Running Up That Hill

Last updated

Fairlight CMI-IIx.jpg
The Fairlight CMI synthesiser
LinnDrum digital drum machine front panel .jpg
The LinnDrum drum machine

In 1983, Bush had not had a successful single for several years. [7] That year, she moved from London to rural Sevenoaks, where she set up a songwriting room with a piano, a Fairlight CMI synthesiser and an eight-track recorder. [7] "Running Up That Hill" was the first song Bush composed for her fifth album, Hounds of Love (1985). [11] She wrote it in a single evening, [11] and recorded a demo. [7] According to Bush, the song began with the Fairlight riff. [12] She sang a drum pattern to her boyfriend and recording engineer, Del Palmer, who programmed it into a LinnDrum drum machine. [12] She said the lyrics for the first verse "came straight away". [12]

In early 1984, Bush moved to her new studio at East Wickham Farm in her childhood home of Welling, Kent, where she recorded the final version of "Running Up That Hill". [7] Bush and Palmer recorded the first version onto 8-track using the Fairlight, and used this to build the vocal. [11] [12] Palmer added a "pulsing" bassline. [7] After transferring the song to 24-track, Bush, Palmer and the engineers Paul Hardiman and Haydn Bendall developed the final song, spending particular time on the Fairlight parts. [11]

The main riff was played on the Fairlight using its sampled cello sound. This replaced an earlier harp sound, which Bush found too noisy. [13] [12] The drone part was developed by "freezing" a chord into a Quantec digital reverb. [12] The drummer, Stuart Elliott, overdubbed a snare to strengthen the Linndrum, and added fills at the end combined with sounds from the Fairlight. [12] Alan Murphy overdubbed guitar for the ending. [14] Bush's brother, Paddy Bush, performed balalaika. [7]

Music video

The music video was directed by David Garfath and choreographed by Diane Grey. [15] [16] It features Bush performing an interpretive dance with the dancer Misha Hervieu. [15] Bush felt that dance in music videos was "being used quite trivially, it was being exploited: haphazard images, busy, lots of dances, without really the serious expression, and wonderful expression, that dance can give". Instead, she wanted to create a "serious piece of dance" comprising a simple routine between two people. [16] In the video, Bush mimics an archer pulling a bow, an idea she reused for the single cover. [16]

Hervieu said she was cast as she was not following the trends of dance in pop music at the time. [16] As Hervieu was much taller than Bush, they discovered Bush could wrap around her body "like a snake" and incorporated this into the dance. [16] To evade Equity union rules against moonlighting, Hervieu said she could not appear in the West End musical Barnum because of illness, for which she was fired from the play. [16] In July 2022, the music video reached 100 million views on YouTube. [15]

Release

Bush debuted "Running Up That Hill" in a performance on the BBC One talk show Wogan, to an estimated audience of nine million. [7] She performed from behind a lectern, backed by a band including Palmer and Paddy Bush. The performers wore coats similar to religious habits and were accompanied by standard-bearers waving "billowing" flags. Mojo wrote later: "Particularly in the context of a cosy mainstream show, there was something distinctly ritualistic about the whole affair, certainly in keeping with the song's magickal theme." [7] Bush also performed it on the West German show Peter's Pop Show. [17]

"Hounds of Love" was released in the UK as the lead single from Hounds of Love on 5 August 1985 by EMI Records. [18] It reached number three on the UK singles chart, [19] Bush's highest position since her number-one 1978 single "Wuthering Heights".[ citation needed ]

2012 Olympics remix

A remix of "Running Up That Hill" was used during the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. [20] The remix is included in the soundtrack album for the 2012 Olympics, A Symphony of British Music . It reached number six on the UK singles chart on 19 August, becoming Bush's first top-ten single since "King of the Mountain" in 2005. [21]

2022 revival and Stranger Things

"Running Up That Hill" gained renewed attention in May 2022 after it featured in the fourth season of the Netflix series Stranger Things . [22] Winona Ryder, who plays Joyce Byers , said she had pushed to include the song and had been a fan of Bush since childhood. [23] Bush rarely licenses her songs but agreed because she is a fan of the show. [24] The composer, Rob Simonsen, created an orchestral remix recorded in Air Studios, London. [25] To create the feeling of a lullaby, he added a choir, combined with the "juggernaut" of a full orchestra. [25] The remix appears as a motif throughout the series and in a pivotal scene. [25] [26]

