Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian War

Last updated

Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian War
Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War
Otkrytie smeny dlia detei iz Khersonskoi i Zaporozhskoi oblastei, pribyvshikh v Evpatoriiu, 2022, 01.jpg
1,500 Ukrainian children from Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts at Yevpatoria, Russian-occupied Crimea, October 2022
Location Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
Date2014 [1] [2] [3]  –present
Target Ukrainian children
Attack type
Deaths549 [4]
Injured1,354 [4]
Victims19,546 [4]  –307,000 [5] (as of August 2022)
700,000 (as of July 2023) [6]
Perpetrators
Litigation International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Putin and Lvova-Belova

During the Russo-Ukrainian War, [3] Russia has forcibly transferred almost 20 thousand Ukrainian children to areas under its control, assigned them Russian citizenship, forcibly adopted them into Russian families, and created obstacles for their reunification with their parents and homeland. [7] [8] The United Nations has stated that these deportations constitute war crimes. [8] [9] The International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued arrest warrants for President of Russia Vladimir Putin [10] (who has explicitly supported the forced adoptions, including by enacting legislation to facilitate them) [1] and Children's Rights Commissioner Maria Lvova-Belova for their alleged involvement. [10] According to international law, including the 1948 Genocide Convention, such acts constitute genocide if done with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a nation or ethnic group. [11] [lower-alpha 1]

Contents

Ukrainian children have been abducted by the Russian state after their parents had been arrested by Russian occupation authorities or killed in the invasion, [12] [13] or after becoming separated from their parents in an active war zone. [14] Children have also been abducted from Ukrainian state institutions in occupied areas, and through children's "summer camps" on Russian territory. [12] The abducted children have been subject to Russification; [1] [14] raising children of war in a foreign nation and culture may constitute an act of genocide if intended to erase their national identity. [1]

Ukrainian authorities have verified the identities of [15] over 19,000 abducted children, [4] compiling and actively updating the data as part of an online platform: "Children of War". Russian authorities have claimed that over 700,000 Ukrainian children have been "evacuated" by mid-2023, [6] and Ukraine's ombudsman on children's rights believes that the actual number of abducted children may be in the hundreds of thousands. [15] A charitable organisation, Save Ukraine, facilitates the repatriation and family reunification of abducted Ukrainian children. [16] [13] Daria Herasymchuk is Ukraine's Presidential Commission for Children's Rights and Child Rehabilitation officer. [17]

History

2010s

Russia started transferring children from Ukrainian territories in 2014, the first year of the Russo-Ukrainian War. [1] [2] The first such large-scale program was initiated by Russian charity celebrity Elizaveta Glinka. [3] In early February 2022, Russia "evacuated" 500 supposed orphans from Donetsk Oblast to Russian territory. [18]

2022

The first reports of forced deportations to Russia as part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine came mid-March 2022, during the siege of Mariupol. [19] The same month, Russian children's rights commissioner Maria Lvova-Belova has stated that a group of Ukrainian children transferred to Russia from Mariupol had initially asserted their Ukrainian identity, but that it had since transformed into a love for Russia, saying that she had adopted one of the children herself. [1]

Map of the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 27-03-2022.svg
Map of the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

On 22 March 2022, Ukraine and U.S. authorities claimed more than 2,300 children had been kidnapped by Russian forces from the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts. [20] [21]

On 30 May 2022, Vladimir Putin signed a decree that streamlined the process of adopting Ukrainian orphans or those without parental care and giving them Russian citizenship. [1] [22] [23]

By 11 April, two-thirds of Ukraine's 7.5 million children had been displaced according to the U.N. [24] Ukraine's human rights commissioner, Lyudmila Denysova, and U.N. ambassador Sergiy Kyslytsya, stated at that time that more than 120,000 children had been deported to Russia. [25] [24] By 26 May, more than 238,000 Ukrainian children were reported to have been deported to Russian territory. [22]

Ukraine raised the issue at a meeting of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in early June, where the head of Ukraine's mission, Yevhenii Tsymbaliuk, quoted a message from a Ukrainian child who had been forcibly adopted despite having close living relations; addressed to his aunt, it read, in part, "They say I'm an orphan. But I'm not an orphan, I have you, I have grandparents. There are so many children like me here. They say they want to leave us in Russia. And I don't want to stay in Russia!" [26]

According to Ukrainska Pravda , Russia has taken 267 orphans from Mariupol to Rostov to be made Russian citizens, supervised by Maria Lvova-Belova. It also reported that Russian authorities had looked for and collected orphaned children, to be taken to an unknown destination. [27]

Sky News released CCTV footage dated June 2022 of Russian FSB officials entering an orphanage Kherson to search for orphans. Aware of the risk of child abductions, the staff hid the children prior to their arrival. Finding the orphanage empty, the FSB agents seized records, computers, and the CCTV system from the orphanage in an apparent effort to track down the missing children. Russian authorities subsequently sent abducted 15 children to be housed in the orphanage, only to be taken away by the Russian occupiers as they retreated from Kherson. Russian forces also successfully abducted children from a different Kherson orphanage, an eyewitness told Sky News. [28]

In June 2022, Mikhail Mizintsev, head of the National Defense Management Center, claimed 1,936,911 Ukrainians had been deported to Russia, of whom 307,423 were children. [29]

On 7 September a United Nations official reported that there were credible accusations that Russian forces had sent Ukrainian children to Russia for adoption as part of a forced deportation programme, and the US ambassador informed the UN Security Council that more than 1,800 Ukrainian children had been transferred to Russia in July alone. [30]

Child abduction during "filtration" procedures was documented in a 10 November 2022 Amnesty International report entitled "Russia’s Unlawful Transfer And Abuse Of Civilians In Ukraine During 'Filtration'". An 11-year-old boy testified to Amnesty International: [31]

They took my mom to another tent. She was being questioned... They told me I was going to be taken away from my mom... I was shocked... They didn’t say anything about where my mom was going. A lady from Novoazovsk [child protection] service said maybe my mom would be let go... I didn’t get to see my mom... I have not heard from her since. [31]

