Black Sea Grain Initiative

Last updated
Initiative on the Safe Transportation of Grain and Foodstuffs from Ukrainian ports
Black Sea Initiative.svg
Grain could travel through safe corridors in the Black sea from Ukraine (yellow) to Turkey (green), where it was inspected.
Date effective 22 July 2022 (2022-07-22) – 17 July 2023 (2023-07-17)
Location Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul, Turkey
SignatoriesFlag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia [a]
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey
Flag of the United Nations.svg  United Nations
SubjectExport of grain and related foodstuffs and fertilizers
Full text
Wikisource-logo.svg Initiative on the Safe Transportation of Grain and Foodstuffs from Ukrainian Ports at Wikisource

The Black Sea Grain Initiative [1] (or the Initiative on the Safe Transportation of Grain and Foodstuffs from Ukrainian ports [b] commonly called the grain deal in the media) was an agreement among Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and the United Nations (UN) during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Contents

The invasion in February 2022 led to a complete halt of maritime grain shipments from Ukraine, previously a major exporter via the Black Sea. Additionally Russia temporarily halted its grain exports, further exacerbating the situation. This resulted in a rise in world food prices and the threat of famine in lower-income countries, and accusation that Russia was weaponizing food supplies. [2] To address the issue, discussions began in April, hosted by Turkey (which controls the maritime routes from the Black Sea) and supported by the UN. The resulting agreement was signed in Istanbul on 22 July, valid for a period of 120 days. The July agreement created procedures to safely export grain from certain ports to attempt to address a worldwide food crisis. A joint coordination and inspection center was set up in Turkey, with the UN serving as secretariat.

The original agreement was set to expire on 19 November 2022. Russia suspended its participation in the agreement for several days due to a drone attack on Russian naval ships elsewhere in the Black Sea, but rejoined following mediation. [3] On 17 November 2022, the UN and Ukraine announced that the agreement had been extended for a further 120 days. [4] In March 2023, Turkey and the UN announced that they secured a second extension for at least another 60 days. [5] [6] In May 2023, the deal was once again extended for 60 days, expiring on 18 July. [7]

By mid-July 2023, more than 1000 voyages had successfully left Ukrainian ports carrying nearly 33 million tonnes of grain and other food products to 45 countries. [8]

In summer 2023, Russia repeatedly claimed it would withdraw from the deal in July 2023 unless its demands were met. [9] [10] By July 17, 2023, no new agreement to renew the deal had been reached, causing the deal to expire. [11]

Background

In 2022, 47 million people were estimated to be suffering from severe hunger as a result of the world's soaring food costs partly due to the impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Developing and emerging countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America have been impacted the most by this war due to their reliance on imported grain and fuel. [12]

According to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Ukraine is among the world's leading grain exporters, providing more than 45 million tonnes annually to the global market. [13] Some 20 million tonnes of grain had been held up in the Ukrainian port city of Odesa, according to the BBC. [14] Almost all of Ukraine's wheat, corn, and sunflower oil were exported through its Black Sea ports prior to the war. Before the agreement, some ports' infrastructure has been harmed while others are under Russian control and others are blocked by mines. [15] Initially, the Ukrainian government was reluctant to de-mine the sea due to the scale of the task and the possibility of leaving the ports open to attack. [16]

The grain deal initiative ran from July 2022 to July 2023 before it was not extended by Russia. [17]

Agreement

The signing ceremony in Istanbul on 22 July 2022 Signing Ceremony of the Black Sea Grain Initiative in Istanbul.png
The signing ceremony in Istanbul on 22 July 2022

On July 22, 2022, the signing ceremony took place at Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul, Turkey. [18] The ceremony marks the first major deal between the warring sides since the beginning of the Russian invasion in February. [19] However, it was not a direct agreement between Russia and Ukraine. Instead, Ukraine signed an agreement with Turkey and the UN, and Russia signed a separate "mirror" agreement with Turkey and the UN. [20]

The signed documents entail the safe navigation for the export of grain and related foodstuffs and fertilizers. The ships would traverse the Black Sea in specially created corridors that are demined, with Turkey inspecting all merchant vessels. [21] Another agreement was concurrently made for the UN to facilitate unimpeded exports of Russian food, fertilizer and raw materials. [22]

Joint Coordination Centre

As part of the agreement, a Joint Coordination Centre (JCC) was created under the auspices of the UN in Istanbul on July 27. [23] The JCC was tasked with registering and monitoring the departure of commercial ships via satellite, internet, and other communication means. Its primary responsibility was to check for the absence of unauthorized cargo and personnel on board of the vessels. [24] The JCC was located on the campus of the National Defense University, about seven kilometers north of the center of Istanbul. The center was headed by a Turkish admiral. A total of 20 delegates were employed (five representatives from the four involved parties each). Ukrainians and Russians worked separately from each other and contact between them would happen only in emergency situations if deemed necessary. [25] JCC agreed and issued Procedures for Merchant Vessels. [26] The Procedures specified the coordinates of the corridor and inspection zones and established a buffer security zone 10 nautical miles in radius, moving with a transiting vessel, which was prohibited to entry for military ships, aircraft, or UAVs. [27]

The JCC was disbanded with the expiration of the initiative on 17 July 2023. [28]

Timeline March 2022 to July 2023

Representatives of the four parties at the negotiating table in Istanbul IMO welcomes maritime humanitarian corridor in Black Sea (52233881214).jpg
Representatives of the four parties at the negotiating table in Istanbul

July 2022 to July 2023

Following the signing of the deal, wheat prices dropped to pre-war levels. [60]