After it was used in Stranger Things, "Running Up That Hill" became the most streamed song on Spotify in the UK and the US. [26] It reached number one in the UK, [27] Australia, [28] Belgium, [29] Ireland, [30] Lithuania, [31] Luxembourg, [32] New Zealand, [33] Sweden, [34] and Switzerland. [27] It was Bush's second UK number-one single after "Wuthering Heights" in 1978, making her the solo artist with the longest gap between two number-one UK singles and the oldest female artist to achieve a UK number one. The 37-year gap between the single's release and the time it took to reach number one was also a record. [35] On 1 September, "Running Up That Hill" was issued as a CD single for the first time. [36] The song sold 1,077,284 copies in the UK in 2022. [37]

In the US, "Running Up That Hill" reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, bettering its 1985 peak of number 30, Bush's highest previous placement on the chart. [38] [39] It also charted on the Billboard rock and Alternative Airplay charts and reached number one on both Hot Alternative Songs and Hot Rock & Alternative Songs. [40] "Running Up That Hill" became popular with Generation Z, who were not born when the song was released, and it appeared in videos on the social media platform TikTok. [26] Bush described the renewed interest as extraordinary and touching. [41]

By 17 July 2022, views of the music video on YouTube had doubled. [15] On 22 June 2023, "Running Up That Hill" reached one billion streams on Spotify. In response, Bush wrote, "I have an image of a river that suddenly floods and becomes many, many tributaries — a billion streams — on their way to the sea. Each one of these streams is one of you. Thank you so much for sending this song on such an impossibly astonishing journey. I'm blown away." [42]

Critical response

In 1985, Smash Hits named "Running Up That Hill" its "single of the fortnight" and praised its "melodic strength" and "coolly restrained performance". [43] It was described as "nice" in an otherwise negative review in the Record Mirror. [44] Edwin Pouncey of Sounds said he was "seduced by the sheer strangeness of Ms Bush's dramatic return". [45] It was named the year's second-best track by Melody Maker and the third-best by NME . [46] [47] At the 1986 Brit Awards, "Running Up That Hill" was nominated for British Single of the Year. [48]

In 2014, NME named "Running Up That Hill" the 108th-greatest song of all time. [49] That year, NME included it at number 25 in its "Story of NME in 70 (mostly) seminal songs", with Mark Beaumont writing that Bush was "a totemic figure in sneaking left field ideas into the heart of the charts". [50] Reviewing Hounds of Love in 2016, the Pitchfork critic Barry Walters wrote that "Running Up That Hill" had "brought to the mainstream gender-equality issues that female-led post-punk acts like Au Pairs had been thrashing out for years in the underground". [51] He connected its lyrics, Bush's performance and the pitch-shifting effect on her vocals to gender issues: "As if trying to escape her body, sex, and consciousness ... Armed with equally advanced machines and melodies, Bush now creatively trumped nearly every mid-'80s rocker." [51] The AllMusic journalist Amy Hanson wrote: "Always adept at emotion and beautifully able to manipulate even the most bitter of hearts, rarely has Bush penned such a brutally truthful, painfully sensual song." [52]

"Running Up That Hill" was named the best Kate Bush song by Far Out [53] and the third-best by Mojo. [54] The Guardian named it Bush's best UK single. [55] In 2021, Rolling Stone placed "Running Up That Hill" at number 60 in its updated list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". [56] It was nominated for Favourite Rock Song at the American Music Awards of 2022. [57] That year, Mojo described it as "timeless and unique ... barely a whiff of anachronism arises from its dated technology... Both lyrically and musically, it remains an outstanding example of how innovative, catchy and weird pop music can be." [7] In 2024, the Rolling Stone journalist Rob Sheffield wrote: "Her classic synth-goth anthem sounded ahead of its time in the eighties. But only Kate Bush could make it a song that still sounds ahead of its time nearly 40 years later ... It became a timeless pop standard, without losing its spooky sense of dread." [17]

Live performances

Bush performed "Running Up That Hill" in 1987 at the Secret Policeman's Third Ball, accompanied by the Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour and Tony Franklin on fretless bass. [14] Guitar World wrote in 2022 that the performance was "immaculate ... The material brings out the best in Gilmour. Bush's voice defies the cardiovascular reality of performing onstage. Tony Franklin ... is godlike." [14] Bush performed "Running Up That Hill" at her Before the Dawn concerts in 2014. [58]

Cover versions

The American singer-songwriter Tori Amos has occasionally incorporated "Running Up That Hill" into her performances since the 1990s, often as part of a medley. [59] The English actor and comedian Steve Coogan, performing as the comedy character Alan Partridge, performed "Running Up That Hill" as part of a medley of Bush songs for the charity Comic Relief in 1999. [60] On 20 August, 2022, Partridge joined the British rock band Coldplay to perform "Running Up That Hill" at Wembley Stadium, London. [60] The American rock band Faith and the Muse included a goth-style cover of "Running Up That Hill" on the 2001 compilation album Vera Causa. [61]

Placebo (pictured in 2001) released a cover of "Running Up That Hill" in 2003. FestivalSudoeste2001.jpg
Placebo (pictured in 2001) released a cover of "Running Up That Hill" in 2003.

