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The People's Consultative Assembly, the bicameral legislature of Indonesia, passed a series of resolutions of the People's Consultative Assembly (Indonesian : Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat) or TAP MPR throughout the 1960s, to the very last issued in 2003.
As between 1960 and 1971 no election for the MPR members happened, the assembly were formed in a provisional measure, known as the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (Indonesian : Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Republik Sementara Indonesia), which issued TAP MPRs, though there were no difference between the resolutions issued by either by MPRS or MPR.
The beginning of Sukarno's Guided Democracy were marked with the return to the 1945 Constitution, replacing the parliamentary 1950 Provisional Constitution. With it the formation of Provisional People's Consultative Assembly, which the 1945 constitution prescribed that it consisted of members of the People's Representative Council, regional representatives (Indonesian : Utusan-utusan Daerah), and sectoral representatives (Indonesian : Utusan-utusan Golongan). Prior to this, in 1955, Indonesia held its first legislative election, and thus the 1955–1960 members of the DPR were popularly elected (which at this point they were considered transitional in nature, until next election). [1]
In March 1960, the DPR unexpectedly rejected President Sukarno's government budget plan. He then proceeded to dissolve the DPR and replaced it with the People's Representative Council-Mutual Assistance (Indonesian : Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat-Gotong Royong), Its members were no longer the previously elected representatives, but rather the president's appointee, who could be appointed or dismissed by the president's will. [2] [3]
| Year | Session | # | Official Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1960 | 1st General | I/MPRS/1960 | On the Political Manifesto of the Republic of Indonesia as the Official Guidelines of State Policy of the Republic [note 1] |
| II/MPRS/1960 | On the Broad Outlines of the First Stage National Overall Planned Development Plan of 1961–1969 [note 2] | ||
| 1963 | 2nd General | III/MPRS/1963 | On the Appointment of 'Bung Karno' the Great Leader of Indonesian Revolution as President for Life |
| IV/MPRS/1963 | On the Implementation Guidelines of the Guidelines of State and Development Policies | ||
| 1965 | 3rd General | V/MPRS/1965 | On the Political Mandate of the President/Great Leader of the Revolution/Mandate Holder of the MPRS, titled 'BERDIKARI' as the Confirmation of Indonesian Revolution in Political Affairs, Implementation Guidelines of the Political Manifesto, and the Program Foundation of the Indonesian People's Struggle |
| VI/MPRS/1965 | On the Stance to Stand on Our Own Feet in Economic and Development Affairs | ||
| VII/MPRS/1965 | On the 'GESURI', [note 3] , 'TAVIP', [note 4] 'The Fifth Freedom Is Our Weapon', and 'The Era of Confrontation' as the Implementation Guidelines of the Political Manifesto of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| VIII/MPRS/1965 | On the Principles of Consultation in order to reach Consensus in Guided Democracy as Guidelines for Consultative/Representative Bodies | ||
| 1966 | 4th General | IX/MPRS/1966 | On the Order of the President/Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces/Great Leader of the Revolution/Mandate Holder of the MPRS [note 5] |
| X/MPRS/1966 | On the Position of All Central and Regional State Institutions as Prescribed by the 1945 Constitution | ||
| XI/MPRS/1966 | On the General Election | ||
| XII/MPRS/1966 | On the Reconfirmation of Indonesian Foreign Policy | ||
| XIII/MPRS/1966 | On the Ampera Cabinet | ||
| XIV/MPRS/1966 | On the Formation of Ad Hoc Committees of the MPRS, Tasked with Researching State Institutions, Drafting the State Division of Powers between Various State Institutions According to the 1945 Constitutions, and Drafting the Details on Basic Human Rights | ||
| XV/MPRS/1966 | On the Election/Appointment of Vice President, and the Rules on the Appointment of Acting President | ||