On 23 July 2022, less than a day after signing a grain export deal, it was reported that Russia launched Kalibr missiles at the Odesa sea trade port. [43] Russian officials told Turkey that Russia had "nothing to do" with the missile strike. [61] The next day, Igor Konashenkov, a spokesman of the Russian Ministry of Defence, confirmed the strike, claiming that it destroyed a Ukrainian warship and a warehouse of Harpoon anti-ship missiles. [62] Following the attack, insurers were more reluctant to insure trading ships sailing to Ukraine. The United Kingdom said it would help achieve insurance for the companies involved. [63] On 1 August 2022, the first ship left a Ukrainian port. [64] As of 26 August, according to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, some 1 million tonnes of grain had been exported by Ukraine. According to the Ukrainian President, the stated aim is at least 3 million tonnes a month. [65] On 4 September, Ukraine dispatched 282,500 tonnes of agricultural products to eight countries in 13 vessels, the largest daily total to that date. [66] In mid-October, Ukraine's grain exports were running about 36 percent lower than during the previous season. [67] In 2022, Turkey (170), Spain (100), Italy (81), China (51), and Egypt (30) received the most voyages. [8]

As of October 2022, the widescale theft of Ukrainian grain was continuing and involved both private companies and Russian state operatives. [67] [68] Some of the stolen grain is laundered through transfers and by mixing it with legitimate goods. [67] Ukraine intended to export 60 million tonnes over nine months if their ports continued to function well. [66] "Solidarity corridors" were organized on the borders of Ukraine by the European Union for passage of grain through European rail, road, and river cargo shipment to destined countries, 60% of Ukrainian grain were exported through the European "solidarity corridors" and remaining through the Black Sea ports, unblocked according to the Istanbul agreements till October 2022. [69]

Bags of wheat from Ukraine in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (March 2023) "Wheat from the Ukranian people" at Secretary Blinken's Announced new Assistance for Ethiopia in Addis Ababa, on March 15, 2023.jpg
Bags of wheat from Ukraine in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (March 2023)

By mid-July 2023, more than 1100 voyages had successfully left Ukrainian ports carrying nearly 33 million tonnes of grain and other food products to more than 40 different countries. [8] 57% of grain exports went to developing countries. [57] The United Nations World Food Programme shipped more than 725,200 tons of grain to relieve hunger around the world, including to Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen. [70]

Controversies on voluntary Russian withdrawal

The agreement, initially applicable for a period of only four months, was set to expire on 19 November 2022 unless renewed. [71] In mid-October, Russian diplomats at the UN stated that a renewed agreement must also allow for increased exports of Russian grain and fertilizers. [72] Ukraine criticized the Russian stance and stated it had no additional demands beyond the July terms it had previously agreed to. [72] The UN coordinator for the agreement, Amir Mahmoud Abdulla, expressed hope that a renewal agreement could be reached as the UN continued to facilitate discussions. [73] [74]

In late June, Russian forces withdrew from Snake Island after sustained attacks by Ukraine. [75] Russia described the retreat as "a gesture of goodwill". [75] Russian Defence Ministry spokesperson Igor Konashenkov said at a briefing, "the move was a symbolic step to disprove statements by Ukraine and its allies that Moscow is economically blockading its pro-Western neighbor". [76]

On 29 October, Russia suspended its participation in the agreement because of a massed drone attack on the Port of Sevastopol. [77] [50] Russia suggested that Ukraine had misused a cargo ship to conduct the strike, but UN stated that no cargo ships were in the grain corridor on the night of the attack. [78] A number of grain ships continued to depart from Ukrainian ports with the UN and Turkey's approval, although it is unclear whether shipments can go on indefinitely. [79] Insurers paused the issuing of insurance for future vessel movements under the initiative. [80] Russia resumed its participation on 2 November after Turkish and UN mediation. [3] Russia stated Ukraine had agreed not to use the grain export corridor to conduct military operations against Russia, while Ukraine stated no new assurances were given as Ukraine will not make military use of the corridor. [81]

Renewals

On 16 November 2022, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan expressed confidence that it would be renewed for up to a year. [82] The next day, the UN and Ukraine announced that the agreement had been extended for a further 120 days, with the new deadline being March 18, 2023. [4] [6] By March 2023, Turkey and the UN announced they were facilitating negotiations for a second extension of the deal, with discussions having taken place. [6] Russia had previously stated that it would have accepted a renewal of the deal only if its own exports were unblocked, which had been previously hampered due to international sanctions that had indirectly affected their agricultural industry. [83] Later that month, Russia had proposed to renew the deal for only 60 days, which Ukraine had refused. [84] However, by March 18, it was confirmed that the deal had been extended, though the UN nor Turkey had confirmed for how long. Despite this, Russia and Ukraine had both claimed the deal had been extended for 60 and 120 days, respectively. [5]

On April 6, 2023, Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov again visited Turkey to meet his counter-part Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu. Russia continues to claim that international sanctions are blocking Russian agricultural exports, but the actual reason is shipping companies' reluctance to move Russian products due to the war. [85] Russian grain exports for the 2022/23 season that ended in the summer of 2023 were at a record high due to record shipments to Saudi Arabia, which does not impose sanctions. [86] [87] In mid-May 2023, the deal was once again extended for 60 days, expiring on 18 July. [7]

Reactions

Reactions to signing of initiative

South African President Cyril Ramaphosa welcomed the agreement Vladimir Putin and Cyril Ramaphosa (2023-06-17).jpg
South African President Cyril Ramaphosa welcomed the agreement

The agreement was well received by the international community while maintaining concerns over its implementation. [88] [89] Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau stated that the G7 is "working closely with partners like Turkey and others" to get the grain out of Ukraine, while having no confidence in Russia's reliability. [90] [91] EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell tweeted that the agreement was a "step in the right direction" and welcomed the efforts by the UN and Turkey. [92]