In December 2022, a report published by the Eastern Human Rights Group and the Institute for Strategic Research and Security concluded that the deportations in Donbas were prepared by the Russian Federation under the guise of "evacuation" ahead of time. [32]

2023

As early as 28 April 2023 the abductions were a matter of interest at the UNSC. [33]

According to an August 2023 Reuters report, Alexei Petrov, an aide to the office of Russia's presidential commissioner for children's rights, had employed neo-Nazi rhetoric and symbols in his online activity, and associated himself with neo-Nazi, white supremacist, and Russian far-right movements online. [34]

2024

On 2 February 2024 the International Coalition for the Return of Ukrainian Children launched itself with 37 partner nations. It was co-chaired by Ukraine and Canada. [35]

In February 2024 NPR interviewed two formerly kidnapped children after they had been heard by the House Foreign Affairs Committee. [36] Later Rep Susan Wild proposed H.Res 149: "Condemning the illegal abduction and forcible transfer of children from Ukraine to the Russian Federation"; it earned 39 co-sponsors. [37]

In June 2024 Ukrainians became aware that Russia had placed photographs of several of the abductees in an online format. [38]

Abductions

The vast majority of the abducted children have been abducted from southern and eastern Ukraine (Kherson, Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia, Donetsk, Luhansk and Mykolaiv regions). [12] According to Ukraine's ombudsman on children's rights, Russia is carrying out the abductions with the goal of supplementing its own population, and that Russia is conducting health examinations on the children in order to integrate only healthy Ukrainian children into the Russian nation. [15]

Parental separation

Some children have been abducted after becoming separated from their parents while fleeing active war zones, [12] [14] and some have been abducted after their parents were detained in filtration camps. [12] [13] Some children have been abducted and taken to Russia by family friends or relatives seeking financial and material gain from incentives instituted by the Russian state intended to promote adoption of Ukrainian children by Russian families. [39] Ukraine's ombudsman on children's rights has alleged that Russian occupation authorities have used abductions as a punitive measure against parents who disobey occupation authorities, revoking their parental rights as punishment for dissent. [15] Some children are abducted by Russian authorities after their parents are killed by Russian forces, Ukrainian officials have said. [14] [15]

State institutions

Children have been abducted from Ukrainian state-run institutions such as orphanages, [14] [40] [41] group homes, [14] care homes, hospitals, [41] and boarding schools; [42] [14] many of the forcibly transferred children were taken from orphanages and group homes. [14] State institutions furthermore lost track of thousands of children in their care amid the turmoil of the war. [43]

Most children in the care of Ukrainian state institutions (including some of those in orphanages [18] ) are not orphans but were only temporarily or permanently placed under the care of the state by parents facing personal hardships such as poverty, illness, or addiction. The Ukrainian state facilitates the voluntary temporary or permanent placement of children under the care of state institutions by parents. [14] Some 90% of Ukrainian children living under state care were thus "social orphans" – children with family members who are for various reasons unable to care for them. [12] The United Nations estimated that some 90,000 children resided in state-run homes in Ukraine prior to the 2022 invasion. Regardless of whether the children had living parents or were indeed wards of the state, such forced transfers during wartime likely constitute a war crime. [14]

The BBC said that many of the abducted children were sent to "re-education camps or psychiatric hospitals" in Russia. [44] The Yale School of Public Health have documented a “systematic” effort to brainwash the Ukrainian children. [45]

Summer camp stays

Parents in Russian-occupied areas have been encouraged by Russian occupation authorities, Russian forces, and teachers to send their children to so-called "summer camps" [46] (in fact re-education camps for Ukrainian children) for a respite from the Russo-Ukrainian War. Some parents were pressured to allow their children to go to the camps, while others agreed in order to get their children out of an active war zone, or to take advantage of an opportunity to provide them a free trip (many families that agreed to send their children were economically disadvantaged) or better living conditions amid the ravages of war. [18]

Some of these children have been subsequently detained in the camps indefinitely, while others were returned weeks or months later than promised. Some parents who sent their children to the "summer camps" were subsequently told that their children would be returned only if their parents pick them up in person, but travel between Ukraine and Russia is difficult, dangerous and expensive, some camps are located far from Ukraine (including as far as Magadan Oblast in the Russian Far East, which abuts the Pacific coast), and many children are from low-income families that cannot afford the journey (some had to sell their belongings to afford the journey and travel through four countries to collect their children from the camps); even relatives granted power of attorney by parents are not allowed to collect the children, and all men (including parents) of ages between 18 and 60 are forbidden from leaving Ukraine as they are eligible for conscription and additionally risk "filtration" and possible persecution when attempting to enter Russia, so that in practice, in most cases only the mothers are able to retrieve the children. In some instances, camp officials said that the return of children was dependent upon Russia recapturing since liberated Ukrainian territory where the child's family lives, and one child was told that he would not be returned home due to his "pro-Ukrainian views". [18] Some children said they were told they would be given up for adoption or placed into foster homes if their parents did not come to collect them soon. [47] Some children were retrieved through intervention by the Ukrainian government. Parents' ability to communicate with their children during their stay in the camps has been curtailed, and parents have been denied information about their child's status. [18]

Maltreatment

According to witness testimonies obtained by the United Nations Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, some of the children have experienced poor living conditions, inadequate care, and verbal abuse while living under the custody of the Russian state. [8] Some returned children have attested to harsh punishments and restrictive living conditions while in Russia. [13] The Ukrainian government has claimed that some children have experienced sexual exploitation after being forcibly transferred to Russia. [46] Children detained in summer camps have testified to frequent punishment, bullying by peers, and pressure to sing the Russian anthem. [47]

Abducted children are offered a three month-long rehabilitation with mental health care teams upon returning to Ukraine. [13]

Russian policies

Adoptions

Russian law prohibits adoptions of children who are citizens of other countries by Russian citizens without the consent of the child's home country. In May 2022, Vladimir Putin signed a decree [1] facilitating the granting of Russian citizenship to Ukrainian children to enable their permanent adoption into Russian families - this change represents a legal obstacle to future reunification of the abducted children with their Ukrainian families [1] [31] or their repatriation to Ukraine. [31] Orphanages, group homes, and social service agencies are also allowed to file for adoption of abducted children, thus initiating their naturalisation. [43]