| XVI/MPRS/1966 | On the Definition of the Mandate Holder of the MPRS | ||
| XVII/MPRS/1966 | On the Great Leader of the Revolution | ||
| XVIII/MPRS/1966 | On the Review of MPRS Resolution number III/MPRS/1963 | ||
| XIX/MPRS/1966 | On the Review of State Legislations Not Produced by MPRS, Enacted Not in Accordance to the 1945 Constitution | ||
| XX/MPRS/1966 | On the DPR-GR Memorandum on the Source of the Laws of Indonesia and the Hierarchy of Indonesian Legislations | ||
| XXI/MPRS/1966 | On the Widest Grants of Regional Autonomy | ||
| XXII/MPRS/1966 | On the Parties, Mass Organizations, and Functional Groups | ||
| XXIII/MPRS/1966 | On the Renewal of Economic, Financial, and Development Policy Foundation | ||
| XXIV/MPRS/1966 | On the Defense/Security Policy | ||
| XXV/MPRS/1966 | On the Disbandment of the Communist Party of Indonesia, Its Declaration as a Banned Organization within Indonesian territory, and the Ban to Spread or Develop the Ideology or the Teachings of Communism/Marxism-Leninism | ||
| XXVI/MPRS/1966 | On the Formation of Committee to Research the Teachings of Bung Karno the Great Leader of the Revolution | ||
| XXVII/MPRS/1966 | On the Subject of Religion, Education, and Culture | ||
| XXVIII/MPRS/1966 | On the Policy to Improve Public Welfare | ||
| XXIX/MPRS/1966 | On the Award of the Ampera Heroes [note 6] | ||
| XXX/MPRS/1966 | On the Revocation of Bintang Mahaputera Class III Award from D.N. Aidit | ||
| XXXI/MPRS/1966 | On the Prefix Change from “Paduka Yang Mulia” (P.Y.M.), “Yang Mulia” (Y.M.), “Paduka Tuan” (P.T.) [note 7] to “Bapak/Ibu” or “Saudara/Saudari” [note 8] | ||
| XXXII/MPRS/1966 | On the Fostering of the Press | ||
| 1967 | Extraordinary | XXXIII/MPRS/1967 | On the Revocation of Executive Powers from President Soekarno [sic] [note 9] |
| XXXIV/MPRS/1967 | On the Review of MPRS Resolution number I/MPRS/1960 on the Political Manifesto of the Republic of Indonesia as the Official GSP | ||
| XXXV/MPRS/1967 | On the Revocation of MPRS Resolution number XVII/MPRS/1966 | ||
| XXXVI/MPRS/1967 | On the Revocation of MPRS Resolution number XXVI/MPRS/1966 | ||
| 1968 | 5th General | XXXVII/MPRS/1968 | On the Revocation of MPRS Resolution number VIII/MPRS/1965 |
| XXXVII/MPRS/1968 | On the Revocation of MPRS Resolutions number: (a) II/MPRS/1960, (b) IV/MPRS/1963, (c) V/MPRS/1965, (d) VI/MPRS/1965, and (e) VII/MPRS/1965. | ||
| XXXIX/MPRS/1968 | On the Implementation of MPRS Resolution number XIX/MPRS/1966 | ||
| XL/MPRS/1968 | On the Formation of Ad Hoc Committees of the MPRS, Tasked with Researching Issued Resolutions of the 1966 Fourth Annual Session of the MPRS and the 1967 Special Session of the MPRS | ||
| XLI/MPRS/1968 | On the Main Duties of the Development Cabinet | ||
| XLII/MPRS/1968 | On the Amendment of MPRS Resolution number XI/MPRS/1966 on the General Election | ||
| XLIII/MPRS/1968 | On the Elucidation of MPRS Resolution number IX/MPRS/1966 | ||
| XLIV/MPRS/1968 | On the Appointment of the Executor of MPRS Resolution number IX/MPRS/1966 as President of the Republic of Indonesia [note 10] |
On 3 July 1971, Indonesian government managed to hold a long-delayed legislative election which had been planned to follow the first election in 1955. [4] [5]
Two years after the election, between 12–24 March 1973, the 920 members of the People's Consultative Assembly, [note 11] which were composed of members of the People's Representative Council, representatives of the armed forces, as well as regional representatives, were able to held the first general session of the MPR in Jakarta, which proceeded to formally elect Suharto as President of Indonesia and Hamengkubuwono IX as Vice President of Indonesia. [note 12] As the Speaker of the MPR for this session is Idham Chalid, who also served as Speaker of the DPR. In total, eleven Resolutions were enacted during 1973 General Session. [4]
The next MPR met in session was during the 1978 General Session of the MPR, formed as result of the 1977 election. Since then, MPR met at least once in every five years, with the speaker of the DPR also served as the speaker of the MPR.