The British Foreign Secretary Liz Truss welcomed the deal and said to be "watching to ensure Russia's actions match its words". [93] Guy Platten, the Secretary-General of the International Chamber of Shipping, called the agreement a "long-needed breakthrough for the millions of people who rely on the safe passage of grain to survive". [94] African leaders, whose countries import food from Ukraine and Russia, welcomed the agreement, with South African President Cyril Ramaphosa saying "it has taken much too long". [88]

At the signing ceremony, UN Secretary-General António Guterres called the agreement "a beacon of hope". It would "bring relief for developing countries on the edge of bankruptcy and the most vulnerable people on the edge of famine." He also called the persistence of President Erdogan through every step of this process essential. [95] [96] Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said after the signing ceremony that Russia would not take advantage of the fact that the ports would be cleared and opened. [97]

At the 38th meeting of the Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation (COMCEC) of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in Istanbul, Erdogan remarked that over 11 million tonnes of grain had been transported through the Black Sea Grain Corridor since the implementation of the agreement. He also noted that the opening of the grain corridor through the Black Sea showed that a diplomatic solution is possible in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. [98]

Reactions to closing of initiative

Following Putin's withdrawal from the grain deal, Russia launched a series of attacks on the Ukrainian port cities of Odesa and Mykolaiv. Odesa after Russian attack, 2023-07-20 (01).jpg
Following Putin's withdrawal from the grain deal, Russia launched a series of attacks on the Ukrainian port cities of Odesa and Mykolaiv.

The UN expressed disappointment over Russia discontinuing the Black Sea initiative. The UN will continue their efforts to facilitate the unimpeded access to global markets for food products and fertilizers, from both Ukraine and the Russian Federation. "There is simply too much at stake in a hungry and hurting world." [56] There is a risk that Putin's withdrawal from the grain deal would deepen the global food crisis. [100] [101]

In the days following the cessation of the Black Sea initiative, Russia fired missiles and used drones against Ukrainian grain storage and loading facilities in ports that had been previously protected by the initiative. [102] [103] Russia also gave notice that any ships entering Ukrainian waters could be considered legitimate targets of war, irrespective of the flags that they flew. [104] Russia's Defense Ministry said the strikes on Ukrainian port cities were in retaliation for the 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion, but Ukraine said Russia was attacking civilian infrastructure linked to grain exports. [105]

China called for the resumption of grain and fertilizer exports from Ukraine and Russia. [106] China has been the largest importer of grains from Ukraine. [107]

Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki warned that Poland is not planning to open its borders to imports of agricultural products from Ukraine, saying "We protect our agriculture, that’s why we don’t open borders for agricultural goods from Ukraine." [108] [109]

During the 2023 Russia–Africa Summit, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and other African leaders urged Putin to renew the grain deal and allow Ukraine to export grain via the Black Sea route. [110] [111]

Pope Francis appealed to Russia to restore the initiative, saying, "This is a grave offence to God because grain is His gift to feed humanity." [112]

Post-initiative events

Attempts to reactivate the initiative

On July 21, 2023, Turkish president Erdogan reiterated that he wants to convince his Russian counterpart Putin to renegotiate the shipment of grain products through the humanitarian corridor via the Black Sea. Russia said previously that such a deal would be a possibility but again blamed economic sanctions for hindering exports of Russian grain and fertilizer, and tied a new agreement to its demands to lift certain sanctions. Erdogan is expected to meet Putin face-to-face in August to discuss details. [113] Meanwhile the UN has expressed grave concern over the "negative effect on global wheat and corn prices which hurts everyone, but especially vulnerable people in the global south". [114] On 22 July, Erdogan confirmed further discussions with Zelensky in a personal meeting in Istanbul to renew the initiative despite heavy Russian bombardment of Odesa. [115]

On 5 August 2023, Russian news sources indicated that there were misunderstandings with regard to the second part of the initiative certified by the UN Secretary General, and that further negotiations would have to take place through the Russian Foreign Ministry. Russia signaled that the initiative could be restarted if those disagreements were resolved. The U.S. claimed that Russian agricultural exports were not hindered by sanctions but Russia argued otherwise. JP Morgan, which arranges the payments to the Russian agricultural bank, stated that the U.S. State Department would have to act on this issue. The allowance that Russian agricultural exports are ensured through payments by J.P. Morgan or SWIFT access appear to be the key issues to fulfill Russian demands to reinstate the initiative. China, a key ally of Russia and a main importer of Ukrainian wheat, stated that a rapid return to the agreement was essential to ensure global food security. [116] [117]

On 4 September 2023, Putin discussed the renewal of the initiative with Erdogan during a meeting in Sochi. Erdogan expressed hope for a renewal of the grain deal and said "we, as Turkey, will reach a solution that will meet the expectations in a short time". Putin responded by saying that he was open to negotiations on this issue "as soon" restrictions on Russian grain exports would be lifted. Russia would also ship up to one million tons of grain to Turkey at reduced prices for subsequent processing at Turkish plants and shipping to countries most in need, according to an Iranian source. Russia was also close to a deal to supply Burkina Faso, Zimbabwe, Mali, Somalia, the Central African Republic and Eritrea with up to 50,000 tonnes of grain. A few days earlier, UN Secretary-General António Guterres communicated with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov to implement "a set of concrete proposals" in order to revive the deal. [118]

