Sharp-billed treehunter

Sharp-billed treehunter
Subspecies camargoi
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Furnariidae
Genus:	Heliobletus Reichenbach, 1853
Species:	H. contaminatus
Binomial name
Heliobletus contaminatus Berlepsch, 1885

The sharp-billed treehunter (Heliobletus contaminatus), sometimes called the sharp-billed xenops, is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae. ^[2] It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. ^[3]

Taxonomy and systematics

The sharp-billed treehunter is assigned two subspecies, the nominate H. c. contaminatus (Berlepsch, 1885) and (as of 2023) H. c. camargoi (Cardoso da Silva & Stotz, 1992). ^{[2] [4]} However, there is some confusion about the subspecific epithets of the subspecies, and one or both might be changed. ^[5] In recognition of that possibility, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World gives H. c. camargoi the trinomial "Heliobletus contaminatus [new name]". ^[6]

One author included genus Heliobletus within Xenops, as the sharp-billed treehunter's plumage is very similar to those of some Xenops species. Genetic data refute this treatment and find that it belongs in Heliobletus and is sister to genus Philydor . ^[7]

The sharp-billed treehunter is the only member of genus Heliobletus. ^[2] However, one author states that "[a]n undescribed ''Heliobletus sp. occurs in SE Bahia [Brazil]". ^[8] Recordings of this undescribed taxon have been made, and it has been found in the Serra do Lontras. ^[9]

Description

The sharp-billed treehunter is 12 to 13 cm (4.7 to 5.1 in) long and weighs 13 to 15 g (0.46 to 0.53 oz). It has a short, pointed, and slightly downturned bill, and male and female plumages are alike. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a wide golden-buff supercilium, a blackish brown band behind the eye, dark brownish and ochraceous lores, and dull buff ear coverts. Their crown is blackish brown with wide golden-olive streaks. They have a buff partial collar. Their back, rump, and uppertail coverts are dull olive-brown with rufous tips on the coverts. Their tail is dark rufous and the very end of the feathers have no barbs. Their wings are olive-brown with darker primary coverts. Their throat is pale yellowish buff, their breast a paler yellowish buff with dull olive-brown streaks, their belly plain dull olive-brown, and their undertail coverts dull brownish with very wide rufous streaks. Their iris is dark brown, their maxilla brown to black, their mandible pinkish gray, and their legs and feet greenish gray to dull yellow-green. Juveniles are much like adults but with a more ochraceous supercilium and streaks; the streaks are less distinct. Subspecies H. c. camargoi has wide pale golden-buff streaks on its back, and more and wider streaks on the breast and belly. ^{[5] [8]}

Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of the sharp-billed treehunter is found in southeastern Brazil from Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo south to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states. H. c. camargoi is found from São Paulo south through Rio Grande do Sul and eastern Paraguay into northeastern Argentina's Misiones Province and extreme northeastern Uruguay. The species inhabits humid lowland and montane evergreen forest. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1,830 m (6,000 ft). ^[5] The nominate subspecies tends to be more numerous at the higher elevations. ^[8]

Behavior

Movement

The sharp-billed treehunter is a year-round resident throughout its range. ^[5]

Feeding

The sharp-billed treehunter feeds on arthropods. It forages singly and in pairs, usually as members of a mixed-species feeding flock. It feeds primarily from the forest's mid-storey to its canopy, though it will feed in the understory. It climbs and hangs acrobatically, gleaning, pulling, and pecking for its prey on branches, foliage, and epiphytes. ^{[5] [8]}

Breeding

Nothing is known about the sharp-billed treehunter's breeding biology. ^[5]

Songs and calls Listen to sharp-billed treehunter on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The sharp-billed treehunter's song is "a short, harsh, metallic slow trill on one pitch, sometimes interspersed with squeaky notes or tinkling overtones". Its call is a soft "tick". ^[5]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the sharp-billed treehunter as being of Least Concern. It has a large range but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. ^[1] It is considered uncommon to locally fairly common in most of its range but rare in Paraguay. It occurs in several protected areas. However, "[e]xtensive deforestation within its relatively small range has dramatically reduced [the] area of available habitat". ^[5]

References

1. BirdLife International (2017). "Sharp-billed Treehunter Heliobletus contaminatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2017: e.T22702981A110877881. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22702981A110877881.en . Retrieved 27 August 2023.
2. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Ovenbirds, woodcreepers". IOC World Bird List. v 13.2. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
3. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 31 May 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved May 31, 2023
4. Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
5. Remsen, Jr., J. V. (2020). Sharp-billed Treehunter (Heliobletus contaminatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.shbtre1.01 retrieved August 27, 2023
6. HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
7. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 31 May 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved May 31, 2023
8. van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 226. ISBN   978-0-19-530155-7.
9. "'Serra do Lontras' Treehunter (Heliobletus sp.nov.Lontras) :: Xeno-canto".