Sectoral representation to the Assembly was restored in 1984.
| Year | Session | # | Official Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1973 | General | I/MPR/1973 | On the Rules of Procedure of the MPR |
| II/MPR/1973 | On the Rules to Elect the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| III/MPR/1973 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia General Soeharto as the Mandate Holder of the MPR | ||
| IV/MPR/1973 | On the Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| V/MPR/1973 | On the Review of MPRS Resolutions | ||
| VI/MPR/1973 | On the Position and Working Relation of the Highest State Institution with/or Between High State Institution | ||
| VII/MPR/1973 | On the Absence from Duty by the President and/or Vice President | ||
| VIII/MPR/1973 | On the General Election | ||
| IX/MPR/1973 | On the Appointment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| X/MPR/1973 | On the Delegation of Duties and Authorities to the President/Mandate Holder of the MPR in Implementing Development | ||
| XI/MPR/1973 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia [note 13] | ||
| 1978 | General | I/MPR/1978 | On the Rules of Procedure of the MPR |
| II/MPR/1978 | On the Guidelines for the Appreciation and Practice of Pancasila (Ekaprasetia Pancakarsa) | ||
| III/MPR/1978 | On the Position and Working Relation of the Highest State Institution with/or Between High State Institution | ||
| IV/MPR/1978 | On the Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| V/MPR/1978 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia Soeharto as the Mandate Holder of the MPR | ||
| VI/MPR/1978 | On the Confirmation of the Territorial Integration of East Timor into the Unitary Republic of Indonesia | ||
| VII/MPR/1978 | On the General Election | ||
| VIII/MPR/1978 | On the Delegation of Duties and Authorities to the President/Mandate Holder of the MPR in Improving and Securing National Development | ||
| IX/MPR/1978 | On the Need to Amend Article 3 of MPR Resolution number V/MPR/1973 | ||
| X/MPR/1978 | On the Appointment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| XI/MPR/1978 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia [note 14] | ||
| 1983 | General | I/MPR/1983 | On the Rules of Procedure of the MPR |
| II/MPR/1983 | On the Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| III/MPR/1983 | On the General Election | ||
| IV/MPR/1983 | On the Referendum | ||
| V/MPR/1983 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia Soeharto as the Mandate Holder of the MPR, as well as the Confirmation and Award of the Title 'Father of Indonesian Development' | ||
| VI/MPR/1983 | On the Appointment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| VII/MPR/1983 | On the Delegation of Duties and Authorities to the President/Mandate Holder of the MPR in Improving and Securing National Development | ||
| VIII/MPR/1983 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia [note 15] | ||
| 1988 | General | I/MPR/1988 | On the Amendment and Addendum of MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1983 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR |
| II/MPR/1988 | On the Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| III/MPR/1988 | On the General Election | ||
| IV/MPR/1988 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia Soeharto as the Mandate Holder of the MPR | ||
| V/MPR/1988 | On the Appointment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| VI/MPR/1988 | On the Delegation of Duties and Authorities to the President/Mandate Holder of the MPR in Improving and Securing National Development | ||
| VII/MPR/1988 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia [note 16] | ||
| 1993 | General | I/MPR/1993 | On the Amendment and Addendum of MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1983 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR, Previously Amended and Added with MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1988 |
| II/MPR/1993 | On the Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| III/MPR/1993 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia Soeharto as the Mandate Holder of the MPR | ||
| IV/MPR/1993 | On the Appointment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| V/MPR/1993 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia [note 17] | ||
| 1998 | General | I/MPR/1998 | On the Amendment and Addendum of MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1983 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR, Previously Amended and Added with MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1988 and number I/MPR/1993 |
| II/MPR/1998 | On the Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| III/MPR/1998 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia Soeharto as the Mandate Holder of the MPR | ||
| IV/MPR/1998 | On the Appointment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| V/MPR/1998 | On the Assignment of Special Duties and Authorities to the President/Mandate Holder of the MPR in Improving and Securing National Development as the Practice of Pancasila | ||
| VI/MPR/1998 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia [note 18] | ||