The Russian government created a register of Russian families that may adopt Ukrainian children, and a hotline for Russian families seeking to adopt Ukrainian children from Donbas. Adoptive families receive a cash payment for each adopted Ukrainian child that is granted Russian citizenship. [1] Lvova-Belova suggested the creation of a database of Ukrainian (ostensible) orphans to improve matching of these children with prospective adoptive families in occupied Ukraine or Russia, and expressed a wish to systematise the adoption process. [31]

BBC news reported that Sergey Mironov, a Putin ally, had illegally adopted a toddler from a children's home in Ukraine. [48]

Russification and re-education

According to The New York Times , "Russian officials ... made clear that their goal is to replace any childhood attachment to home with a love for Russia". [14] Upon arriving in Russia, the children are placed in homes and subjected to re-education. [49] During the occupation of Novopskov, occupation authorities threatened to deprive parents of parental rights if their child did not attend a school with a Russian curriculum. [50]

In 2022, the Russian government established a large-scale system of at least 43 children's camps in Russia and Crimea (most of which previously served as children's summer resorts) the main purpose of which appears to be "integrating children from Ukraine into the Russian government's vision of national culture, history, and society", according to a report by Yale School of Public Health’s Humanitarian Research Lab. [18] Some children have been placed in summer camps in Belarus that are run by Belarusian state-owned corporations by virtue of a decree issued by the Russo-Belarusian Union State. [51] Children in such camps have been subjected to Russification, Russian state propaganda, and military education (including firearm training). Children have also been provided with formal education in accordance with Russia's educational standards (either at the camps or at local schools) in an effort to steer them towards attending university in Russia. [18]

Parents in Russian-occupied areas are encouraged or coerced to send their children to these camps (described to them as children's "summer camps") for a respite from the war, with the children subsequently subject to indoctrination during their stay and sometimes not returned to the parents as promised. Orphans, children from Ukrainian state institutions, and children who have become separated from their legal guardians due to the conflict are also sent to these camps before their eventual adoption and/or placement in foster care in Russia. At least 6,000 Ukrainian children have attended such camps; analysis of information from public accounts and satellite imagery has indicated the number of children housed in such camps to be far higher. [18]

All levels of the Russian government - federal, regional, and local - are involved in the operation of the camps, and their operation is supported by Russian occupation authorities and proxies, and by members of Russia's civil society and private sector. Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova advocated for the camps. [18]

Using children for propaganda

The Russian state begun using abducted Ukrainian children for propaganda purposes during the War in Donbas. [43] The domestic narrative of the Russian state is that abandoned children are rescued from the ravages of war by the magnanimous Russian state. [12] [14] [41] The forced transfer of Ukrainian children forms part of a broader propaganda strategy by Vladimir Putin attempting to portray Ukraine as part of the Russian nation, justify the invasion, [14] and bolster support for the war. [41] Abducted children were paraded at a government pro-war rally marking the first anniversary of the invasion, where they were shown thanking Russian soldiers for "saving them". [52] The Russian state has carefully crafted the portrayal of the forced transfers of children to the Russian public. Russian state television has broadcast footage of Russian officials handing out teddy bears to newly arrived abducted children, and Russian officials in Donetsk have invited reporters to events where gifts were handed out to abducted children. [14]

Preventing repatriation and family reunification

Many parents wish to reunite with their children (some do not, either due to financial reasons or previous estrangement). Russian authorities do not make any attempt to contact parents to notify them that their children are in the custody of the Russian state [14] and have refused to cooperate with the Ukrainian government and international organisations in tracking the children. [47] Likewise, they do not release any information regarding the identities of the transferred children, making it difficult for Ukrainian and international authorities to locate and identify the children. [12] The first and last names of the abducted children are also changed, making it even more difficult to track down and identify the children. [53] [54] Ukraine's ombudsman on children's rights has said the process of tracking down abducted children is especially difficult with young children that may not remember where they are from. [15] Even in cases where parents have successfully tracked down their children and formally applied to the Russian authorities to be reunited with them, Russian officials have attempted to pressure or persuade the parents and children to consent to transfer, promising creature comforts and a better life. In cases where parents (or other legal guardian) and children are unable to establish contact or parents are unable or unwilling to personally come collect the children, children are deported to Russia even if they personally express a desire to remain in Ukraine. [14] Abducted children have been lied to by Russian officials about their parents having abandoned them. [1] [40]

Funding

For the year of 2024, according to an investigation published in February 2024 by a coalition of journals including VSquare, Delfi, Expressen and Paper Trail Media, Lvova-Belova was scheduled to be paid from the Russian Federation budget the equivalent of € 420,000 "for the removal of children from the Special Military Occupation Zone". [55]

Belarusian involvement

The Belarusian state and state-affiliated organisations have actively participated in the forced transfers of Ukrainian children. Ukrainian children have been deported to Belarus where they are held in recreational camps. The National Anti-Crisis Management Group, a Belarusian organisation headed by Belarusian opposition figure Pavel Latushka, used open-source information to report in August 2023 that at least 2,100 Ukrainian children had been transferred to Belarus. [56] According to Latushka, they were being held in summer camps administered by state-owned corporations. He also said that to state documents showed the transfers are being conducted under the authority of the Union State. [57] The transfers of Ukrainian children have been shown on Belarusian state television. There are indications of re-education efforts by the Belarusian state. Much of the information about the child abductions has come from their parents; children that have been deported to Belarus were abducted from regions of Ukraine which were still under Russian occupation as of August 2023, impeding investigations. [56]

According to international humanitarian law, children in war zones should be evacuated to neutral third countries whenever possible; Belarus lent its territory to be used as a staging ground for the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. [56]

In a July 2023 interview with the Belarusian state TV channel Belarus-1, Dzmitry Shautsou, the head of the Belarus Red Cross, clad in military clothing embellished with the Z symbol, admitted to the abduction and deportation of Ukrainian children from Russian-occupied areas to Belarus for “health improvement” reasons, saying that it would continue to do so. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies distanced itself from his statements while expressing "grave concern", demanded a halt to the practice, and launched an investigation by its investigative committee. [58] [59]