The British rock band Placebo included a version of "Running Up That Hill" on their 2003 compilation album Covers , [62] which reached number 44 on the UK singles chart. [61] [63] Guitar World said Placebo's version is often credited as "defining" cover, describing it as a "glistening ‘00s update" with a "pulsating heartbeat bassline" and "quivering vocal" that "evokes the sense of a protagonist on life support, bargaining with supernatural forces". [14] In the same year, a cover by the Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation, featuring an orchestral section and choir, reached the top 10 of the Dutch Single Top 100 chart. [14]

In 2007, the American electronic band Chromatics released a "menacing" version on their album Night Drive. [61] The Swedish band First Aid Kit performed an acoustic version at the 2018 Rock Werchter festival. [14] A version by the American musician Meg Myers reached number one on the Billboard Rock Airplay chart and the Alternative Songs chart in January 2020. [64] [65] The American singer Emma Ruth Rundle and members of the bands Mastodon, Yob and Old Man Gloom performed a version on YouTube during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns. [14] In 2021, the American rock band Car Seat Headrest released a "lower fi, measured" cover. [61]

Bush described a version performed in 2022 by the Australian choir Pub Choir, arranged by Astrid Jorgensen, as "utterly wonderful". [66] The German singer Kim Petras recorded a cover for Amazon Music's playlist for 2022 Pride Month. [67] It reached number 100 on the UK singles chart. [68] The American singer Halsey performed "Running Up That Hill" at the Governors Ball Music Festival in New York City that year, saying "truly wish I wrote this song more than anything in the world". [62] The British singer Raye performed a stripped-back version for BBC Radio 1. [69] On 3 November, 2023, the American musician St. Vincent performed "Running Up That Hill" at Bush's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, which Bush did not attend. [70]

Track listing and formats

All tracks written and produced by Kate Bush.

"Running Up That Hill"
Kate Bush - Running Up That Hill.png
Single by Kate Bush
from the album Hounds of Love
B-side "Under the Ivy"
Released5 August 1985 (1985-08-05)
Genre
Length4:58
Label EMI
Songwriter(s) Kate Bush
Producer(s) Kate Bush
Kate Bush singles chronology
"Night of the Swallow"
(1983)		"Running Up That Hill"
(1985)		"Cloudbusting"
(1985)
Music video
"Running Up That Hill" on YouTube
UK 7-inch 1985 single and limited edition 2022 CD single [71]
No.TitleLength
1."Running Up That Hill"4:58
2."Under the Ivy"2:07
UK 12-inch 1985 maxi single
No.TitleLength
1."Running Up That Hill" (Extended Version)5:43
2."Under the Ivy"2:07
3."Running Up That Hill" (Instrumental)4:54

Personnel

Charts

Certifications

Certifications for "Running Up That Hill"
RegionCertification Certified units/sales
Canada (Music Canada) [177] 2× Platinum160,000‡
Denmark (IFPI Danmark) [178] Platinum90,000‡
Germany (BVMI) [179] Gold250,000‡
Italy (FIMI) [180] Platinum100,000‡
New Zealand (RMNZ) [181] Platinum30,000‡
Portugal (AFP) [182] Platinum40,000‡
Spain (PROMUSICAE) [183] Platinum60,000‡
United Kingdom (BPI) [184]
Physical 1985 sales 		Silver250,000^
United Kingdom (BPI) [185]
Digital sales since 2004 		3× Platinum1,800,000‡
Streaming
Sweden (GLF) [186] Platinum8,000,000†

^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
† Streaming-only figures based on certification alone.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kate Bush</span> English singer-songwriter (born 1958)

Catherine Bush, publicly known as Kate Bush, is an English singer, songwriter, record producer and dancer. Bush began writing songs at age 11. She was signed to EMI Records after David Gilmour of Pink Floyd helped produce a demo tape. In 1978, at the age of 19, she topped the UK singles chart for four weeks with her debut single "Wuthering Heights", becoming the first female artist to achieve a UK number one with a fully self-written song. Her debut studio album, The Kick Inside (1978), peaked at number three on the UK Albums Chart.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Last Christmas</span> 1984 song by Wham!

"Last Christmas" is a song by English pop duo Wham!. Written and produced by George Michael, it was released on 3 December 1984 via CBS Records internationally and as a double A-side via Epic Records with "Everything She Wants" in several European countries. The song has been covered by many artists since its original release, including Whigfield, Crazy Frog, Billie Piper, Taylor Swift and Ariana Grande.

