Russian separatist forces in Ukraine, primarily the People's Militias of the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR), were pro-Russian paramilitaries in the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine. They were under the overall control of the Russian Federation. They were also referred to as Russian proxy forces. They were active during the war in Donbas (2014–2022), the first stage of the Russo-Ukrainian War. They then supported the Russian Armed Forces against the Ukrainian Armed Forces during the 2022 Russian invasion. In September 2022, Russia annexed the DPR and LPR, and began integrating the paramilitaries into its armed forces. They are designated as terrorist groups by the government of Ukraine.
The Sparta Battalion or 80th Separate Guards Reconnaissance Battalion "Sparta" named after A. S. Pavlov is a special purpose unit of the Russian Armed Forces. Until 2023, unit was part of Russian people's militia military unit of the Russian republic of Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) in eastern Ukraine. The unit has been fighting against the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the Donbas war and the 2022 Russian invasion. Formed in 2014, it was initially led by the Russian-born Arsen Pavlov until his death in October 2016, and then by Vladimir Zhoga, from Sloviansk, until his death in March 2022.
The 81st Separate Slobozhanska Airmobile Brigade is a brigade of the Ukrainian Air Assault Forces. The brigade fought in the war in Donbas and in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Ukrainian volunteer battalions were militias and paramilitary groups mobilized as a response to the perceived state of weakness and unwillingness of the regular Armed Forces to counter rising separatism in spring 2014. They trace their origins to the "Maidan Self-Defense" militias formed during the Euromaidan in 2013. The earliest of these volunteer units were later formalized into military, special police and paramilitary formations in a response to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine in 2014. Most of the formations were formed or placed under command of the Ministry of Internal Affairs — as "Special Tasks Patrol Police" — and Ministry of Defence — as "Territorial defence battalions". A minority of battalions were independent of state control.
The Territorial Defence Forces are the military reserve component of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
The Georgian National Legion or Georgian Legion is a military unit formed by mostly ethnic Georgian volunteers fighting on the side of Ukraine in the war in Donbas and the Russo-Ukrainian War. The unit was organized in 2014, and in 2016 it was made part of the Ukrainian Army, under the 25th Mechanized Infantry Battalion "Kyiv Rus". On 15 June 2024, the unit was classified as a terrorist organization by the Russian government.
The International Legion Defence of Ukraine, or the Ukrainian Foreign Legion, is a military unit of the Ukrainian Ground Forces composed of foreign volunteers. It was created on 27 February 2022 by the Ukrainian government at the request of President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to fight against the Russian invasion of the country. It was originally part of the Territorial Defense Forces, under the name of International Legion of Territorial Defence of Ukraine, eventually transitioning to the command of the Ukrainian Ground Forces at some point in its existence.
The Russo-Ukrainian War has seen foreign volunteers participate on both sides of the conflict. Most foreign fighters joined the conflict during one of two waves. The first wave happened from 2014 to 2019 during the War in the Donbas and consisted of approximately 17,241 foreign fighters. The second wave is considered by researchers to have been much larger and began in 2022 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
The Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment, formerly the Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion until May 2022 is a group of Belarusian opposition volunteers, which was formed to defend Ukraine against the Russian invasion in 2022.
The Kraken Regiment is a Ukrainian military volunteer unit, part of the spetsnaz units of the Main Directorate of Intelligence of Ukraine (HUR) formed in 2022 as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
The 3rd Army Corps is a military formation of the Russian Ground Forces formed in June 2022 to participate in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The 3rd Corps was raised in response to the depletion of trained manpower during the early months of the invasion. It was formed exclusively by volunteers, as at that point Russia had not yet begun the process of partial mobilization and preferred to avoid or delay doing so. Recruitment was on a regional basis, with federal subject administrations and local authorities conducting recruitment campaigns. Its planned strength was estimated to comprise 15,000–60,000 personnel, but as of January 2023, it only had 10,000–15,000. It originally belonged to the Western Military District, before moving under the command of the Central Military District in 2023.
The Norman Brigade is a foreign unit composed of foreign volunteers that was formed in early 2022. The unit is formed by veterans and volunteers from Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Germany, Spain, France, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Portugal, Italy, Jordan, Egypt and Norway, in addition to the United States, Canada and Britain.
The Separate Special Purpose Battalion of the Ministry of Defense of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, also known as OBON, is a spetsnaz formation of Chechen volunteers, functioning as part of the International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine. It is one of several Chechen armed volunteer formations on the side of Ukraine. It was created by Akhmed Zakayev on July 29, 2022, on the basis of a Chechen formation that has been fighting on the side of the Ukrainian Armed Forces since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine to combat the purposes of their common enemy.
The Resistance Committee, also known as the Black Headquarters or Anti-Authoritarian Platoon, is a Ukrainian detachment made up of anarchist, anti-authoritarian and anti-fascist volunteers. It was formed to fight against the Russian invasion of Ukraine as part of the Territorial Defense Forces (TDF).
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Russo-Ukrainian War:
The 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive was a major offensive against Russian forces occupying Ukrainian territory with the goal of breaching the front lines. Efforts were made in many directions, primarily in the Donetsk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts. In total, Ukraine recaptured 14 villages with a total pre-war population of around 5,000 but suffered heavy casualties in the process. Western officials have said that such losses were not unexpected for attacking forces. The counteroffensive was widely regarded as a crucial moment in the war but also as a failure for Ukrainian forces.
Chosen Company, previously known as the 312:th Swedish Volunteer Company, is a volunteer unit fighting for Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Its volunteers come from over 31 countries, but are primarily United States citizens.
The 1st Infantry Battalion of the International Legion, also commonly referred to as the 1st Battalion of the International Legion or the 1st International Legion, is a formation of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, functioning as part of the International Legion Defence of Ukraine formed on 27 February 2022. The battalion is one of four units within the structure of the International Legion, consisting of fighters from several countries including: the United States, Croatia, Brazil, Japan, and more.
The 3rd Special Purpose Battalion of the International Legion, also commonly referred to as the 3rd Battalion of the International Legion or the 3rd International Legion, is a formation of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, functioning as part of the International Legion Defence of Ukraine formed on 27 February 2022. The battalion is one of four units within the structure of the International Legion. The battalion is unique compared to other battalions in the Legion due to its designation as a spetsnaz.
The 2nd Battalion of the International Legion, also commonly referred to as 2nd International Legion, is a formation of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, functioning as part of the International Legion Defence of Ukraine formed in the summer of 2022. The battalion is one of three combat units within the structure of the International Legion, consisting of fighters from several countries. According to the battalion's website, fighters of the battalion come from 30 countries including: Ukraine, Georgia, Belarus, Moldova, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, England, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Faroe Islands, Belgium, Cyprus, Israel, Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Australia, Japan and United States.
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