Belarusian president Lukashenko has dismissed concerns regarding the transfers, suggesting that Ukrainian children were instead being trafficked to Western countries for organ harvesting. [56]

In February 2024, the European Union blacklisted Shautsou, as well as several other persons and organizations from Belarus for their involvement in the Ukrainian child abductions. [60] The United States, Ukraine, Australia and New Zealand have also imposed sanctions in relation to the forced deportations. [61] [62] [63] [64] [65]

Sanctions

Russian children's rights commissioner Maria Lvova-Belova has been sanctioned by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. [1]

Arrest warrants

International Criminal Court building at The Hague International Criminal Court building (2016) in The Hague.png
International Criminal Court building at The Hague

On 17 March 2023, the International Criminal Court issued arrest warrants for Putin and Lvova-Belova, alleging criminal responsibility for the unlawful deportation and transfer of population (children) from occupied areas of Ukraine to Russia. [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] It decided that they are covered by articles 8(2)(a)(vii) and article 8(2)(b)(viii) of the Rome Statute and intended by Russia as permanent. [70] The charges carry a potential life sentence. [68] It is the first time the court has issued an arrest warrant against the leader of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. [67] ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan said, "We must ensure that those responsible for alleged crimes are held accountable and that children are returned to their families and communities. We cannot allow children to be treated as if they are the spoils of war." [68]

Reactions

Russia

Lvova-Belova has claimed that the Russian state is entirely willing to reunite the children with their parents if they come forward. [43]

On 17 June 2023, Vladimir Putin rejected the request of a peace delegation from Africa to return the children back home, saying that "We moved them out of the conflict zone, saving their lives and health." [71]

Ukraine

Ukrainian authorities have claimed Putin's decree to be a way to "legalize the abduction of children from the territory of Ukraine". They have maintained this "grossly violate[s]" the 1949 Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, and the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. [22]

The Foreign Ministry of Ukraine also believes that the actions may qualify as a forcible transfer of children from one human group to another. In a statement: "The most serious international crimes against children committed by Russian high-ranking officials and servicemen in Ukraine will be investigated, and the perpetrators will be prosecuted. Russia will not be able to avoid the strictest accountability." [22]

By 31 May 2023, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 's Ukrainian Service reported that Zelenskiy said 371 deported Ukraine children have been returned by Russia. [72] More than 19,000 children have been deported to Russia. [73]

United Nations

UNICEF Emergency Programs Director Manuel Fontaine told CBS News that UNICEF was "looking into how we can track or help on that", though stating they did not have ability to investigate at the moment. [24]

Michelle Bachelet, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, announced on 15 June 2022 that her agency had started an investigation into allegations of children forcibly deported from Ukraine to the Russian Federation. [74]

On 15 March 2023, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) released a report declaring these forced transfers of children are illegal and a war crime. It broadly gave three categories of deported children: those who lost contact with their parents due to the Russian invasion, those who were separated when their parents were sent to a Russian filtration camp, and those who were in institutions. The report concluded:

International humanitarian law prohibits the evacuation of children by a party to the armed conflict, with the exception of a temporary evacuation where compelling reasons relating to the health or medical treatment of the children or, except in occupied territory, their safety, so requires. The written consent of parents or legal guardians is required. In none of the situations which the Commission has examined, transfers of children appear to have satisfied the requirements set forth by international humanitarian law. The transfers were not justified by safety or medical reasons. There seems to be no indication that it was impossible to allow the children to relocate to territory under Ukrainian Government control... The Commission has concluded that the situations it has examined concerning the transfer and deportation of children, within Ukraine and to the Russian Federation respectively, violate international humanitarian law, and amount to a war crime. [9]

Civil society

On 21 December 2022, a French NGO, "For Ukraine, for their Freedom and Ours!", submitted via the law firm Vigo a communication to Karim Khan, Chief Prosecutor for the International Criminal Court, to contribute to "the investigation opened on 2 March 2022 by the Office of the Prosecutor, upon referral of the situation in Ukraine by a coordinated group of States Parties to the Rome Statute". [75]

Genocide question

The 1948 Genocide Convention states:

Article II. In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: ...
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. [76]

Russia's kidnapping and forcible transfer of Ukrainian children to Russify them has sometimes been mentioned as meeting the requirements of the Genocide Convention. According to a May 2022 report by the Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights in Montreal and the New Lines Institute in Washington, there are "reasonable grounds to conclude" that Russia is in breach of two articles of the 1948 Genocide Convention, among them the forcible transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia, in itself a genocidal act. [11]

Genocide scholar Timothy D. Snyder tweeted: "Kidnapping children en masse and seeking to assimilate them in a foreign culture is genocide according to Article 2 Section E of the 1948 genocide convention." [77] Professor in Law Yulia Ioffe wrote that the child abductions satisfy the prima facie elements of the crime of genocide. [78] Lily Muelrath of the University of Wisconsin Law School agreed with such classification, [79] as did Azeem Ibrahim, Research Professor at the Strategic Studies Institute. [80]

British sociologist Martin Shaw included it as just one of several Russian acts in Ukraine amounting to genocide. [81] Criminal law Professors Denys Azarov, Dmytro Koval, Gaiane Nuridzhanian and Volodymyr Venher argued that the permanent separation of Ukrainian children from their families and national identity amounts to a larger plan of the destruction of Ukrainian nation. [82] Others have compared it to a cultural genocide. [83] American-Ukrainian lawyer Askold Lozynskyj identified three attempted genocides against Ukrainian people, the Holodomor, Operation Vistula, and the Russian invasion and attack against Ukraine since 2014, including deportation of Ukrainian children. [84]

In April 2023, the Council of Europe deemed the forced transfers of children as constituting an act of genocide in with an overwhelming majority of 87 in favour of the resolution to 1 against and 1 abstaining. [85]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Article II. In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: ...
    (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Population transfer</span> Movement of a large group of people from one region to another

Population transfer or resettlement is a type of mass migration that is often imposed by a state policy or international authority. Such mass migrations are most frequently spurred on the basis of ethnicity or religion, but they also occur due to economic development. Banishment or exile is a similar process, but is forcibly applied to individuals and groups. Population transfer differs more than simply technically from individually motivated migration, but at times of war, the act of fleeing from danger or famine often blurs the differences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forced assimilation</span> Involuntary cultural assimilation of minority groups

