tortured until the CIA was comfortable they had done nothing wrong, and had nothing to hide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</span> United States military prison in southeastern Cuba

The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison within the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, also referred to as Gitmo, on the coast of Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. As of April 2023, of the 779 people detained there since January 2002 when the military prison first opened after the September 11 attacks, 740 had been transferred elsewhere, 30 remained there, and nine had died while in custody.

Knin camp was a detention camp run by the Krajina Serbian Army in Knin, Republika Srpska Krajina, that held Croatian detainees, soldiers and civilians, from 1991 until 1992, during the Croatian War of Independence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Humanitarian situation during the war in Donbas</span>

During the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War between the Ukrainian government forces and pro-Russian separatists in the Donbas region of Ukraine that began in April 2014, many international organisations and states noted a deteriorating humanitarian situation in the conflict zone.

Secret prisons of SBU are secret detention facilities operated by Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) in Eastern Ukraine to incarcerate Russian-backed separatists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian war crimes</span> Violations of the laws of war committed by the Russian Federation

Russian war crimes are the violations of the international criminal law including war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of genocide which the official armed and paramilitary forces of Russia are accused of committing since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. These accusations also extend to the aiding and abetting of crimes which have been committed by proto-statelets or puppet statelets which are armed and financed by Russia, including the Luhansk People's Republic and the Donetsk People's Republic. These war crimes have included murder, torture, terrorism, deportation or forced transfer, abduction, rape, looting, unlawful confinement, unlawful airstrikes or attacks against civilian objects, and wanton destruction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CIA black sites</span> Secret headquarters used by the CIA

The CIA controls black sites used by the U.S. government in its War on Terror to detain people deemed to be enemy combatants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Izolyatsia prison</span> Prison site, Ukraine

The premises of the former Izolyatsia factory and art centre are used as a torture prison in Donetsk, Ukraine, created after the city's capture in 2014 by Russian armed forces. The prison was established after representatives of the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) seized the site of the Izolyatsia Arts Foundation and converted it into a closed site of the State Security Ministry of the DPR. Izolyatsia functions as a training facility for DPR fighters as well as a depot for automobiles, military technology and weapons. The prison has secret status as detainees are convicted by illegal DPR courts without proper investigation. There are numerous known cases where Izolyatsia inmates only gave confession after being tortured.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tursunay Ziyawudun</span> Former detainee in Xinjiang re-education camps

Tursunay Ziyawudun, born in Kunes of Xinjiang, is a former Uyghur detainee in one of the re-education camps in Xinjiang, China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> Ongoing military conflict in Eastern Europe

On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in an escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War that started in 2014. The invasion became the largest attack on a European country since World War II. It is estimated to have caused tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties and hundreds of thousands of military casualties. By June 2022, Russian troops occupied about 20% of Ukrainian territory. From a population of 41 million in January 2022, about 8 million Ukrainians had been internally displaced and more than 8.2 million had fled the country by April 2023, creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. Extensive environmental damage caused by the war, widely described as an ecocide, contributed to food crises worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> Russian war crimes in Ukraine

Since the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the Russian military and authorities have committed war crimes, such as deliberate attacks against civilian targets ; indiscriminate attacks on densely-populated areas ; abduction, torture and murder of civilians; forced deportations; sexual violence; destruction of cultural heritage; and mistreatment, torture and murder of Ukrainian prisoners of war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Mariupol</span> Siege in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

The siege of Mariupol began on 24 February 2022 and lasted until 20 May, as part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. It saw fighting between the Russian Armed Forces and the Ukrainian Armed Forces for control over the city of Mariupol in southeastern Ukraine. Lasting for almost three months, the siege ended in a victory for Russia and the Donetsk People's Republic, as Ukraine lost control of the city amidst Russia's eastern Ukraine offensive and southern Ukraine offensive; all Ukrainian troops remaining in the city surrendered at the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works on 20 May 2022, after they were ordered to cease fighting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mariupol theatre airstrike</span> Bombing during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

On 16 March 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian Armed Forces bombed the Donetsk Academic Regional Drama Theatre in Mariupol, Ukraine. It was used as an air raid shelter during the siege of Mariupol, sheltering a large number of civilians. The estimations of the number of deaths that occurred due to the bombing have varied, from at least 12 to 600.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</span>