| Extraordinary | VII/MPR/1998 | On the Amendment and Addendum of MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1983 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR, Previously Amended and Added Multiple Times with Latest Amendment and Addendum in MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1998 | |
| VIII/MPR/1998 | On the Revocation of MPR Resolution number IV/MPR/1983 on the Referendum | ||
| IX/MPR/1998 | On the Revocation of MPR Resolution number II/MPR/1998 on the Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| X/MPR/1998 | On the Basics of Development Reform in order to Rescue and Normalize National Livelihood, Implemented as Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| XI/MPR/1998 | On the Clean Government, Free from Corruption, Collusion, and Nepotism | ||
| XII/MPR/1998 | On the Revocation of MPR Resolution number V/MPR/1998 on the Assignment of Special Duties and Authorities to the President/Mandate Holder of the MPR in Improving and Securing National Development as the Practice of Pancasila | ||
| XIII/MPR/1998 | On the Limitation of the Term of Office for the President and the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| XIV/MPR/1998 | On the Amendment and Addendum of MPR Resolution number III/MPR/1988 on the General Election | ||
| XV/MPR/1998 | On the Implementation of Regional Autonomy, the Regulation, Distribution, and Equitable Utilization of National Resources, as well as the Central and Regional Financial Balance Within the Framework of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia | ||
| XVI/MPR/1998 | On the Politics of the Economy in order to Achieve Economic Democracy | ||
| XVII/MPR/1998 | On the Basic Human Rights | ||
| XVIII/MPR/1998 | On the Revocation of MPR Resolution number II/MPR/1978 on the Guidelines for the Appreciation and Practice of Pancasila (Ekaprasetia Pancakarsa), as well as the Confirmation of Pancasila as State Ideology | ||
| 1999 | General | I/MPR/1999 | On the Fifth Amendment of the MPR Resolution number I/MPR/1983 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR |
| II/MPR/1999 | On the Rules of Procedure of the MPR | ||
| III/MPR/1999 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia Prof. Dr. Ing. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie [note 19] | ||
| IV/MPR/1999 | On the 1999-2004 Broad Outlines of State Policy | ||
| V/MPR/1999 | On the Referendum in East Timor | ||
| VI/MPR/1999 | On the Rules for the Nomination and Election of the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| VII/MPR/1999 | On the Appointment of the President of the Republic of Indonesia [note 20] | ||
| VIII/MPR/1999 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia [note 21] | ||
| IX/MPR/1999 | On the Assignment of MPR Working Committee to Proceed with the Amendment of the 1945 Constitution | ||
| 2000 | General | I/MPR/2000 | On the First Amendment of MPR Resolution number II/MPR/1999 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR |
| II/MPR/2000 | On the Second Amendment of MPR Resolution number II/MPR/1999 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR | ||
| III/MPR/2000 | On the Source of Laws and the Hierarchy of Legislations | ||
| IV/MPR/2000 | On the Policy Recommendation in Implementing Regional Autonomy | ||
| V/MPR/2000 | On the Consolidation of National Union and Unity | ||
| VI/MPR/2000 | On the Separation of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police | ||
| VII/MPR/2000 | On the Roles of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police | ||
| VIII/MPR/2000 | On the Annual Report of the High State Institutions for the 2000 Annual Session of the MPR | ||
| IX/MPR/2000 | On the Assignment of MPR Working Committee to Prepare the Amendment Draft of the 1945 Constitution | ||
| 2001 | Extraordinary | I/MPR/2001 | On the Position of the MPR Regarding the Presidential Decree of 23 July 2001 |
| II/MPR/2001 | On the Accountability of President of the Republic of Indonesia K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid | ||
| III/MPR/2001 | On the Appointment of Vice President Megawati Soekarnoputri as President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| IV/MPR/2001 | On the Appointment of the Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia [note 22] | ||
| General | V/MPR/2001 | On the Third Amendment of MPR Resolution number 'II/MPR/1999 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR | |
| VI/MPR/2001 | On the Ethics of National Livelihood | ||
| VII/MPR/2001 | On the Vision of the Future of Indonesia | ||
| VIII/MPR/2001 | On the Recommendation on the Policy to Eradicate and Prevent Corruption, Collusion, and Nepotism | ||
| IX/MPR/2001 | On the Agrarian Renewal and the Management of Natural Resources | ||
| X/MPR/2001 | On the Implementation Report of the Decision of the MPR by the High State Institutions in the 2001 Annual Session of the MPR | ||
| XI/MPR/2001 | On the Amendment of MPR Resolution number IX/MPR/2000 on the Assignment of MPR Working Committee to Prepare the Amendment Draft of the 1945 Constitution | ||
| 2002 | General | I/MPR/2002 | On the Formation of the Constitutional Commission |
| II/MPR/2002 | On the Policy Recommendation to Accelerate the National Economy Recovery | ||