Timeline post-initiative

Notes

  1. ↑ Suspended participation on 29 October, resumed participation on 2 November
  2. ↑ Russian: Инициатива по безопасной транспортировке зерна и продовольствия из украинских портов, называемая Черноморской зерновой инициативой, Зерновой сделкой, romanized: Initsiativa po bezopasnoy transportirovke zerna i prodovol'stviya iz ukrainskikh portov, nazyvayemaya Chernomorskoy zernovoy initsiativoy, Zernovoy sdelkoy; Ukrainian: Ініціатива з безпечного транспортування зерна та харчових продуктів з українських портів, Чорноморська зернова ініціатива, «зернова угода», romanized: Initsiatyva z bezpechnoho transportuvannya zerna ta kharchovykh produktiv z ukrayinsʹkykh portiv, Chornomorsʹka zernova initsiatyva, "zernova uhoda"; Turkish: Ukrayna Limanlarından Tahıl ve Gıda Maddelerinin Güvenli Taşınması Girişimi, Karadeniz Tahıl Girişimi

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Sea Fleet</span> Russian naval unit

The Black Sea Fleet is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and the Mediterranean Sea. The Black Sea Fleet, along with other Russian ground and air forces on the Crimean Peninsula, are subordinate to the Southern Military District of the Russian Armed Forces. The fleet traces its history to its founding by Prince Potemkin on 13 May 1783 as part of the Imperial Russian Navy. The Russian SFSR inherited the fleet in 1918; with the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, it became part of the Soviet Navy. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Black Sea Fleet was partitioned between the Russian Federation and Ukraine in 1997, with Russia receiving title to 82% of the vessels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Energy policy of Russia</span>

Russia's energy policy is presented in the government's Energy Strategy document, first approved in 2000, which sets out the government's policy to 2020. The Energy Strategy outlines several key priorities: increased energy efficiency, reducing the impact on the environment, sustainable development, energy development and technological development, as well as improved effectiveness and competitiveness. Russia's greenhouse gas emissions are large because of its energy policy. Russia is rich in natural energy resources and is one of the world's energy superpowers. Russia is the world's leading net energy exporter, and was a major supplier to the European Union until the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Russia has signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. Numerous scholars posit that Russia uses its energy exports as a foreign policy instrument towards other countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russia–Turkey relations</span> Bilateral relations

Russia–Turkey relations are the bilateral relations between Russia and Turkey and their antecedent states. Relations between the two are rather cyclical. From the late 16th until the early 20th centuries, relations between the Ottoman and Russian empires were normally adverse and hostile and the two powers were engaged in numerous Russo-Turkish wars, including one of the longest wars in modern history. Russia attempted to extend its influence in the Balkans and gain control of the Bosphorus at the expense of the weakening Ottoman Empire. As a result, the diplomatic history between the two powers was extremely bitter and acrimonious up to World War I. However, in the early 1920s, as a result of the Bolshevik Russian government's assistance to Turkish revolutionaries during the Turkish War of Independence, the governments' relations warmed. Relations again turned sour at the end of WWII as the Soviet government laid territorial claims and demanded other concessions from Turkey. Turkey joined NATO in 1952 and placed itself within the Western alliance against the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War, when relations between the two countries were at their lowest level. Relations began to improve the following year, when the Soviet Union renounced its territorial claims after the death of Stalin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkey–Ukraine relations</span> Bilateral relations

Turkey and Ukraine have a long chronology of historical, geographic, and cultural contact. Diplomatic relations between both countries were established in early 1990s when Turkey became one of the first states in the world to announce officially about recognition of sovereign Ukraine. Turkey has an embassy in Kyiv and a consulate general in Odesa. Ukraine has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey is a full member of NATO and Ukraine is a candidate. Also both countries are BLACKSEAFOR and BSEC members.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pakistan–Ukraine relations</span> Bilateral relations

Pakistan and Ukraine formally established diplomatic relations in 1992, one year after the Ukrainian Declaration of Independence. In recent years, the two countries have increasingly developed close economic and military ties. In 2021, their bilateral trade turnover stood at US$411.8 million.

International sanctions have been imposed against Russia and Crimea during the Russo-Ukrainian War by a large number of countries, including the United States, Canada, the European Union, and international organisations following the Russian annexation of Crimea, which began in late February 2014. Belarus has also been sanctioned for its cooperation with and assistance to Russian armed forces. The sanctions were imposed against individuals, businesses, and officials from Russia and Ukraine. Russia responded with sanctions against several countries, including a total ban on food imports from Australia, Canada, Norway, Japan, the United States, the EU and the United Kingdom.

TurkStream is a natural gas pipeline running from Russia to Turkey. It starts from Russkaya compressor station near Anapa in Russia's Krasnodar Region, crossing the Black Sea to the receiving terminal at Kıyıköy. Some gas flows onwards to the European Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gas in Turkey</span> Production, transport and consumption of gases such as methane in Turkey

Natural gas supplies over a quarter of Turkey's energy. The country consumes 50 to 60 billion cubic metres of this natural gas each year, nearly all of which is imported. A large gas field in the Black Sea however started production in 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> Ongoing armed conflict in Eastern Europe

On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which started in 2014. The invasion, the largest and deadliest conflict in Europe since World War II, has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties and tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties. As of 2024, Russian troops occupy about 20% of Ukraine. From a population of 41 million, about 8 million Ukrainians had been internally displaced and more than 8.2 million had fled the country by April 2023, creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> Financial crisis beginning after the invasion of Ukraine and subsequent sanctions

The economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine began in late February 2022, in the days after Russia recognized two breakaway Ukrainian republics and launched an invasion of Ukraine. The subsequent economic sanctions have targeted large parts of the Russian economy, Russian oligarchs, and members of the Russian government. Russia responded in kind. A wave of protests and strikes occurred across Europe against the rising cost of living.