<i>Hounds of Love</i> 1985 studio album by Kate Bush

Hounds of Love is the fifth studio album by the English musician Kate Bush, released on 16 September 1985 by EMI Records. It was a commercial and artistic success and marked a return to the public eye for Bush after the relatively low sales of her previous album, 1982's The Dreaming. The album's lead single, "Running Up That Hill", became one of Bush's biggest hits, giving Bush her second UK number-one single in June 2022. The album's first side produced three further singles, "Cloudbusting", "Hounds of Love", and "The Big Sky". The second side, subtitled The Ninth Wave, forms a conceptual suite about a woman drifting alone in the sea at night.

<i>The Whole Story</i> 1986 compilation album by Kate Bush

The Whole Story is the second compilation album by English singer-songwriter Kate Bush and her first greatest hits album worldwide. Released on 10 November 1986, it earned Bush her third UK number-one album and went on to become her best-selling release to date, being certified four-times platinum in the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Speed of Sound (song)</span> 2005 song by Coldplay

"Speed of Sound" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. It was written by all members of the band for their third studio album, X&Y (2005). Constructed around a piano and guitar riff, the song builds into a huge, synthesiser-heavy chorus. It was released by Parlophone Records as the lead single from the album. "Speed of Sound" made its radio premiere on BBC Radio 1 with Lamacq on 19 April, then was serviced to US radio on 18 April 2005. The song was released physically in Japan on 11 May with two B-sides: "Things I Don't Understand" and "Proof". In the United Kingdom, the single was issued on 23 May 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wuthering Heights (song)</span> 1978 single by Kate Bush

"Wuthering Heights" is the debut single by the English singer-songwriter Kate Bush, released on 20 January 1978 through EMI Records. It was released as the lead single from Bush's debut album, The Kick Inside (1978). It uses unusual harmonic progressions and irregular phrase lengths, with lyrics inspired by the 1847 novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë. Bush wrote it in a single evening at the age of 18.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Official Charts Company</span> British record chart company

The Official Charts Company is a British inter-professional organisation that compiles various official record charts in the United Kingdom, Ireland and France.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Babooshka (song)</span> 1980 single by Kate Bush

"Babooshka" is a song by English singer, songwriter Kate Bush, taken from her third studio album Never for Ever (1980). Released as a single in June 1980, it spent 10 weeks in the UK chart, peaking at number five. It was an even bigger hit in Australia, where it peaked at number two and was the 20th best-selling single of the year. It also peaked at number 2 in France on 28th Dec. 1980.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hounds of Love (song)</span> 1986 single by Kate Bush

"Hounds of Love" is a song written, produced and performed by English singer Kate Bush. It is the title track and the third single released from her No. 1 studio album Hounds of Love. The single was released in the UK on 17 February 1986. The single peaked at No. 18 and spent 5 weeks in the UK Singles Chart.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Doo Wop (That Thing)</span> 1998 single by Lauryn Hill

"Doo Wop (That Thing)" is a song by American rapper and singer Lauryn Hill from her debut solo studio album, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill (1998). It was written and produced by Hill. The song was released as her solo debut and lead single from The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill on August 10, 1998, by Ruffhouse Records and Columbia Records. No commercial release was originally intended for the single in the US, but limited-quantity physical formats were issued two months later, on October 27.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shout (Tears for Fears song)</span> 1984 single by Tears for Fears

"Shout" is a song by English pop rock band Tears for Fears, released as the second single from their second studio album, Songs from the Big Chair (1985), on 23 November 1984. Roland Orzabal is the lead singer on the track, and he described it as "a simple song about protest". The single became the group's fourth top 5 hit on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at No. 4 in January 1985. In the US, it reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 3 August 1985 and remained there for three weeks; also topping the Cash Box chart. "Shout" became one of the most successful songs of 1985, eventually reaching No. 1 in multiple countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kate Bush discography</span>

The discography of English singer-songwriter Kate Bush consists of 10 studio albums, two live albums, two compilation albums, six video albums, four box sets, five extended plays, 40 singles, seven promotional singles, and 39 music videos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Killers discography</span>

American rock band the Killers have released seven studio albums, one live album, four compilation albums, one extended play, 42 singles, four promotional singles, and 39 music videos. Part of the post-punk revival movement, the Killers are influenced by music styles of the 1980s and 1990s. The band has sold over 28 million records worldwide. The group's debut album, Hot Fuss (2004), brought the band mainstream success, spawning four UK top-20 singles, including "Mr. Brightside". The album has since been certified six-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and height-times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), selling seven million copies worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Love and Anger (song)</span> 1990 single by Kate Bush

