The speed of sound in any chemical element in the fluid phase has one temperature-dependent value. In the solid phase, different types of sound wave may be propagated, each with its own speed: among these types of wave are longitudinal (as in fluids), transversal, and (along a surface or plate) extensional. [1]
longitudinal, m/s | transversal, m/s | extensional, m/s | notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
3 Li lithium | ||||
use | 6000 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 6000 | |||
4 Be beryllium | ||||
use | 12890 | 8880 | 12870 | room temperature |
CRC | 12890 | 8880 | 12870 | |
WEL | 13000 | |||
5 B boron | ||||
use | 16200 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 16200 | |||
6 C carbon | ||||
use | ||||
WEL | 18350 | |||
11 Na sodium | ||||
use | 3200 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 3200 | |||
12 Mg magnesium | ||||
use | 5770 | 3050 | 4940 | room temperature, annealed |
CRC | 5770 | 3050 | 4940 | annealed |
WEL | 4602 | |||
13 Al aluminium | ||||
use | 6420 | 3040 | 5000 | room temperature, rolled |
CRC | 6420 | 3040 | 5000 | rolled |
WEL | 5100 | |||
14 Si silicon | ||||
use | 8433 | 5843 | ||
Cij | 8433 | 5843 | from C11=165.64 GPa, C44=79.51 GPa, ro1=2.329 g/cm3 [2] | |
WEL | 2200 | 20 °C - note: probably wrong (see talk) | ||
19 K potassium | ||||
use | 2000 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2000 | |||
20 Ca calcium | ||||
use | 3810 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 3810 | |||
22 Ti titanium | ||||
use | 6070 | 3125 | 5090 | room temperature |
CRC | 6070 | 3125 | 5090 | |
WEL | 4140 | |||
23 V vanadium | ||||
use | 4560 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 4560 | |||
24 Cr chromium | ||||
use | 6608 | 4005 | 5940 | 20 °C |
WEL | 5940 | |||
25 Mn manganese | ||||
use | 5150 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 5150 | |||
26 Fe iron | ||||
use | 5950 | 3240 | 5120 | room temperature, electrolytic |
CRC | 4994 | 2809 | 4480 | cast |
CRC | 5950 | 3240 | 5120 | electrolytic |
CRC | 5960 | 3240 | 5200 | Armco |
WEL | 4910 | |||
27 Co cobalt | ||||
use | 4720 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 4720 | |||
28 Ni nickel | ||||
use | 6040 | 3000 | 4900 | room temperature |
CRC | 6040 | 3000 | 4900 | |
WEL | 4970 | |||
29 Cu copper | ||||
use | 4760 | 2325 | 3810 | room temperature, annealed |
CRC | 4760 | 2325 | 3810 | annealed |
CRC | 5010 | 2270 | 3750 | rolled |
WEL | 3570 | |||
30 Zn zinc | ||||
use | 4210 | 2440 | 3850 | room temperature, rolled |
CRC | 4210 | 2440 | 3850 | rolled |
WEL | 3700 | |||
31 Ga gallium | ||||
use | 2740 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2740 | |||
32 Ge germanium | ||||
use | 5400 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 5400 | |||
34 Se selenium | ||||
use | 3350 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 3350 | |||
37 Rb rubidium | ||||
use | 1300 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 1300 | |||
39 Y yttrium | ||||
use | 3300 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 3300 | |||
40 Zr zirconium | ||||
use | 3800 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 3800 | |||
41 Nb niobium | ||||
use | 3480 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 3480 | |||
42 Mo molybdenum | ||||
use | 6250 | 3350 | 5400 | room temperature |
CRC | 6250 | 3350 | 5400 | |
WEL | 6190 | |||
44 Ru ruthenium | ||||
use | 5970 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 5970 | |||
45 Rh rhodium | ||||
use | 4700 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 4700 | |||
46 Pd palladium | ||||
use | 3070 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 3070 | |||
47 Ag silver | ||||
use | 3650 | 1610 | 2680 | room temperature |
CRC | 3650 | 1610 | 2680 | |
WEL | 2600 | |||
48 Cd cadmium | ||||
use | 2310 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2310 | |||
49 In indium | ||||