There have been several rounds of peace talks to halt the Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present) and end the Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present). The first meeting was held four days after the start of the invasion, on 28 February 2022, in Belarus. It concluded without result. A second and third round of talks took place on 3 and 7 March 2022 on the Belarus–Ukraine border. A fourth and fifth round of talks were held on 10 and 14 March in Antalya, Turkey.

Following the full declaration of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which started on 24 February 2022, institutions such as the United States, the European Union, and other Western countries introduced or significantly expanded sanctions covering Russian President Vladimir Putin, other government members and Russian citizens in general. Some Russian banks were banned from using the SWIFT international payments system. The sanctions and the boycotts of Russia and Belarus have impacted the Russian economy in various ways. However, sanctions and rising unemployment have contribute to Russian authorities as strategic advantages to boost localization and state conscription, increasing geopolitical fragmentation between third world and western nations enables Russia to exploit global trade networks to secure essential goods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Odesa strikes (2022–present)</span> Battle in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

During the southern Ukraine offensive of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the city of Odesa and the surrounding region have been the target of shelling and air strikes by Russian forces on multiple occasions since the conflict began, fired in part by Russian warships situated offshore in the Black Sea. The city has also been targeted by Russian cruise missiles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World food crises (2022–2023)</span> Increase in food prices and shortages around the world


During 2022 and 2023 there were food crises in several regions as indicated by rising food prices. In 2022, the world experienced significant food price inflation along with major food shortages in several regions. Sub-Saharan Africa, Iran, Sri Lanka, Sudan and Iraq were most affected. Prices of wheat, maize, oil seeds, bread, pasta, flour, cooking oil, sugar, egg, chickpea and meat increased. Many factors have contributed to the ongoing world food crisis. These include supply chain disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2021–2023 global energy crisis, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and floods and heatwaves during 2021. Droughts were also a factor; in early 2022, some areas of Spain and Portugal lost 60–80% of their crops due to widespread drought.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has had a broad range of humanitarian impacts, both in Ukraine and internationally. These include the Ukrainian refugee crisis, the disruption of global food supplies, death and suffering of civilian population, widespread conscription in both Russia and Ukraine, severe effects on Ukrainian society and emigration of Russian population.

This timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine covers the period from 8 April 2022, when the area of heavy fighting shifted to the south and east of Ukraine, to 28 August 2022, the day before Ukraine announced the start of its Kherson counteroffensive.

Events in the year 2023 in Russia.

Grain From Ukraine is a humanitarian food program that was launched on November 26, 2022, on the 90th anniversary of the beginning of the Holodomor of 1932–1933, by the President of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, to supply grain to the poorest countries in Africa.

On 29 October 2022, there was a large-scale attack by aerial drones and drone boats on the Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