| III/MPR/2002 | On the Determination to Implement the 2003 Annual Session of the MPR | ||
| IV/MPR/2002 | On the Revocation of MPR Resolution number VI/MPR/1999 on the Rules for the Nomination and Election of the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia | ||
| V/MPR/2002 | On the Fourth Amendment of MPR Resolution number II/MPR/1999 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR | ||
| VI/MPR/2002 | On the Recommendation for the Implementation Report of the Decision of the MPR by the President, the Supreme Advisory Council, the People's Representative Council, the Audit Board, and the Supreme Court for the 2002 Annual Session of the MPR | ||
| 2003 | General | I/MPR/2003 | On the Material Review and Legal Status Review of MPRS and MPR Resolutions Issued Between 1960 and 2002 |
| II/MPR/2003 | On the Fifth Amendment of MPR Resolution number II/MPR/1999 on the Rules of Procedure of the MPR |
Under Resolution number I/MPR/2003, every MPR and MPRS resolutions enacted prior to this were reviewed in its material value and legal status. The MPR then grouped all 139 remaining resolutions into six categories, as follows:
| Status (in English) | Status (in Indonesian) | No. of Resolutions | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Category I | Revoked and void of all legal force | "[...] dicabut dan dinyatakan tidak berlaku." | 8 |
| Category II | Remained in effect with conditions | "[...] dinyatakan tetap berlaku dengan ketentuan." | 3 |
| Category III | Remained in effect until the formation of the 2004 government | "[...] dinyatakan tetap berlaku sampai dengan terbentuknya Pemerintahan Hasil Pemilu 2004." | 8 |
| Category IV | Remained in effect until the enactment of replacement laws | "[...] dinyatakan tetap berlaku sampai dengan terbentuknya Undang-Undang." | 11 |
| Category V | Remained in effect until the enactment of new rules of procedure | "[...] masih berlaku sampai dengan ditetapkannya Peraturan Tata Tertib Baru oleh MPR Hasil Pemilu 2004." | 5 |
| Category VI | No need for further legal action, either because it is final (einmalig), has been revoked, or has been completed | "[...] tidak perlu dilakukan tindakan hukum lebih lanjut, baik karena bersifat final (einmalig), telah dicabut, maupun telah selesai dilaksanakan." | 104 |
| Total | 139 |
Meanwhile under the following Resolution number II/MPR/2003 on the fifth amendment of the 1999 MPR Rules of Procedure, the assembly renounced its authority to issue further Resolutions and Broad Outlines of State Policy, and limited its authority on seven items, as follows:
On the 2004 General Session, the MPR heard its last presidential accountability speech. From 2004 onward, president and vice president were directly elected in a general election, and thus MPR lost its power to elect president and vice president, or to decide on a president's accountability. [6] [7] [8] In addition, MPR lost its supremacy over other state institutions and its right as the sole executor of the people's sovereignty, and is also on equal footing as other state institutions, i.e. the President and the Supreme Court.
Under Article 2 and 3 of the Constitution and the 2014 Legislatures Act (Indonesian : Undang-Undang Nomor 17/2004 tentang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah), [9] which later amended in 2014, [10] 2018, [11] and 2019, [12] and supplemented by various other laws, authority of the MPR is limited to: [13]
Meanwhile, the remaining MPR Resolution were still included within the official Indonesian hierarchy of legislations, only below the Constitution, but above Acts and Government Regulations in-lieu-of Acts. [14]
The Regional Representative Council, is one of two parliamentary chambers in Indonesia. Together with the House of Representatives (DPR), it makes up the Indonesian national legislative body, the Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR). Under Indonesia's constitution, the authority of the DPD is limited to areas related to regional governments and can only propose and give advice on bills to the DPR. Unlike the DPR, the DPD has no direct law-making power. Its members are usually called senators instead of DPD members.
The House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia is one of two elected chambers of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the national legislature of Indonesia. It is considered the lower house, while the Regional Representative Council (DPD) serves as the upper house; while the Indonesian constitution does not explicitly mention the divide, the DPR enjoys more power, privilege, and prestige compared to the DPD.
The term Government of the Republic of Indonesia can have a number of different meanings. At its widest, it can refer collectively to the three traditional branches of government – the executive branch, legislative branch and judicial branch. The term is also used colloquially to mean the executive and legislature together, as these are the branches of government responsible for day-to-day governance of the nation and lawmaking. At its narrowest, the term is used to refer to the executive branch in the form of the President of Indonesia, as assisted by the Vice President and the Cabinet, as this is the branch of government responsible for day-to-day governance.