"Love and Anger" is a song written and performed by British singer Kate Bush. It was the third and final single to be released from her sixth studio album, The Sensual World (1989), on 26 February 1990 and peaked at No. 38 on the UK Singles Chart. The song also reached No. 1 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in 1989 and was Bush's only chart-topper on any US chart until 2022. The song features Pink Floyd member David Gilmour on guitar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rubberband Girl</span> 1993 single by Kate Bush

"Rubberband Girl" is a song by English singer-songwriter Kate Bush released on the 6th of September 1993 by EMI Records. It was the lead single of her seventh album, The Red Shoes (1993).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magic (The Cars song)</span> 1984 single by the Cars

"Magic" is a song by American rock band the Cars from their fifth studio album, Heartbeat City (1984). It was released on May 7, 1984, as the album's second single, reaching number 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Billboard Top Tracks chart. The track was written by Ric Ocasek and produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange and the Cars. Ocasek sang lead vocals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Violet Hill</span> 2008 single by Coldplay

"Violet Hill" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. It was written by all members of the band for their fourth album, Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends (2008). Built around a repeating guitar sound, it utilises a marching tempo, supported by the pianos and rhythms that accompany the song's lyrics. The song was initially made available as a free download on the band's website and was downloaded more than two million times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madness (Muse song)</span> 2012 single

"Madness" is a song by the English rock band Muse. It is the second track and second single from Muse's sixth studio album, The 2nd Law (2012), released as a download on 20 August 2012. It was written by singer and guitarist Matthew Bellamy and produced by the band. The music video premiered on 5 September 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rocket Man (song)</span> 1972 single by Elton John

"Rocket Man(I Think It's Going to Be a Long, Long Time)" is a song written by English musician Elton John and songwriter Bernie Taupin and performed by John. It was originally released on 17 April 1972 in the US, as the lead single to John's album Honky Château. The song first charted in the UK on 22 April, rising to No. 2 in the UK Singles Chart and No. 6 in the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming a major hit single for John.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glimpse of Us</span> 2022 single by Joji

"Glimpse of Us" is a song by Japanese-Australian singer Joji, released as the lead single from his third studio album Smithereens on 10 June 2022 through 88rising and Warner Records. It was written by Alexis Kesselman, Castle, Riley McDonough, and producer Connor McDonough. The song became Joji's most successful hit single to date, having peaked at number one in Australia, Indonesia, Lithuania, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Singapore, number two on the Global 200, and within the top 10 in Canada, Ireland, Norway, the United States, and Vietnam.