References

  1. ↑ "Joint Coordination Centre opens in Istanbul to facilitate safe export of commercial foodstuffs and fertilizers from Ukrainian ports". reliefweb.int. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 27 July 2022. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  2. ↑ Prange, Astrid (May 28, 2022). "Fact check: Are food supplies being weaponized?". DW News . Retrieved June 8, 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 "Putin: We could quit grain deal again, but would not block grain for Turkey" . Reuters. 2022-11-02. Archived from the original on 2023-05-14. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 "Ukraine, UN Announce Grain Deal Extension". The Moscow Times . November 17, 2022. Archived from the original on November 18, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 Ritter, Karl (March 18, 2023). "Russia, Ukraine extend grain deal to aid world's poor". Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 Erkoyun, Ezgi; Soldatkin, Vladimir (5 March 2023). Sithole-Matarise, Emelia (ed.). "Turkey says it is working to renew Black Sea grain deal" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Liffey, Kevin (2023-05-17). Smith, Alexander (ed.). "Russia confirms Black Sea grain deal renewed for two months" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Vessel Movements". Black Sea Grain Initiative Joint Coordination Centre. United Nations. 16 July 2023. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  9. ↑ "Kremlin says 'no grounds' to extend grain deal" . Reuters. 2023-06-21. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
  10. ↑ Di Sario, Federica (2023-06-10). "Moscow threatens to walk away from grain deal if export requests aren't met". POLITICO. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
  11. 1 2 "One year of the Black Sea Initiative: Key facts and figures". 10 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  12. ↑ Watson, Cameron (26 July 2022). "Metis Insights: Black Sea Grain Initiative Analysis". channel16.dryadglobal.com. Dryad Global. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  13. ↑ "Black Sea grain exports deal 'a beacon of hope' amid Ukraine war – Guterres". UN News. 22 July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  14. ↑ "Food crisis: Ukraine grain export deal reached with Russia, says Turkey". BBC News. 22 July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  15. ↑ Youssef, Nancy (2 July 2022). "Mines, Port Damage Threaten Revival of Sea Route for Ukraine Grain". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  16. ↑ Boffey, Daniel (7 June 2022). "Plan to ship grain out of Ukraine dealt blow due to mines". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  17. ↑ "How is Ukraine exporting its grain now the Black Sea deal is over?". 2022-07-22. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
  18. ↑ "Russia, Ukraine seal landmark grain deal in Istanbul". Bangkok Post. 23 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  19. ↑ "Ukraine and Russia sign vital grain export deal in Istanbul". euronews. 21 July 2022. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  20. ↑ Kareem, Fahim (22 July 2022). "Russia and Ukraine agree to release blockaded grain exports". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  21. ↑ Jones, Dorian (22 July 2022). "Agreement Signed on Trapped Ukrainian Grain". VOA. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  22. ↑ "Note to correspondents on today's agreements". United Nations. 22 July 2022. Archived from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  23. 1 2 "Joint Coordination Centre opens in Istanbul to facilitate safe export of commercial foodstuffs and fertilizers from Ukrainian ports". ukraine.un.org. 27 July 2022. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  24. ↑ "Agreement On Unblocking Grain Exports From Ukrainian Ports Signed In Istanbul". en.cfts.org.ua. 25 July 2022. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  25. ↑ "Grain coordination centre set to launch in Istanbul". TRT World. 27 July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  26. ↑ Joint Coordination Centre. "BLACK SEA GRAIN INITIATIVE – PROCEDURES FOR MERCHANT VESSELS" (PDF). UN.org.
  27. ↑ Kormych, Borys; Averochkina, Tetyana; Kormych, Liudmyla (2024-02-12). "Black Sea Grain initiative: bringing lawfare to conventional armed conflict". Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs: 1–18. doi:10.1080/18366503.2024.2316455. ISSN   1836-6503.
  28. ↑ "Black Sea Grain Initiative | Background". United Nations. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  29. ↑ > "IMO Extraordinary Council Session held to discuss the impacts on shipping and seafarers of the situation in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov". March 11, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  30. ↑ Lynch, Colum (27 September 2022). "Inside the UN's high-stakes deal to open Ukraine's grain corridor". Devex. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  31. ↑ "UN chief, Turkish president promise to work for peace in Ukraine-Xinhua". english.news.cn. 26 April 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  32. ↑ "UN chief says his meeting with Putin was "very useful"". CNN. 28 April 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  33. ↑ "UN Chief Sees Progress Made in Food Crisis, Though Timeline Unclear". VOA. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  34. ↑ "Communication from the Government of the Russian Federation" (PDF). Mission of the Russian Federation to the IMO. International Maritime Organization. 26 May 2022. Circular Letter No.4577. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  35. ↑ "Grain supply tops Putin's talks with African Union leader". AP NEWS. 3 June 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  36. ↑ "Russia, Turkey discuss grain export corridor from Ukraine". Al Jazeera. 7 June 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  37. ↑ "Lavrov to Ukraine: De-mine your ports and we'll let grain exports out". Euronews. 8 June 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  38. ↑ Hunder, Max; Balmforth, Tom (14 July 2022). Harvey, Jan (ed.). "Ukraine's Zelenskiy, Turkey's Erdogan discuss grain exports, Ukrainian ports" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  39. ↑ "Ukraine grain exports deal to be signed next week, says Turkey". Al Arabiya English. 13 July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  40. ↑ "Putin Says Progress in Ukraine Grain Talks Thanks to Erdogan – Kremlin". The Moscow Times. 19 July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  41. ↑ "Guterres says agreement signed on export of grain by Black Sea". Interfax. 22 July 2022. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  42. ↑ Lynch, Colum (27 September 2022). "Inside the UN's high-stakes deal to open Ukraine's grain corridor". Devex. Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
  43. 1 2 Beaumont, Peter (23 July 2022). "Russia fires missiles at Odesa port hours after signing grain export deal". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  44. ↑ Ullyett, Richard (25 July 2022). "Ukraine prepares three Black Sea ports and ships for grain export". PortSEurope. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