The People's Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia is the legislative branch in Indonesia's political system. It is composed of the members of a lower body, House of Representatives (DPR) and an upper body, Regional Representative Council (DPD). Before 2004, and the amendments to the 1945 Constitution, the MPR was the highest governing body in Indonesia.
Indonesia is divided into provinces. Provinces are made up of regencies and cities (kota). Provinces, regencies, and cities have their own local governments and parliamentary bodies.
Law of Indonesia is based on a civil law system, intermixed with local customary law and Dutch law. Before the British presence and colonization began in the sixteenth century, indigenous kingdoms ruled the archipelago independently with their own custom laws, known as adat. Foreign influences from India, China and the Middle East have not only affected culture, but also the customary adat laws. The people of Aceh in Sumatra, for instance, observe their own sharia law, while ethnic groups like the Toraja in Sulawesi still follow their animistic customary law.
The president of the Republic of Indonesia is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president is the leader of the executive branch of the Indonesian government and the supreme commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police. Since 2004, the president and vice president have been directly elected to a five-year term, once renewable, allowing for a maximum of 10 years in office. The new president of Indonesia is Prabowo Subianto, who assumed office on 20 October 2024.
The Judiciary of Indonesia constitutionally consists of the Supreme Court of Indonesia, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia, and the lesser court system under the Supreme Court. These lesser courts are categorically subdivided into the public courts, religious courts, state administrative courts, and military courts.
The Attorney General's Office of the Republic of Indonesia is the competent authority to advise the Government of Indonesia on matters of law. It serves as the central organization for the Indonesian Public Prosecution Service. The Attorney General's Office is seated in the national capital Jakarta.
In Indonesia, a regional regulation is a regulation that is passed by Indonesian local governments and carry the force of law in that region. There are two levels of regional regulations. Provinces pass provincial regulation, while the second tier subdivisions of Indonesia, known as regencies and cities pass regency regulation and city regulation, respectively. Each type of regional regulation is passed by the region's parliamentary body together with their chief executive.
In Indonesian law, the term "city" is generally defined as the second-level administrative subdivision of the Republic of Indonesia, an equivalent to regency. The difference between a city and a regency is that a city has non-agricultural economic activities and a dense urban population, while a regency comprises predominantly rural areas and is larger in area than a city. However, Indonesia historically had several classifications of cities.
The Governor of North Sumatra is the highest office in the province of North Sumatra. The governor of North Sumatra is an elected official who is responsible for leading the government in North Sumatra, proposing and enacting regional laws, and representing the North Sumatra province inside and outside the court. The governor alongside the deputy governor and 100 members of the Regional People's Representative Council are accountable for the strategic government of the province of North Sumatra.
The Constitution of Indonesia has been amended four times since its creation, all of which were approved by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) during the 1999 – 2002 period.
The Law on Law Formulation or officially titled Law No. 13/2022 in regards of Second Amendment of Law No. 12/2011 on Law Formulation is a law that enables formulation of omnibus law in Indonesia.
Banten III is an electoral district in Indonesia which encompasses the cities of Tangerang and South Tangerang, along with Tangerang Regency. It currently sends 10 members to the House of Representatives.
In Indonesia, a Regional House of Representatives is the unicameral legislative body of an Indonesian national subdivision, at either the provincial or at the regency/city level. They are based on the amended Constitution of Indonesia, which mandated the creation of such bodies for local governance. The legislatures are present in all Indonesian provinces, and all second-level subdivisions except for the constituent municipalities of Jakarta.
The Press Council is an independent non-structural agency in Indonesia responsible for safeguarding the freedom of the press. Initially functioning as merely an advisory body to the Department of Information during the New Order era, the council was reformed into a wholly autonomous and independent entity devoid of government influence following the fall of the regime. In the present day, the Press Council regulates the press industry, defends journalists from external parties, and handles journalist disputes.
Non-structural institutions or non-structural agencies are special organizations in Indonesia distinct from traditional government ministries and non-ministerial government bodies. Formed through certain legislative and executive acts, non-structural institutions are formed to support the overall functions of the state and government, addressing specific needs/tasks that cannot be as efficiently handled by existing ministries and agencies. Funding for these organizations come from the national budget (APBN).
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