use | 1215 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 1215 | |||
50 Sn tin | ||||
use | 3320 | 1670 | 2730 | room temperature, rolled |
CRC | 3320 | 1670 | 2730 | rolled |
WEL | 2500 | |||
51 Sb antimony | ||||
use | 3420 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 3420 | |||
52 Te tellurium | ||||
use | 2610 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2610 | |||
56 Ba barium | ||||
use | 1620 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 1620 | |||
57 La lanthanum | ||||
use | 2475 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2475 | |||
58 Ce cerium | ||||
use | 2100 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2100 | |||
59 Pr praseodymium | ||||
use | 2280 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2280 | |||
60 Nd neodymium | ||||
use | 2330 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2330 | |||
62 Sm samarium | ||||
use | 2130 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2130 | |||
64 Gd gadolinium | ||||
use | 2680 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2680 | |||
65 Tb terbium | ||||
use | 2620 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2620 | |||
66 Dy dysprosium | ||||
use | 2710 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2710 | |||
67 Ho holmium | ||||
use | 2760 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2760 | |||
68 Er erbium | ||||
use | 2830 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2830 | |||
70 Yb ytterbium | ||||
use | 1590 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 1590 | |||
72 Hf hafnium | ||||
use | 3010 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 3010 | |||
73 Ta tantalum | ||||
use | 3400 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 3400 | |||
74 W tungsten | ||||
use | 5220 | 2890 | 4620 | room temperature, annealed |
CRC | 5220 | 2890 | 4620 | annealed |
CRC | 5410 | 2640 | 4320 | drawn |
WEL | 5174 | |||
75 Re rhenium | ||||
use | 4700 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 4700 | |||
76 Os osmium | ||||
use | 4940 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 4940 | |||
77 Ir iridium | ||||
use | 4825 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 4825 | |||
78 Pt platinum | ||||
use | 3830 | 1680 | 2800 | room temperature. Calculated using Wikipedia reported values for density (21450 kg/m3), Young's Modulus (167 GPa), and Poisson's ratio (0.38) |
CRC | 3260 | 1730 | 2800 | CRC cites American Institute of Physics Handbook (AIPH) table 3f-2 for this value, but in AIPH table 2f-6 there are elastic constants reported that yield 3700,1570, 2620 |
WEL | 2680 | |||
AIPH | 3700 | 1570 | 2620 | Table 2f-6. Calculated from Young's modulus of 147 GPa (lower than commonly accepted for Platinum), Poisson's ratio of 0.39, density of 21370 kg/m3 |
79 Au gold | ||||
use | 3240 | 1200 | 2030 | room temperature, hard-drawn |
CRC | 3240 | 1200 | 2030 | hard-drawn |
WEL | 1740 | |||
81 Tl thallium | ||||
use | 818 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 818 | |||
82 Pb lead | ||||
use | 2160 | 700 | 1190 | room temperature, annealed |
CRC | 2160 | 700 | 1190 | annealed |
CRC | 1960 | 690 | 1210 | rolled |
WEL | 1260 | |||
83 Bi bismuth | ||||
use | 1790 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 1790 | |||
90 Th thorium | ||||
use | 2490 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2490 | |||
92 U uranium | ||||
use | 3155 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 3155 | |||
94 Pu plutonium | ||||
use | 2260 | 20 °C | ||
WEL | 2260 |
m/s | notes | |
---|---|---|
1 H hydrogen (gas) | ||
use | 1310 | 27 °C |
CRC | 1310 | 27 °C |
WEL | 1270 | |
Zuckerwar | 1270 | 20 °C, 1 atm |
CRC | 890 | deuterium, 0 °C |
1 H hydrogen (liquid) | ||
use | 1101 | −252.9 °C |
CRC | 1101 | −252.9 °C |
2 He helium (gas) | ||
use | 965 | 0 °C |
CRC | 965 | 0 °C |
Zuckerwar | 1007 | 20 °C, 1 atm |
WEL | 970 | |
2 He helium (liquid) | ||