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, national parliaments including those of Poland, Ukraine, Canada, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Ireland declared that genocide was taking place. Scholars and commentators including Eugene Finkel, Timothy D. Snyder and Gregory Stanton; and legal experts such as Otto Luchterhandt and Zakhar Tropin, have made claims of varying degrees of certainty that Russia is committing genocide in Ukraine. A comprehensive report by the Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights concluded that there exists a "very serious risk of genocide" in Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian War</span> Forced Russian adoption of Ukrainian children

During the Russo-Ukrainian War, Russia has forcibly transferred thousands of Ukrainian children to areas under its control, assigned them Russian citizenship, forcibly adopted them into Russian families, and created obstacles for their reunification with their parents and homeland. The United Nations has stated that these deportations constitute war crimes. The International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued arrest warrants for President of Russia Vladimir Putin and Children's Rights Commissioner Maria Lvova-Belova for their alleged involvement. According to international law, including the 1948 Genocide Convention, such acts constitute genocide if done with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a nation or ethnic group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</span>

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian military have carried out deliberate attacks against civilian targets and indiscriminate attacks in densely-populated areas. The United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine says the Russian military exposed the civilian population to unnecessary and disproportionate harm by using cluster bombs and by firing other weapons with wide-area effects into civilian areas, such as missiles, heavy artillery shells and multiple launch rockets. As of 2024, the attacks had resulted in the documented deaths of between 10,000 and 16,500 civilians. The Ukrainian military have also been responsible for some attacks on civilian targets. On 22 April 2022, the UN reported that 92.3% of civilian deaths were attributable to the Russian armed forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian temporary administrative agencies in occupied Ukraine</span>