References

  1. ↑ Campbell, Erica (2 June 2022). "Kate Bush granted 'Stranger Things' permission to use 'Running Up That Hill' because she's a fan". NME . Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  2. ↑ Partridge, Kenneth (15 June 2022). "Kate Bush's Haunting "Running Up That Hill" Has Been Connecting With New Generations for Nearly 40 Years". Mental Floss . Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  3. ↑ Abed, Cyrus (12 April 2022). "33 Best New Wave Songs In The World". Music Industry How To. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  4. ↑ "Bop Shop: Kate Bush Edition". MTV. 10 June 2022. Archived from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  5. ↑ "Kate Bush Running Up that Hill". Storyofsong. 10 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Macdonald, Kate (22 June 2022). "The genius harmonic sequence that gives Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill' its emotional power". Classic FM (UK) . Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Doyle, Tom (October 2022). "Magickal thinking". Mojo . No. 347.
  8. ↑ Whatley, Jack (11 October 2020). "The Story Behind The Song: 'Running Up That Hill (Deal With God)' Kate Bush's bargain". Far Out.
  9. ↑ Sinclair, Paul (2 June 2022). "Everything you always wanted to know about Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill". Super Deluxe Edition. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  10. ↑ "Kate Bush says she prefers original 'Running Up That Hill' song title". The Independent . 23 June 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Thompson, Graeme (26 August 2014). "'This girl is very, very tough...' The untold story of Kate Bush's Hounds of Love". Uncut . Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Horkins, Tony (October 1985). "What Katy did". International Musician & Recording World. p. 85.
  13. ↑ Rogerson, Ben (10 June 2022). "The synth and drum machine that powered Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill'". MusicRadar . Retrieved 29 August 2022.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Horsley, Jonathan; Roche, Sam; Maxwell, Jackson; Parker, Sam (27 June 2022). "7 guitar-led covers of Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill'". Guitar World . Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Spangler, Todd (17 July 2022). "Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill' tops 100 million YouTube views". Variety Australia . Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Aston, Martin (October 2022). "'I cracked her rib!'". Mojo . No. 347.
  17. 1 2 Sheffield, Rob (24 April 2024). "Why Kate Bush still sounds ahead of her time with 'Running Up That Hill'". Rolling Stone . Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  18. ↑ Strickland, Andy (3 August 1985). "News". Record Mirror . p. 4. ISSN   0144-5804.
  19. ↑ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (3 June 2022). "Kate Bush's Running Up That Hill races back into UK top 10 thanks to Stranger Things". The Guardian . ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  20. ↑ Stevens, Jenny (13 August 2012). "Kate Bush praises 'brilliant' Olympic closing ceremony". NME . Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  21. 1 2 "Olympic gigs prompt chart success". BBC News . 19 August 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  22. ↑ Simpson, Dave (31 May 2022). "The strangest thing? Why Kate Bush is back at the top of the charts". The Guardian . Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  23. ↑ Miller, Korin (31 May 2022). "What is Kate Bush's song 'Running Up That Hill' doing in Stranger Things? Everything about the old '80s tune". Women's Health . Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  24. ↑ Tangjay, Jazz (1 June 2022). "How 'Stranger Things' Landed Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill'". Variety . Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  25. 1 2 3 Tangcay, Jazz (12 July 2022). "Stranger Things: How an orchestral version of Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill' made the most of Max's moment". Variety . Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  26. 1 2 3 Cain, Sian (6 June 2022). "Kate Bush thanks Stranger Things fans as 'Running Up That Hill' climbs charts". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  27. 1 2 "Kate Bush becomes 3 x Official Charts Record Breaker as Running Up That Hill lands at Number 1". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  28. ↑ "ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart". Australian Recording Industry Association. 13 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  29. ↑ "Belgium Songs, Retrieved 2022/06/18". Billboard . Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  30. ↑ "Official Irish Singles Chart Top 50". Irish Recorded Music Association. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  31. ↑ "2022 23-os savaitės klausomiausi (TOP 100)" (in Lithuanian). AGATA. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  32. ↑ "Luxembourg Songs: Week of June 18, 2022". Billboard . Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  33. ↑ "NZ Top 40 Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. 13 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  34. ↑ "Veckolista Singlar, vecka 23". Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  35. ↑ "'Running Up That Hill' was the UK's song of the summer". BBC News . 5 September 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  36. ↑ Campbell, Erica (1 September 2022). "Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill' to be released as CD single". NME. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  37. ↑ "ERA Yearbook 2023" (PDF). Entertainment Retailers Association. 12 March 2023.
  38. 1 2 Trust, Gary (6 June 2022). "Harry Styles Holds Atop Billboard Hot 100 With 'As It Was,' Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  39. ↑ Trust, Gary (13 June 2022). "Harry Styles' 'As It Was' Keeps Atop Billboard Hot 100, Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill' Hits Top Five". Billboard. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  40. ↑ Rutherford, Kevin (13 June 2022). "Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill' Climbs to No. 1 on Hot Rock & Alternative Songs Chart". Billboard. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  41. ↑ Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (22 June 2022). "'The whole world's gone mad!' Kate Bush on Running Up That Hill's success". The Guardian . ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  42. ↑ Richards, Will (22 June 2023). "Kate Bush thanks fans as 'Running Up That Hill' hits "impossibly astonishing" one billion streams". NME . Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  43. ↑ Cranna, Ian (27 August 1985). "Singles – Running Up That Hill" (PDF). Smash Hits . p. 21.
  44. ↑ Rochefort, Damon (10 August 1985). "Singles: Running Up That Hill" (PDF). Record Mirror . p. 16. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  45. ↑ Pouncey, Edwin (10 August 1985). "Singles". Sounds . p. 15.
  46. ↑ Law, Marshall (21–28 December 1985). "Singles of the year". Melody Maker . p. 43.
  47. ↑ "Albums and Tracks of the Year". NME . 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  48. ↑ "The BRITs 1986 | The BRIT Awards 2012". Brit Awards . 14 October 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  49. ↑ Barker, Emily (31 January 2014). "The 500 greatest songs of all time — 200—101". NME . Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  50. ↑ Beaumont, Mark (7 March 2022). "The story of NME in 70 (mostly) seminal songs". NME . Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  51. 1 2 Walters, Barry (12 June 2016). "Kate Bush: Hounds of Love". Pitchfork . Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  52. ↑ Hanson, Amy. "Running Up That Hill — Kate Bush". Allmusic . Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  53. ↑ "The 10 best Kate Bush songs of all time". faroutmagazine.co.uk. 19 June 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  54. ↑ "Kate Bush's 50 Greatest Songs Ranked!". Mojo. 11 September 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  55. ↑ Petridis, Alexis (23 November 2018). "Kate Bush – every UK single ranked!". The Guardian . ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 16 November 2023.