  45. ↑ "UN says details for safe Ukraine grain shipments still unresolved". Al Jazeera. 28 July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  46. ↑ Waterhouse, James; Kirby, Paul (29 July 2022). "Ukraine ready for first grain ship in Russia deal". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  47. ↑ Bilgic, Taylan (31 July 2022). "Ukraine's First Grain Ship May Depart on Monday, Turkey Says". Bloomberg. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  48. ↑ Blann, Susie; Fraser, Suzan (1 August 2022). "1st ship carrying Ukrainian grain leaves the port of Odesa". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  49. ↑ Erkoyun, Ezgi; Sezer, Can; Polityuk, Pavel (20 August 2022). Potter, Mark (ed.). "Two more grain ships leave Ukraine, Turkey's defence ministry says" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 2022-08-20. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
  50. 1 2 Maynes, Charles (2022-10-29). "Russia is suspending a Ukraine grain export deal that has helped keep food prices down". NPR. Archived from the original on 2022-11-18. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
  51. ↑ "Ukraine offers to expand 'grain corridor' to Mykolaiv Port, Olvia Port". Ukrinform. 15 November 2022. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
  52. ↑ Polityuk, Pavel (2023-04-17). Heritage, Timothy (ed.). "Ukraine says Black Sea grain deal risks being shut down" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  53. ↑ Nichols, Michelle (2023-05-22). Fincher, Christina (ed.). "UN concerned by lack of grain ships going to one Ukrainian port" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
  54. ↑ Polityuk, Pavel (2023-05-24). "Ukraine says Russia prevents Black Sea grain deal port operating" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 June 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
  55. ↑ "EU weighs concession to Russian bank over Black Sea grain deal". Alarabiya. 2023-07-03. Retrieved 2023-07-04.
  56. 1 2 "Secretary-General Says Russian Federation Decision to Stop Implementing Black Sea Initiative Will 'Strike a Blow' to Hungry, Hurting People in Need Everywhere". 17 July 2023.
  57. 1 2 "How is Ukraine exporting its grain now the Black Sea deal is over?". BBC News. 26 September 2023.
  58. ↑ Bigg, Matthew Mpoke; Victor, Daniel; Nechepurenko, Ivan (2023-07-17). "Russia Pulls Out of the Black Sea Grain Deal" . New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  59. ↑ Sharp A (JULY 17, 2023). "Russia Leaves Black Sea Grain Deal" FP Accessed 26 July 2023.
  60. ↑ Cooper, Amanda (23 July 2022). "Wheat prices drop to pre-war levels after Ukraine and Russia strike deal to unblock shipments". Markets Insider. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  61. ↑ Toksabay, Ece (23 July 2022). MacSwan, Angus (ed.). "Russia tells Turkey it has "nothing to do" with strike on Ukraine's Odesa port – Turkish minister" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  62. ↑ Blann, Susie (24 July 2022). "Russia says strike on Ukrainian port hit military targets". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  63. ↑ Koshiw, Isobel (29 July 2022). "Ukraine waiting for UN go-ahead to get grain ships away". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  64. ↑ Guldogan, Diyar (1 August 2022). "1st grain-loaded ship leaves Ukraine for Lebanon". Anadolu Agency. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  65. ↑ "Ukraine exports 1 million tonnes of grain under new deal, train attacks may be war crimes, experts say". ABC News. 27 August 2022. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  66. 1 2 Vasovic, Aleksandar (4 September 2022). "Ukraine dispatches its biggest grain convoy of U.N. deal so far – ministry" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  67. 1 2 3 Oanh Ha, K.; Quinn, Aine; Dodge, Samuel (17 October 2022). "How Russian Ships Are Laundering Grain Stolen From Occupied Ukraine". Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  68. ↑ Ivanova, Polina; Cook, Chris; Pitel, Laura (30 October 2022). "How Russia secretly takes grain from occupied Ukraine". Financial Times . Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
  69. ↑ "Safe export of grain impossible without land route". ukrinform. Archived from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  70. ↑ "Understanding the Implications of No Black Sea Grain Deal". 17 July 2023.
  71. ↑ "Ukraine's economy seems to be growing again". The Economist. ISSN   0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2022-10-18. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
  72. 1 2 Aarup, Sarah Anne; Kejewski, Leonie; Wax, Eddy; Lee, Meredith (2022-10-13). "Moscow threatens to exit Black Sea grain deal". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 2022-10-18. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
  73. ↑ Aarup, Sarah Anne; Wax, Eddy (2022-10-14). "Putin menaces Black Sea grain deal, but UN says it can be saved". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
  74. ↑ Psaledakis, Daphne; Jackson, Katharine; Nichols, Michelle (2022-10-17). Porter, Mark (ed.). "Discussions to continue on Ukraine deal after UN officials' meetings in Moscow" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2022-10-19.
  75. 1 2 Santora, Marc; Nechepurenko, Ivan (30 June 2022). "Ukraine drives Russian forces from Snake Island, a setback for Moscow" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  76. ↑ "Russia Withdraws Troops From Ukraine's Snake Island". The Moscow Times. 2022-06-30. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  77. ↑ Faulconbridge, Guy; Nichols, Michelle (2022-10-29). "Russia halts Ukraine Black Sea grain exports, citing attack on Crimea". Reuters . Archived from the original on 8 May 2023. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
  78. ↑ Nichols, Michelle (1 November 2022). Chiacu, Doina; Gregorio, David; Osterman, Cynthia (eds.). "U.N. says no ships in grain corridor when Russia says it was attacked". Reuters . Archived from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  79. ↑ Olearchyk, Roman; Terazono, Emiko; Yackley, Ayla Jean (2022-10-31). "Ukraine ships grain despite deal collapse". Financial Times . Archived from the original on 2022-10-31. Retrieved 2022-10-31.
  80. ↑ Diakun, Bridget (31 October 2022). "Ukraine grain hangs in the balance as insurers pause cover". Lloyd's List Intelligence – insuranceday. Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  81. ↑ Yackley, Ayla Jean; Seddon, Max; Olearchyk, Roman (2022-11-02). "Russia agrees to rejoin Ukraine grain export deal". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-11-02. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  82. ↑ Wintour, Patrick (2022-11-16). "Erdoğan confident Russia-Ukraine grain deal will continue". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2022-11-16. Retrieved 2022-11-16.