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia set up a series of pro-Russian temporary administrative agencies in the Ukrainian territory that it occupied.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Mapping the Filtration System in Donetsk Oblast". hub.conflictobservatory.org. Archived from the original on 2022-08-26. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  2. ↑ Dean, Kirby (2022-05-19). "Thousands of Mariupol survivors being detained and 'tortured' in Russia-controlled prisons in occupied Ukraine". MSN. Archived from the original on 2022-05-19. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
  3. ↑ Toby Luckhurst & Olga Pona (2022-04-25). "'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2022-05-18. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
  4. ↑ "Ukraine calls on UNSC, UN Secretary General to ensure evacuation of wounded from Azovstal". Interfax-Ukraine. 2022-05-12. Archived from the original on 2022-05-19. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
  5. ↑ Vlachou, Marita (2022-04-05). "Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps'". HuffPost . Archived from the original on 2022-05-21. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Sauer, Pjotr (2022-04-04). "Hundreds of Ukrainians forcibly deported to Russia, say Mariupol women". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 2022-05-06. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  7. 1 2 3 Peter, Laurence (2022-03-27). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  8. 1 2 3 Mackintosh, Eliza; Ochman, Oleksandra; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Polglase, Katie; Rebane, Teele; Graham-Yooll, Anastasia. "Russia or die". CNN. Archived from the original on 2022-07-17. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Beard, Nadia (2022-06-12). "Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia's 'filtration camps'". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 2022-07-18. Retrieved 2022-07-08.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Wille, Belkis (2022-09-01). ""We Had No Choice"". Human Rights Watch.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Reports of Russian Federation Forces Putting Ukrainian Civilians in 'Filtration' Camps Must Be Investigated, Senior Officials Tell Security Council | UN Press". press.un.org. Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  12. 1 2 "'The Russians said beatings were my re-education'". BBC News. 2022-06-16. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
  13. ↑ "Inside Russia's "Filtration Camps" in Eastern Ukraine". newyorker.com. 3 October 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  14. ↑ "Russian Soldiers Raped Dozens, Impregnated 9 in Bucha Basement—Ukraine Says". newsweek.com. 12 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
  15. ↑ Time, Current; Shtekel, Mykhaylo (May 2022). "'How About We Cut Off Your Ear?': Ukrainian Teen Describes Family's 'Filtration' By Russian Troops". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  16. ↑ Beard, Nadia (12 June 2022). "Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia's 'filtration camps'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  17. 1 2 3 Solomon, Erika (2022-07-08). "The U.S. identified 18 Russian 'filtration camps' for Ukrainians, a diplomat says". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2022-07-08. Retrieved 2022-07-08.
  18. ↑ "Минобороны отчиталось об эвакуации более 500 тыс. человек в Россию". 2 April 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-05-06. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  19. 1 2 Zabrodskyi, Mykhaylo; Watling, Jack; Danylyuk, Oleksandr; Reynolds, Nick (2022-11-30). "Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022" (PDF). RUSI Special Report. Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (RUSI). Retrieved 2022-12-03.
  20. ↑ "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory". BBC News. 2022-03-27. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-07-08.
  21. ↑ "Special services have identified Russian filtration camps - Special Services - Gov.pl website". Special Services. Archived from the original on 2022-07-27. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
  22. 1 2 3 L'esodo forzato. Dagli Urali alla Siberia la mappa dei campi per i deportati ucraini
  23. 1 2 3 Escape from Azovstal: Surviving Mariupol's last stand
  24. 1 2 3 Ukraine war: Teacher spent 65 days in bomb shelter with her baby during defence of Mariupol steelworks
  25. ↑ "Russia's humiliating 'filtration' of civilians fleeing occupied Ukraine: The Russian army has set up so-called filtration camps in the Donbas to screen civilians for political views before they are evacuated. DW spoke to three people who were able to get out of Mariupol". Deutsche Welle. April 28, 2022. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  26. ↑ "Wife of "Azov" spoke about life in the bunker of Azovstal (video) — UNIAN". dailybanner.co.uk. May 30, 2022. Retrieved Jul 17, 2022.[ permanent dead link ]
  27. ↑ "L'esodo forzato. Dagli Urali alla Siberia la mappa dei campi per i deportati ucraini". www.repubblicaA.it (in Italian). Jun 5, 2022. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved Jul 17, 2022.
  28. ↑ Koshiw, Isobel (2023-03-17). "Putin's alleged war crimes: who are the Ukrainian children being taken by Russia?". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  29. 1 2 3 "Russia's "Filtration" Operations, Forced Disappearances, and Mass Deportations of Ukrainian Citizens".
  30. 1 2 3 4 "Ukraine: "Like A Prison Convoy": Russia's Unlawful Transfer And Abuse of Civilians In Ukraine During 'Filtration'". Amnesty International. 10 November 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
  31. ↑ "Ukrainians, Who Were Deported to Russia, Are Offered Employment in Sakhalin". gur.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 2022-05-28. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  32. ↑ "Over 19,800 people evacuated from Ukraine, DPR, LPR to Russia in past day". TASS . 2022-05-08. Archived from the original on 2022-05-21. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
  33. 1 2 "Война. Восемьдесят девятый день" [War. Eighty-ninth day]. Meduza (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2022-05-23. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
  34. 1 2 "Что такое 'курсы денацификации' для украинцев, вывезенных в Россию: рассказывает правозащитник Павел Лисянский" [Human rights activists Pavel Lisyansky explains the "denazification courses" for Ukrainians deported to Russia]. Current Time TV (in Russian). 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-06-04. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
  35. 1 2 ""Я прошла курс денацификации. Осознаю свою вину" — жительницу Херсона заставили извиняться на камеру перед военными из России" ["I have undergone a denazification course. I admit my guilt"—citizen of Kherson forced to apologize on camera to Russian troops]. The Insider (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2022-06-04. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
  36. ↑ "Ukraine / Russia: Prisoners of war". OHCHR . 15 November 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
  37. ↑ "OHCHR | HRMMU Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine, 1 August – 31 October 2022". OHCHR. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  38. ↑ Miller, Christopher (26 May 2022). "One Ukrainian family's perilous journey through Russia's 'filtration camps'". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 2022-07-26. Retrieved 2022-07-08.
  39. ↑ "OSCE Envoy Says Evidence Of 'Filtration Camps' Emerging From Areas Of Ukraine Claimed By Russian Forces". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. April 28, 2022. Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.