Forced assimilation is the involuntary cultural assimilation of religious or ethnic minority groups, during which they are forced by a government to adopt the language, national identity, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, way of life, and often the religion and ideology of an established and generally larger community belonging to a dominant culture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany</span> Cultural genocide of children in Nazi Germany

During World War II, around 200,000 ethnic Polish children as well as an unknown number of children of other ethnicities were abducted from their homes and forcibly transported to Nazi Germany for purposes of forced labour, medical experimentation, or Germanization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongolia–Russia relations</span> Bilateral relations

Mongolia–Russia relations have been traditionally strong since the Communist era, when the Soviet Union supported the Mongolian People's Republic. Mongolia and Russia remain allies in the post-communist era. Russia has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar and two consulates general. Mongolia has an embassy in Moscow, three consulates general, and a branch in Yekaterinburg. Both countries are full members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Costa Rica–Russia relations</span> Bilateral relations

The bilateral relations between Costa Rica and Russia date back to 1872, when Costa Rican president Tomás Guardia and Emperor of Russia Alexander II exchanged correspondence. Relations were not formally established until 1944, at the final stages of World War II, when the Russian Empire was already succeeded by the Soviet Union.

Forced adoption is the practice of forcefully taking children from their parents and placing them for adoption.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Virginia Gamba (UN official)</span> Argentine diplomat

Virginia Gamba de Potgieter is the Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations for Children and Armed Conflict. She was appointed 12 April 2017 by United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres as the replacement for Leila Zerrougui.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian war crimes</span> Violations of the laws of war committed by the Russian Federation

Russian war crimes are violations of international criminal law including war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of genocide which the official armed and paramilitary forces of Russia have committed or been accused of committing since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, as well as the aiding and abetting of crimes by proto-statelets or puppet statelets which are armed and financed by Russia, including the Luhansk People's Republic and the Donetsk People's Republic. These have included murder, torture, terror, persecution, deportation and forced transfer, enforced disappearance, child abductions, rape, looting, unlawful confinement, inhumane acts, unlawful airstrikes and attacks against civilian objects, use of banned chemical weapons, and wanton destruction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isobel Yeung</span> British journalist

Isobel Yeung is a British long-form documentary senior correspondent. She has covered a variety of stories concerning major global issues such as ongoing world conflicts, terrorism, mass detention, and genocide. She has also reported on social issues in developing countries such as gender roles, women's rights, mental health and corruption. Her work has earned her two Emmy Awards and a Gracie Award.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maria Lvova-Belova</span> Russian politician (born 1984)

Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova is a Russian politician. She has been the Presidential Commissioner for Children's Rights since October 2021, when she was appointed to the position by Russian president Vladimir Putin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> Ongoing armed conflict in Eastern Europe

On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which started in 2014. The invasion, the largest and deadliest conflict in Europe since World War II, has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties and tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties. As of 2024, Russian troops occupy about 20% of Ukraine. From a population of 41 million, about 8 million Ukrainians had been internally displaced and more than 8.2 million had fled the country by April 2023, creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</span>

Since the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the Russian military and authorities have committed war crimes, such as deliberate attacks against civilian targets, including on hospitals, medical facilities and on the energy grid; indiscriminate attacks on densely-populated areas; the abduction, torture and murder of civilians; forced deportations; sexual violence; destruction of cultural heritage; and the killing and torture of Ukrainian prisoners of war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</span>

Belarus, a close ally of Russia, has supported its eastern neighbour in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Before the start of the offensive, Belarus allowed the Russian Armed Forces to perform weeks-long military drills on its territory; however, the Russian troops did not exit the country after they were supposed to finish. Belarus allowed Russia to stage part of the invasion from its territory, giving Russia the shortest possible land route to Ukraine's capital, Kyiv. However, these forces withdrew within two months, thus ceasing land-based military operations originating from Belarus and resulting in the recapture of the Ukrainian side of the border region by Ukraine. Despite this, the situation along the border remains tense, with Ukraine closing the border checkpoints leading into Belarus, bar special cases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine</span> Ongoing investigation opened in 2022

The International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine or the Situation in Ukraine is an ongoing investigation by the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) into "any past and present allegations of war crimes, crimes against humanity or genocide committed on any part of the territory of Ukraine by any person" during the period starting "from 21 November 2013 onwards", on an "open-ended basis", covering the Revolution of Dignity, the Russo-Ukrainian War including the 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia, the war in Donbas and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The ICC prosecutor commenced these investigations on 2 March 2022, after receiving referrals for the situation in Ukraine from 39 ICC State Parties.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine violated international law. The invasion has also been called a crime of aggression under international criminal law, and under some countries' domestic criminal codes – including those of Ukraine and Russia – although procedural obstacles exist to prosecutions under these laws.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russo-Ukrainian War</span>

During the Russo-Ukrainian War, national parliaments including those of Poland, Ukraine, Canada, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Ireland declared that genocide was taking place. Scholars and commentators including Eugene Finkel, Timothy D. Snyder and Gregory Stanton; and legal experts such as Otto Luchterhandt and Zakhar Tropin, have made claims of varying degrees of certainty that Russia is committing genocide in Ukraine. A comprehensive report by the Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights concluded that there exists a "very serious risk of genocide" in the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian filtration camps for Ukrainians</span> Camps used to forcibly displace Ukrainians to Russia

Filtration camps, also referred to as concentration camps, are camps used by Russian forces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine to register, interrogate, and detain Ukrainian citizens in regions under Russian occupation before transferring them into Russia, sometimes as part of forced population transfers. Filtration camp detainees undergo a system of security checks and personal data collection. Detainees are subject to widespread torture, killings, rape, starvation and other grave human rights violations.