  83. ↑ Davis, Caleb (1 March 2023). Osborn, Andrew (ed.). "Russia says it will only renew grain deal if its own exports are unblocked". Reuters . Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  84. ↑ Quinn, Aine; Durisin, Megan; Kudrytski, Aliaksandr (13 March 2023). "Ukraine Rebuffs Russia's Offer of a 60-Day Extension on Grain Deal". Bloomberg . Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  85. ↑ Eker, Can (2023-04-05). "Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov visits Turkey". Foreign Brief. Archived from the original on 2023-04-14. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  86. ↑ "Russia increases its exports by 60% in July after renouncing grain deals" (Aug 1st, 2023) Atalayar. Accessed 6 Aug 2023.
  87. ↑ Popova, Olga (2023-07-03). Sithole-Matarise, Emelia (ed.). "Russian grain exports in 2023/24 may slip from record-high 2022/23 – lobby group". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
  88. 1 2 Wieting, Ayse; Fraser, Suzan (22 July 2022). "'A beacon of hope': Ukraine, Russia sign grain export deal". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  89. ↑ "EU, UK, US, others welcome Turkey, UN-brokered Ukraine grain deal". Daily Sabah. 22 July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  90. ↑ Major, Darren (22 July 2022). "Trudeau says he has no faith Russia will uphold deal to export Ukrainian grain". CBC News. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  91. ↑ "Reaction to Ukraine, Russia grain export deal". Euronews. 23 July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  92. ↑ "UN officials announce grain exports deal with Russia, Ukraine and Turkey". France 24. 22 July 2022. Archived from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  93. ↑ "Foreign Secretary stresses the need for full implementation of important deal to get grain out of Ukraine". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  94. ↑ Maclean, William, ed. (22 July 2022). "Reaction to Ukraine, Russia grain export deal" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  95. ↑ "Ukraine, Russia agree to export grain, ending a standoff that threatened food supply". NPR. 22 July 2022. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  96. ↑ "Secretary-General's remarks on Signing of Black Sea Grain Initiative | United Nations Secretary-General". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 2022-08-01. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  97. ↑ Simko-Bednarski, Evan (22 July 2022). "Ukraine, Russia sign deal to reopen Black Sea ports, averting food crisis". New York Post. Archived from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  98. ↑ "Erdogan believes war in Ukraine can be stopped through diplomacy". Ukrinform. 2022-11-28. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  99. ↑ "Ukraine: Guterres 'strongly condemns' Russian attacks on Odesa and other ports". UN News. 20 July 2023.
  100. ↑ "Putin tightens grip on Africa after killing Black Sea grain deal". Politico. 19 July 2023.
  101. ↑ "Russia's grain deal exit is a stab in the back - Kenya". BBC News. 19 July 2023.
  102. ↑ "Russia targets Ukraine's port of Odesa and calls it payback for a strike on a key bridge to Crimea". 18 July 2023.
  103. ↑ "Russian attack damages critical Ukraine port infrastructure". 19 July 2023.
  104. ↑ "Russian strikes on Ukrainian ports persist, heightening grain export concerns". 20 July 2023.
  105. ↑ "Ukrainian air defenses in Odesa outgunned as Russia targets global grain supply". CNN. 21 July 2023.
  106. ↑ "China urges resumption of grain, fertiliser exports from Ukraine and Russia". South China Morning Post. 22 July 2023.
  107. ↑ "China Won't Let Russia Starve the World". Foreign Policy. 17 May 2023.
  108. ↑ "The grain war is in full swing – Poland won't open borders for Ukraine's agriculture". The New Voice of Ukraine. 19 July 2023.
  109. ↑ "Blockaded on all fronts: Poland and Hungary threaten to cut Ukraine's export route to the West". Politico. 20 July 2023.
  110. ↑ "Russia urged to renew Ukraine grain deal at Africa summit". BBC News. 28 July 2023.
  111. ↑ "African leaders tell Putin: 'We have a right to call for peace'". Reuters. 29 July 2023.
  112. ↑ "Pope Francis calls on Russia to resume participation in grain deal". 30 July 2023.
  113. ↑ "Erdogan says Putin talks could lead to restoring Black Sea grain deal, media report" (July 21, 2023). Reuters. Accessed 23 July 2023.
  114. ↑ "Erdogan still seeking to persuade Putin over Ukraine grain deal" Agence France-Presse (AFP). (July 21, 2023). zawya.com. Accessed 21 July 2023.
  115. ↑ Faruk Z. (21.07.2023). "Turkish, Ukrainian presidents discuss extension of Black Sea grain deal" aa.com.tr. Accessed 21 July 2023.
  116. ↑ "Russia Says JPMorgan Stops Processing Its Grain Payments" (Aug. 4, 2023). Reuters. Accessed 6 August 2023.
  117. ↑ "Diplomat suggests US Embassy ask Russian MFA for clarification on grain deal" (August 2023). Russian News Agency tass. Accessed 6 August 2023.
  118. ↑ "Erdogan visits Putin in Russia's Sochi in bid to revive Ukraine grain deal" Al Jazeera. Sept 4, 2023. Accessed Sept 4, 2023.
  119. ↑ IMO (19 July 2023). "Circular Letter No.4748 'Communication from the Government of Ukraine'" (PDF). International Maritime Organization.
  120. ↑ Kormych, Borys; Averochkina, Tetiana (2023). "Black Sea Grain Initiative is Dead, Long Live the New Trade Corridor". Lex Portus. 9 (4). doi: 10.26886/2524-101X.9.4.2023.1 .
  121. ↑ "The Black Sea Grain Initiative Is Not About Hungry Kids in Africa" (AUGUST 1, 2023). foreignpolicy.com. Accessed 5 August 2023.
  122. ↑ "African leaders leave Russia summit without grain deal or path to peace in Ukraine" (July 30, 2023) NPR.org. Accessed 5 August 2023.
  123. ↑ "NATO Planes Watched as Three Civilian Ships Ran Russia's Naval Blockade of Ukraine". Forbes .
  124. ↑ Kormych, Borys; Averochkina, Tetiana (2023). "Black Sea Grain Initiative is Dead, Long Live the New Trade Corridor". Lex Portus. 9 (4). doi: 10.26886/2524-101X.9.4.2023.1 .
  125. ↑ "Russia destroys 13,000 tonnes of Ukrainian grain destined for Egypt and Romania". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 23 August 2023.
  126. ↑ Kormych, Borys; Averochkina, Tetyana; Kormych, Liudmyla (2024). "Black Sea, grain, and two humanitarian corridors: unblocking Ukrainian shipping amid the Russian invasion". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 35 (8): 1360–1396. doi:10.1080/09592318.2024.2384679. ISSN   0959-2318.
  127. ↑ "Russia destroyed 300,000 tons of grain since July in port, ship attacks, Kyiv says". Reuters. 13 October 2023.
  128. ↑ "Tanker hits mine in Black Sea". 16 October 2023.
  129. ↑ "Another Commercial Vessel Blew Up on Mine in Black Sea, russia Created a Threat in the Waters". 18 October 2023.
  130. ↑ "NATO ships begin minesweeping in Black Sea waters – report". 19 October 2023.
  131. ↑ "UN condemns Russia's attack on civilian ship entering Ukrainian port". 9 November 2023.
  132. ↑ "Cargo ship hits naval mine in Black Sea en route to Ukraine". 28 December 2023.
  133. ↑ "Ukraine defies Russia with 13 mln of exports via Black Sea corridor". 31 December 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.