use | 180 | −268.9 °C |
CRC | 180 | −268.9 °C |
7 N nitrogen (gas) | ||
use | 353 | 27 °C |
CRC | 353 | 27 °C |
Zuckerwar | 349 | 20 °C, 1 atm |
WEL | 333.6 | |
7 N nitrogen (liquid) | ||
use | 939 | −195.8 °C |
CRC | 939 | −195.8 °C |
8 O oxygen (gas) | ||
use | 330 | 27 °C |
CRC | 330 | 27 °C |
Zuckerwar | 326 | 20 °C, 1 atm |
WEL | 317.5 | |
8 O oxygen (liquid) | ||
use | 906 | −183.0 °C |
CRC | 906 | −183.0 °C |
10 Ne neon (gas) | ||
use | 435 | 0 °C |
CRC | 435 | 0 °C |
WEL | 936 (presumably for liquid?) | |
17 Cl chlorine (gas) | ||
use | 206 | 0 °C |
CRC | 206 | 0 °C |
WEL | 206 | |
18 Ar argon (gas) | ||
use | 323 | 27 °C |
CRC | 323 | 27 °C |
Zuckerwar | 319 | 20 °C, 1 atm |
WEL | 319 | |
18 Ar argon (liquid) | ||
use | 813 | −185.9 °C |
CRC | 813 | −185.9 °C |
36 Kr krypton (gas) | ||
use | 221 | 20 °C |
Zuckerwar | 221 | 20 °C, 1 atm |
talk | 220 ± 1, prelim. experimental value | 23 °C, 101.3 kPa |
36 Kr krypton (liquid) | ||
use | 1120 | |
88RAB | 1120 | |
WEL | 1120 | |
54 Xe xenon (gas) | ||
use | 178 | 20 °C, 1 atm |
Zuckerwar | 178 | 20 °C, 1 atm |
54 Xe xenon (liquid) | ||
use | 1090 | |
88RAB | 1090 | |
WEL | 1090 | |
80 Hg mercury (liquid) | ||
use | 1451.4 | 20 °C |
CR2 | 1460.8 | 0 °C |
CR2 | 1451.4 | 20 °C |
CRC | 1450 | 25 °C |
WEL | 1407 |
The data values of standard electrode potentials (E°) are given in the table below, in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, and are for the following conditions:
The poise is the unit of dynamic viscosity in the centimetre–gram–second system of units. It is named after Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille. The centipoise is more commonly used than the poise itself.
Saline water is water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts. The salt concentration is usually expressed in parts per thousand and parts per million (ppm). The United States Geological Survey classifies saline water in three salinity categories. Salt concentration in slightly saline water is around 1,000 to 3,000 ppm (0.1–0.3%), in moderately saline water 3,000 to 10,000 ppm (0.3–1%) and in highly saline water 10,000 to 35,000 ppm (1–3.5%). Seawater has a salinity of roughly 35,000 ppm, equivalent to 35 grams of salt per one liter of water. The saturation level is only nominally dependent on the temperature of the water. At 20 °C one liter of water can dissolve about 357 grams of salt, a concentration of 26.3% w/w. At boiling (100 °C) the amount that can be dissolved in one liter of water increases to about 391 grams, a concentration of 28.1% w/w.
This page provides supplementary data to the article properties of water.
Polonium (84Po) has 42 isotopes, all of which are radioactive, with between 186 and 227 nucleons. 210Po with a half-life of 138.376 days has the longest half-life of naturally occurring polonium. 209Po, with a half-life of 125.2 years, has the longest half-life of all isotopes of polonium. 209Po and 208Po can be made through proton bombardment of bismuth in a cyclotron.
This page provides supplementary chemical data on barium chloride.
This page provides supplementary chemical data on calcium hydroxide.
Chromium(IV) chloride (CrCl4) is an unstable chromium compound. It is generated by combining chromium(III) chloride and chlorine gas at elevated temperatures, but reverts to those substances at room temperature.
This page provides supplementary data about the noble gases, which were excluded from the main article to conserve space and preserve focus. Oganesson mostly not included due to the amount of research known about it.
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from this source:
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
As quoted from this source in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Thermal Properties of Mercury
Dwight E. Gray (ed), American Institute of Physics Handbook. McGraw-Hill. Boca Raton, Florida, New York, 1957.