During the build-up to its invasion of Ukraine, Russia falsely accused Ukraine of genocide against Russian speakers in the Donbas region. Ukraine fought a war against Russian proxy forces in the Donbas War from 2014 to 2022. Russia's president Vladimir Putin used this claim of genocide to justify the invasion of Ukraine. There is no evidence to support the allegation and it has been widely rejected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> International approval or condemnation of the invasion of Ukraine

On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War which began in 2014. The invasion caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II, with more than 8.2 million Ukrainians fleeing the country and a third of the population displaced. The invasion also caused global food shortages. Reactions to the invasion have varied considerably across a broad spectrum of concerns including public reaction, media responses, and peace efforts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian figures</span> 2023 International Criminal Court warrant

On 17 March 2023, following an investigation of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin, the president of Russia, and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russian commissioner for children's rights, alleging responsibility for the war crime of unlawful deportation and transfer of children during the Russo-Ukrainian War. The warrant against Putin is the first against the leader of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 El Deeb, Sarah; Shvets, Anastasiia; Tilna, Elizaveta (13 October 2022). "How Moscow grabs Ukrainian kids and makes them Russians". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Audience de Grande Chambre : affaire interétatique concernant des faits qui se sont produits dans l'est de l'Ukraine" (PDF), European Court of Human Rights (in French), 26 January 2022, CEDH 029 (2022), retrieved 20 June 2023
  3. 1 2 3 Sumlenny, Sergej (27 March 2023). "How the West Tolerated Russia's Kidnapping of Ukrainian Children". European Resilience Initiative Center . Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Діти війни [Children of War]. Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories (in Ukrainian). Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  5. ↑ "'Deporting Ukrainian children and "Russifying" them is jeopardizing the future of Ukraine'" . Le Monde . 5 August 2022. ISSN   1950-6244. OCLC   833476932. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023. The forced displacement of minors in Russia is part of Vladimir Putin's project 'to erase the Ukrainian identity and nation,' say a group of intellectuals and child psychiatrists, including Bernard Golse and the anthropologist Véronique Nahoum-Grappe.
  6. 1 2 "'Moscow says 700,000 children from Ukraine conflict zones now in Russia'". Reuters . 3 July 2023. Russia has brought some 700,000 children from the conflict zones in Ukraine into Russian territory, Grigory Karasin, head of the international committee in the Federation Council, Russia's upper house of parliament, said late on Sunday
  7. ↑ ""Они могут начать противодействовать» Российские власти боятся детей, насильно вывезенных из Украины. Их пытаются «перевоспитать» и поставить под жесткий цифровой контроль. Расследование «Медузы"". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 11 March 2024. Точное число украинских детей, насильно вывезенных за время войны в Россию, неизвестно — по данным Киева, речь идет почти о 20 тысячах.
  8. 1 2 3 Gozzi, Laura (16 March 2023). "Deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia is war crime - UN". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023. Russia's forced deportation of Ukrainian children to areas under its control amounts to a war crime, UN investigators have said.
  9. 1 2 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (15 March 2023), Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine (PDF), United Nations Secretariat, archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2023, retrieved 21 March 2023
  10. 1 2 Borger, Julian; Sauer, Pjotr (17 March 2023). "ICC judges issue arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin over alleged war crimes". The Guardian . Washington, D.C. ISSN   1756-3224. OCLC   60623878. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023. Arrest warrants issued for Russian leader and his children's rights commissioner for 'unlawful deportation' of Ukrainian children
  11. 1 2 Borger, Julian (27 May 2022). "Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes". The Guardian . Washington, D.C. ISSN   1756-3224. OCLC   60623878. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2023. Report by 30 internationally recognised scholars finds 'reasonable grounds to conclude' Moscow in breach of Geneva Convention
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Koshiw, Isobel (17 March 2023). "Putin's alleged war crimes: who are the Ukrainian children being taken by Russia?". The Guardian . Kyiv. ISSN   1756-3224. OCLC   60623878. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023. What we know about the children behind the indictment of Vladimir Putin and his children's commissioner for abduction
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Cookman, Liz (17 April 2023). "The Kids Aren't Alright". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Bubola, Emma (22 October 2022). "Using Adoptions, Russia Turns Ukrainian Children Into Spoils of War". The New York Times . ISSN   1553-8095. OCLC   1645522. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023. Thousands of Ukrainian children have been transferred to Russia. 'I didn't want to go,' one girl told The New York Times from a foster home near Moscow.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Ukraine's abducted children: 'List of suspects will grow' – DW – 03/25/2023". dw.com. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  16. ↑ Barnes, Julian E. (25 April 2023). "The Group That Searches for Missing Ukrainian Children". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2 May 2023.
  17. ↑ "Ukrainian children recount horrors of being kidnapped by Russian soldiers - CBS News". 27 February 2024.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Khoshnood, Kaveh; Raymond, Nathaniel A.; Howarth, Caitlin N. (14 February 2023), Russia's Systematic Program for the Re-education & Adoption of Ukraine's Children, Conflict Observatory, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale School of Public Health, archived from the original on 22 March 2023, retrieved 25 March 2023
  19. ↑ Mark, Michelle (19 March 2022). "Thousands of residents in a besieged Ukrainian city were 'forcibly' taken to Russia, Mariupol city officials say". Business Insider . OCLC   1076392313. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  20. ↑ Sullivan, Rory (22 March 2022). "More than 2,300 children 'kidnapped' by Russian forces, says Ukraine". The Independent . ISSN   1741-9743. OCLC   185201487. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2023. Claim comes days after Mariupol authorities said thousands of its residents had been deported