  56. ↑ "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone Australia. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  57. ↑ "2022 Nominees". American Music Awards. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  58. ↑ Petridis, Alexis (26 August 2014). "Kate Bush: Before the Dawn review – a lithe grace and note-perfect vocals". The Guardian . ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  59. ↑ Hatfield, Amanda (26 August 2022). "Watch Tori Amos cover Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill' in a medley with 'Bliss'". BrooklynVegan .
  60. 1 2 Skinner, Tom (22 August 2022). "Coldplay cover 'Running Up That Hill' with Alan Partridge in London". Rolling Stone UK . Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  61. 1 2 3 4 Benitez-Eves, Tina (30 May 2022). "5 Covers of 'Running Up That Hill' by Kate Bush". American Songwriter . Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  62. 1 2 Aniftos, Rania (20 June 2022). "6 best covers of Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill (A Deal With God)'". Billboard . Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  63. ↑ "PLACEBO | Artist". Official Charts. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  64. ↑ Rutherford, Kevin (22 January 2020). "Meg Myers Earns First Career Billboard No. 1 With 'Running Up That Hill' Remake". Billboard . Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  65. ↑ "Alternative Songs: February 1, 2020". Billboard. 2 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  66. ↑ Cain, Sian (14 July 2022). "Kate Bush praises Brisbane choir's 'utterly wonderful' 'Running Up That Hill' cover". The Guardian . Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  67. ↑ Strauss, Matthew (1 June 2022). "Kim Petras Covers Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill'". Pitchfork . Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  68. ↑ "Official Charts Company". Official Charts .
  69. ↑ Skinner, Tom (8 September 2022). "Check out Raye's haunting cover of Kate Bush's 'Running Up That Hill'". NME . Retrieved 1 September 2024.
  70. ↑ Lindert, Hattie (4 November 2023). "St. Vincent Covers 'Running Up That Hill (A Deal with God)' at Rock & Roll Hall of Fame 2023: Watch". Pitchfork . Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  71. ↑ "RUNNING UP THAT HILL (CD SINGLE)". Rhino Store. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  72. ↑ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 50. ISBN   0-646-11917-6.
  73. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  74. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  75. ↑ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0608." RPM . Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  76. ↑ "European Top 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media . Vol. 2, no. 39. 30 September 1985. p. 4. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  77. ↑ Pennanen, Timo (2021). "Kate Bush". Sisältää hitin - 2. laitos Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla 1.1.1960–30.6.2021 (PDF) (in Finnish). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. p. 40.
  78. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  79. ↑ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Kate Bush". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  80. ↑ Spinetoli, John Joseph. Artisti In Classifica: I Singoli: 1960-1999. Milano: Musica e dischi, 2000
  81. ↑ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Kate Bush" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  82. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  83. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  84. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  85. ↑ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  86. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  87. ↑ "12 Inch Singles Sales" (PDF). Billboard . 26 October 1985. p. 68. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  88. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  89. ↑ Whitburn, Joel (2014). Cash Box Pop Hits 1952-1996 . Sheridan Books, Inc. ISBN   978-0-89820-209-0.
  90. ↑ "Offiziellecharts.de – Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  91. ↑ "IRMA Singles chart". IRMA. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  92. ↑ "Running Up That Hill". Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  93. ↑ "Kate Bush – Chart History (Argentina Hot 100)" Billboard Argentina Hot 100 Singles for Kate Bush. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  94. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  95. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill (A Deal With God) [2012 Remix]" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  96. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Belgium Songs)". Billboard . Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  97. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  98. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  99. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Brazil Songs)". Billboard . Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  100. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  101. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Canada AC)". Billboard. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  102. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)". Billboard. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  103. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Canada Hot AC)". Billboard. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  104. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Canada Rock)". Billboard. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  105. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Croatia Songs)". Billboard . Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  106. ↑ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Select 23. týden 2022 in the date selector. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  107. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill". Tracklisten. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  108. ↑ "Kate Bush: Running Up That Hill (A Deal With God)" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  109. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  110. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  111. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Global 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  112. ↑ "Official IFPI Charts – Digital Singles Chart (International) – Week: 22/2022". IFPI Greece. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  113. ↑ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  114. ↑ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Stream Top 40 slágerlista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  115. ↑ "Tónlistinn – Lög" [The Music – Songs] (in Icelandic). Plötutíðindi. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  116. ↑ "IMI International Top 20 Singles for week ending 11th July 2022 Week 27 of 52". IFPI. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  117. ↑ "Official Irish Singles Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  118. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill". Top Digital Download. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  119. ↑ "Billboard Japan Hot Overseas – Week of 22 June 2022". Billboard Japan (in Japanese). 22 June 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  120. ↑ Latvijas Top 40