  21. ↑ Cohen, Rebecca (22 March 2022). "US Embassy accuses Russia of kidnapping children amid reports it's deporting thousands of Ukrainians by force". Business Insider . OCLC   1076392313. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  22. 1 2 3 4 "Putin's decree 'legalizes' abduction of children from Ukraine - MFA". Ukrinform. 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  23. ↑ Dawson, Bethany (9 April 2022). "Russia to fast-track adoptions of Ukrainian children 'forcibly deported' after their parents were killed by Putin's troops, authorities say". Business Insider . OCLC   1076392313. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  24. 1 2 3 Falk, Pamela (11 April 2022). "Almost two-thirds of Ukraine's 7.5 million children have been displaced in six weeks of war, U.N. says". United Nations: CBS News. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  25. ↑ Ochab, Ewelina U. (10 April 2022). "Ukrainian Children Forcibly Transferred And Subjected To Illegal Adoptions". Forbes . ISSN   0015-6914. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  26. ↑ "Ukraine at OSCE talks about abduction of children by Russians". Ukrinform. 2 June 2022. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  27. ↑ Zagorodnyi, Mykhailo (31 May 2022). "Invaders deport children from Mariupol and Volnovakha to Rostov Oblast, Russia: they want to turn them into Russian citizens". Ukrainska Pravda. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  28. ↑ Dominic Waghorn (22 December 2022). "CCTV shows chilling moment Russian FSB agents and soldiers scour Ukrainian orphanage for children". Sky News. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  29. ↑ Petrenko, Roman (19 June 2022). "Russia says more than 300,000 Ukrainian children "deported"". Ukrainska Pravda. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  30. ↑ "UN says 'credible' reports Ukraine children transferred to Russia". al Jazeera. 8 September 2022. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 'Like a Prison Convoy': Russia's Unlawful Transfer and Abuse of Civilians in Ukraine During 'Filtration' (PDF), London: Amnesty International, November 2022, EUR 50/6136/2022, archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2022
  32. ↑ Росія готувала депортацію українців до початку повномасштабного вторгнення – документи [Russia was preparing the deportation of Ukrainians before the start of a full-scale invasion - documents] (in Ukrainian). ZMINA Center for Human Rights. 9 December 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023. Ukrainian: Депортації на Донбасі готувалися Росією завчасно під виглядом "евакуації", а повномасштабне вторгнення відбулося після потужної інформаційної кампанії, пов'язаної з депортацією перших дітей-сиріт з дитячих будинків на окупованих територіях., lit.  'Deportations in Donbas were prepared by Russia in advance under the guise of 'evacuation', and the full-scale invasion took place after a powerful information campaign related to the deportation of the first orphans from orphanages in the occupied territories.'
  33. ↑ "Daria Herasymchuk speaks about abduction of Ukrainian children by Russia at UN Security Council's special meeting". 28 April 2023.
  34. ↑ Zverev, Anton (9 August 2023). "Exclusive: Kremlin aide who brings Ukrainian children to Russia associated online with neo-Nazism". Reuters. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  35. ↑ "International Coalition for the Return of Ukrainian Children". 4 February 2022.
  36. ↑ "Ukrainian children, abducted by Russia and then returned, are speaking out". NPR . 5 February 2024.
  37. ↑ "H.Res.149 - Condemning the illegal abduction and forcible transfer of children from Ukraine to the Russian Federation: 118th Congress (2023-2024)". 19 March 2024.
  38. ↑ "FT: Russia posts abducted Ukrainian children on government-linked adoption sites".
  39. ↑ Beaumont, Peter (29 May 2023). "'I was so scared': the Ukrainian children taken to Russia for financial gain". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  40. 1 2 Vulliamy, Ed (18 March 2023). "'We had to hide them': how Ukraine's 'kidnapped' children led to Vladimir Putin's arrest warrant". The Observer . Kherson: Guardian Media Group. ISSN   0029-7712. OCLC   50230244. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023. Thousands have been taken to Russia for 'adoption' or 're-education', but the international community is seeking justice
  41. 1 2 3 4 Santora, Marc; Bubola, Emma (18 March 2023). "Russia Signals It Will Take More Ukrainian Children, a Crime in Progress". The New York Times . Kyiv. ISSN   1553-8095. OCLC   1645522. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023. The International Criminal Court's arrest warrant for President Vladimir V. Putin highlights a practice that the Kremlin has not concealed and says will continue.
  42. ↑ Amos, Deborah (14 February 2023). "Russia deports thousands of Ukrainian children. Investigators say that's a war crime". Morning Edition . NPR. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Boy, Ann-Dorit; Petrov, Fedir; Sarovic, Alexander (17 April 2023). "The Abducted Children of Ukraine: Kidnapping as a Weapon of War". Der Spiegel . ISSN   2195-1349 . Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  44. ↑ "Ukraine's missing children tracked down in Russia by digital sleuths". 9 February 2024.
  45. ↑ "The Children Russia Tried to Steal".
  46. 1 2 Sullivan, Helen (14 February 2023). "Thousands of Ukrainian children put through Russian 're-education' camps, US report finds". The Guardian . Ukraine. ISSN   1756-3224. OCLC   60623878. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2023. New report details network of dozens of Russian camps aimed at giving children pro-Moscow views, with some children detained indefinitely
  47. 1 2 3 Gall, Carlotta; Chubko, Oleksandr; Berehulak, Daniel (8 April 2023). "The Russians Took Their Children. These Mothers Went and Got Them Back". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  48. ↑ "Missing Ukrainian child traced to Putin ally". BBC News. 23 November 2023.
  49. ↑ Landler, Mark (17 March 2023). "Arrest Warrant From Criminal Court Pierces Putin's Aura of Impunity". The New York Times . London. ISSN   1553-8095. OCLC   1645522. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023. A highly symbolic move by the International Criminal Court, which accused President Vladimir V. Putin of war crimes, carries moral weight.
  50. ↑ Luhansk civil–military administration (19 January 2023). На Луганщині окупанти погрожують батькам, якщо діти не відвідують школи з навчальною програмою РФ, - ОВА [In Luhansk Oblast, the occupiers threaten parents if their children do not attend schools with the Russian curriculum, - OVA] (in Ukrainian). Luhansk Oblast: Espreso TV. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023. Ukrainian: У Новопскові, Луганська область, загарбники погрожують позбавленням батьківських прав, якщо дитина не відвідує навчальний заклад із російською програмою, lit.  'In Novopskov, Luhansk region, the invaders threaten to deprive the child of parental rights if the child does not attend an educational institution with a Russian curriculum'