  121. ↑ "2022 23-os savaitės klausomiausi (TOP 100)" (in Lithuanian). AGATA. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  122. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Luxembourg Songs)". Billboard . Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  123. ↑ "Top 20 Most Streamed International Singles In Malaysia Week 23 (03/06/2022-09/06/2022)". RIM. 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022– via Facebook.
  124. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Mexico Songs)". Billboard . Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  125. ↑ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 26, 2022" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  126. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  127. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  128. ↑ "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single 2022-23". VG-lista . Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  129. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Philippines Songs)". Billboard . Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  130. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Poland Songs)". Billboard . Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  131. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  132. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Romania Songs)". Billboard . Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  133. ↑ "RIAS Top Charts Week 23 (3 - 9 Jun 2022)". RIAS. 14 June 2022. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  134. ↑ "ČNS IFPI". IFPI ČR. Note: Select SK SINGLES DIGITAL TOP 100 and insert 202223 into search. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  135. ↑ "Local & International Streaming Chart Top 100 Week 23-2022". The Official South African Charts. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
  136. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill" Canciones Top 50. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  137. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill". Singles Top 100. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  138. ↑ "Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  139. ↑ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  140. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  141. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  142. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  143. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Hot Rock & Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  144. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Rock Airplay)". Billboard. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  145. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  146. ↑ "Kate Bush Chart History (Billboard Vietnam Hot 100)". Billboard . Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  147. ↑ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 June 2023.
  148. ↑ "Kent Music Report No 599 – 30 December 1985 > National Top 100 Singles for 1985". Kent Music Report . Retrieved 30 September 2020– via Imgur.
  149. ↑ "Jaaroverzichten 1985" (in Dutch). Ultratop . Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  150. ↑ "Top 100–Jaaroverzicht van 1985" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  151. ↑ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1985". DutchCharts.nl. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  152. ↑ "Top 100 Singles (January 5–December 28, 1985)" (PDF). Music Week . 18 January 1986. p. 10. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  153. ↑ "Top 100 Single–Jahrescharts 1985". Offizielle Charts (in German). Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  154. ↑ "ARIA Top 100 Singles Chart for 2022". Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  155. ↑ "Ö3-Austria Top40 Single-Jahrescharts 2022". Ö3 Austria Top 40. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  156. ↑ "Jaaroverzichten 2022" (in Dutch). Ultratop . Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  157. ↑ "Rapports annuels 2022" (in French). Ultratop . Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  158. ↑ "Top 200 Streaming 2022" (PDF). Pro-Música Brasil. 2023.
  159. ↑ "Canadian Hot 100 – Year-End 2022". Billboard. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  160. ↑ "Track Top-100 2022". Hitlisten. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  161. ↑ "Offizielle Deutsche Jahrescharts: "Layla" ist erfolgreichster Hit 2022, Rammstein räumen bei den Alben ab" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. 8 December 2022. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  162. ↑ "Billboard Global 200 – Year-End 2022". Billboard. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  163. ↑ "Single Top 100 – eladási darabszám alapján – 2022" (in Hungarian). Mahasz. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  164. ↑ "Stream Top 100 - darabszám alapján - 2022" (in Hungarian). Mahasz. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  165. ↑ "2022 metų klausomiausi (Top 100)" (in Lithuanian). AGATA . Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  166. ↑ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 2022" (in Dutch). MegaCharts . Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  167. ↑ "Top Selling Singles of 2022". Recorded Music NZ. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  168. ↑ "Årslista Singlar, 2022" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  169. ↑ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2022". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  170. ↑ "End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2022". Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  171. ↑ "Hot 100 Songs – Year-End 2022". Billboard. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  172. ↑ "Adult Contemporary Songs – Year-End 2022". Billboard. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  173. ↑ "Adult Pop Airplay Songs – Year-End 2022". Billboard. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  174. ↑ "Hot Rock & Alternative Songs – Year-End 2022". Billboard. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  175. ↑ "Pop Airplay Songs – Year-End 2022". Billboard. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  176. ↑ "Rock & Alternative Airplay Songs – Year-End 2022". Billboard. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  177. ↑ "Canadian single certifications – Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill". Music Canada . Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  178. ↑ "Danish single certifications – Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill (A Deal with God)". IFPI Danmark . Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  179. ↑ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Kate Bush; 'Running Up That Hill')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  180. ↑ "Italian single certifications – Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill (A Deal with God)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  181. ↑ "New Zealand single certifications – Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill (A Deal with God)". Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 20 November 2024.
  182. ↑ "Portuguese single certifications – Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill (A Deal with God)" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  183. ↑ "Spanish single certifications – Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill (A Deal with God)". El portal de Música. Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  184. ↑ "British single certifications – Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill". British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 6 June 2020.
  185. ↑ "British single certifications – Kate Bush – Running Up That Hill". British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  186. ↑ "Sverigetopplistan – Kate Bush" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 12 August 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.