  51. ↑ Hopkins, Valerie (22 June 2023). "Belarus Is Fast Becoming a 'Vassal State' of Russia". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  52. ↑ Roth, Andrew (25 February 2023). "'That's my neighbour': Mariupol residents' shock at Putin's parade line-up". The Observer. ISSN   0029-7712 . Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  53. ↑ Росіяни змінюють імена та прізвища депортованих дітей, що ускладнює їхній пошук, – правозахисники [Russians change the names and surnames of deported children, which makes it difficult to find them - human rights activists] (in Ukrainian). ZMINA Center for Human Rights. 8 December 2022. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Ukrainian: Російські родини, які всиновлюють депортованих з України дітей, примусово змінюють їхні імена, по батькові та прізвища., lit.  'Russian families who adopt children deported from Ukraine forcefully change their names, patronymics, and surnames.'
  54. ↑ Адамова, Катерина (30 December 2022). Депортація українських дітей до Росії: хронологія злочину [Deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia: chronology of the crime]. Left Bank (in Ukrainian). Gorshenin Institute. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Ukrainian: Депортація є одним із тяжких злочинів проти людяності, який вчиняє Російська Федерація в ході війни в Україні. Її жертвами стали щонайменше 13 тисяч дітей, але це може бути тільки верхівка айсбергу., lit.  'Deportation is one of the grave crimes against humanity committed by the Russian Federation during the war in Ukraine. At least 13,000 children became its victims, but this may only be the tip of the iceberg.'
  55. ↑ Holger Roonemaa; Marta Vunsh; Anastasiia Morozova; Carina Huppertz; Mattias Carlsson; Mart Nigola; Hele-Mai Kulleste (26 February 2024), Kremlin Leaks: Secret Files Reveal How Putin Pre-Rigged his Reelection, VSquare, Wikidata   Q124672623, archived from the original on 27 February 2024
  56. 1 2 3 4 Mackinnon, Amy (11 August 2023). "Belarus Is Abducting Ukrainian Children in Plain Sight". Foreign Policy . Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  57. ↑ Hopkins, Valerie (22 June 2023). "Belarus Is Fast Becoming a 'Vassal State' of Russia". The New York Times . Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  58. ↑ "Belarus Red Cross says it helped deport Ukrainian children to Belarus". CNN . 20 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  59. ↑ "Belarus Red Cross says it is involved in transfer of children out of Ukraine". The Guardian . 20 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  60. ↑ "Belarus' Red Cross Chief Sanctioned by EU For Abducting Ukrainian Children". Kyiv Post . 19 February 2024.
  61. ↑ "U.S. Targets Belarusian Red Cross Official, Regime's 'Revenue Generators' With Sanctions". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 5 December 2023.
  62. ↑ "Dmitry Evgenyevich SHAUTSOV". National Agency on Corruption Prevention .
  63. ↑ "Talai Aleksei". National Agency on Corruption Prevention .
  64. ↑ "Local Charitable Foundation named after Alexey Talai". National Agency on Corruption Prevention .
  65. ↑ "Russia Sanctions Amendment Regulations (No 4) 2024". New Zealand Legislation.
  66. ↑ "Russia: International Criminal Court issues arrest warrant for Putin". UN News. 17 March 2023.
  67. 1 2 Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes". Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  68. 1 2 3 Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official". The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  69. ↑ "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin on war crime allegations". Al Jazeera . 17 March 2023. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  70. 1 2 Karim Ahmad Khan (17 March 2023), Statement by Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC on the issuance of arrest warrants against President Vladimir Putin and Ms Maria Lvova-Belova, Wikidata   Q117194521, archived from the original on 17 March 2023
  71. ↑ "South Africa's Ramaphosa tells Vladimir Putin to stop war in Ukraine as African delegation arrives in Moscow to plead for peace". Sky News. 18 June 2023.
  72. ↑
  73. ↑ "Behind enemy lines: Inside the operation to rescue Ukraine's abducted children". POLITICO .eu. 10 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023. just 371 children that organizations like Save Ukraine and Ukraine's Ombudsman's Office have managed to rescue....More than 19,000 kids have been deported to Russia.
  74. ↑ "UN Probes Allegations Russians Adopting Ukrainian Children". Barron's. Agence France-Press. 15 June 2022. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  75. ↑ "French academics asks International Criminal Court to investigate deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia". Le Monde.fr. 21 December 2022. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  76. ↑ "Genocide Convention". United Nations. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  77. ↑ Timothy Snyder [@TimothyDSnyder] (1 June 2022). "Kidnapping children en masse and seeking to assimilate them in a foreign culture is genocide according to Article 2 Section E of the 1948 genocide convention" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  78. ↑ Yulia Ioffe (2023). "Forcibly Transferring Ukrainian Children to the Russian Federation: A Genocide?". Journal of Genocide Research . 25 (3–4): 315–351. doi:10.1080/14623528.2023.2228085.
  79. ↑ Lily Muelrath (2024). ""Never Again" Yet Another Genocide: Russia's Unlawful Forced Transfer and Adoption of Ukrainian Children". Academic journal (2): 119. doi:10.59015/wilj.QZEF9680. ISSN   0743-7951.
  80. ↑ Azeem Ibrahim (1 March 2023). "Russia's Theft of Children in Ukraine Is Genocide". Foreign Policy . Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  81. ↑ Martin Shaw (2023). "Russia's Genocidal War in Ukraine: Radicalization and Social Destruction". Journal of Genocide Research . 25 (3–4): 352–370. doi:10.1080/14623528.2023.2185372. hdl: 10230/60137 .
  82. ↑ Denys Azarov, Dmytro Koval, Gaiane Nuridzhanian, Volodymyr Venher (2023). "Understanding Russia's Actions in Ukraine as the Crime of Genocide". Journal of International Criminal Justice . 21 (2): 233–264. doi:10.1093/jicj/mqad018. hdl: 10037/29772 .{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  83. ↑ Susan C. Mapp, Karen Smith Rotabi-Casares (2023). "State-Sponsored Child Separation as Cultural Genocide: Implications for Children's Rights and Child Adoption". Families in Society. doi:10.1177/10443894231200659.
  84. ↑ Askold Lozynskyj (2024). "Ukrainian Genocides". Ukrainian Quarterly. 80 (1): 25. ISSN   0041-6010.
  85. ↑ Taylor, Harry; Henley, Jon; Sullivan, Helen (27 April 2023). "Forced deportation of children from Ukraine by Moscow is genocide, Council of Europe says – as it happened". the Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2 May 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.