This is a list of the various reported boiling points for the elements, with recommended values to be used elsewhere on Wikipedia.
In the following table, the use row is the value recommended for use in other Wikipedia pages in order to maintain consistency across content.
Reference | Kelvin | Celsius | Fahrenheit |
---|---|---|---|
1 H hydrogen (H2) | |||
use | 20.271 K | −252.879 °C | −423.182 °F |
WebEl | 20.28 K | −252.87 °C | −423.17 °F |
CRC | −252.879 °C | ||
Lange | −252.88 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 21.15 K | -252 °C | |
2 He helium | |||
use | 4.222 K | −268.928 °C | −452.07 °F |
WebEl | 4.22 K | −268.93 °C | −452.07 °F |
CRC | −268.928 °C | ||
Lange | −268.935 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4.15 K | -269 °C | |
3 Li lithium | |||
use | 1603 K | 1330 °C | 2426 °F |
WebEl | 1615 K | 1342 °C | 2448 °F |
CRC | 1342 °C | ||
Lange | 1330 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1603 K | 1330 °C | |
4 Be beryllium | |||
use | 2742 K | 2469 °C | 4476 °F |
WebEl | 2742 K | 2469 °C | 4476 °F |
CRC | 3243 K | ||
Lange | 2467 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3243 K | 2970 °C | 5378 °F |
5 B boron | |||
use | 4200 K | 3927 °C | 7101 °F |
WebEl | 4200 K | 3927 °C | 7101 °F |
CRC | 4000 °C | ||
Lange | 3864 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4203 K | 3930 °C | |
6 C carbon (graphite) | |||
use | |||
WebEl | ? (4300 K) | ? (4027 °C) | ? (7281 °F) |
CRC | subl. 3825 °C | ||
Lange | subl. (3915–4020) °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5103 K | 4830 °C | |
6 C carbon (diamond) | |||
use | 4300 K | 4027 °C | 7281 °F |
WebEl | ? (4300 K) | ? (4027 °C) | ? (7281 °F) |
Lange | 3930 °C | ||
7 N nitrogen (N2) | |||
use | 77.355 K | −195.795 °C | −320.431 °F |
WebEl | 77.36 K | −195.79 °C | −320.42 °F |
CRC | −195.795 °C | ||
Lange | −195.79 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 77.15 K | -196 °C | |
8 O oxygen (O2) | |||
use | 90.188 K | −182.962 °C | −297.332 °F |
WebEl | 90.2 K | −182.9 °C | −297.2 °F |
CRC | −182.962 °C | ||
Lange | −182.96 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 90.15 K | -183 °C | |
9 F fluorine (F2) | |||
use | 85.04 K | −188.11 °C | −306.60 °F |
WebEl | 85.03 K | −188.12 °C | −306.62 °F |
CRC | −188.11 °C | ||
Lange | −188.13 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 85.15 K | -188 °C | |
10 Ne neon | |||
use | 27.104 K | −246.046 °C | −410.883 °F |
WebEl | 27.07 K | −246.08 °C | −410.94 °F |
CRC | −246.046 °C | ||
Lange | −246.05 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 27.15 K | -246 °C | |
11 Na sodium | |||
use | 1156.090 K | 882.940 °C | 1621.292 °F |
WebEl | 1156 K | 883 °C | 1621 °F |
CRC | 882.940 °C | ||
Lange | 881.4 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1163 K | 890 °C | |
12 Mg magnesium | |||
use | 1363 K | 1090 °C | 1994 °F |
WebEl | 1363 K | 1090 °C | 1994 °F |
CRC | 1090 °C | ||
Lange | 1100 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1383 K | 1110 °C | |
13 Al aluminium | |||
use | 2743 K | 2470 °C | 4478 °F |
WebEl | 2792 K | 2519 °C | 4566 °F |
CRC | 2519 °C | ||
Lange | 2518 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2743 K | 2470 °C | 4478 °F |
14 Si silicon | |||
use | 3538 K | 3265 °C | 5909 °F |
WebEl | 3173 K | 2900 °C | 5252 °F |
CRC | 3265 °C | ||
Lange | 3265 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3533 K | 3260 °C | |
15 P phosphorus (white) | |||
use | 550 K | 277 °C | 531 °F |
WebEl | 550 K | 277 °C | 531 °F |
CRC | 280.5 °C | ||
Lange | 280.3 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 553.2 K | 280 °C | |
15 P phosphorus (red) | |||
use | subl. 704 K | subl. 431 °C | subl. 808 °F |
CRC | subl. 431 °C | ||
Lange | subl. 416 °C | ||
16 S sulfur (orthorhombic, alpha) | |||
use | 717.8 K | 444.6 °C | 832.3 °F |
WebEl | ? (717.87 K) | ? (444.72 °C) | ? (832.5 °F) |
CRC | 444.60 °C | ||
Lange | 444.6 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 718.2 K | 445 °C | |
16 S sulfur (monoclinic, beta) | |||
use | 717.8 K | 444.6 °C | 832.3 °F |
WebEl | ? (717.87 K) | ? (444.72 °C) | ? (832.5 °F) |
CRC | 444.60 °C | ||
Lange | 444.6 °C | ||
16 S sulfur (gamma) | |||
use | 717.87 K | 444.72 °C | 832.5 °F |
WebEl | ? (717.87 K) | ? (444.72 °C) | ? (832.5 °F) |
Lange | 444.72 °C | ||
17 Cl chlorine (Cl2) | |||
use | 239.11 K | −34.04 °C | −29.27 °F |
WebEl | 239.11 K | −34.04 °C | −29.27 °F |
CRC | −34.04 °C | ||
Lange | −34.04 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 238.5 K | -34.7 °C | |
18 Ar argon | |||
use | 87.302 K | −185.848 °C | −302.526 °F |
WebEl | 87.3 K | −185.8 °C | −302.4 °F |
CRC | −185.848 °C | ||
Lange | −185.87 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 87.15 K | −186 °C | |
19 K potassium | |||
use | 1032 K | 759 °C | 1398 °F |
WebEl | 1032 K | 759 °C | 1398 °F |
CRC | 759 °C | ||
Lange | 759 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1047 K | 774 °C | 1425 °F |
20 Ca calcium | |||
use | 1757 K | 1484 °C | 2703 °F |
WebEl | 1757 K | 1484 °C | 2703 °F |
CRC | 1484 °C | ||
Lange | 1484 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1760 K | 1487 °C | |
21 Sc scandium | |||
use | 3109 K | 2836 °C | 5136 °F |
WebEl | 3103 K | 2830 °C | 5126 °F |
CRC | 2836 °C | ||
Lange | 2836 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3003 K | 2730 °C | |
22 Ti titanium (hexagonal) | |||
use | 3560 K | 3287 °C | 5949 °F |
WebEl | 3560 K | 3287 °C | 5949 °F |
CRC | 3287 °C | ||
Lange | 3287 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3533 K | 3260 °C | |
23 V vanadium | |||
use | 3680 K | 3407 °C | 6165 °F |
WebEl | 3680 K | 3407 °C | 6165 °F |
CRC | 3407 °C | ||
Lange | 3421 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3680 K | 3407 °C | |
24 Cr chromium | |||
use | 2755 K | 2482 °C | 4499 °F |
Zhang et al. | 2755 K | 2482 °C | 4499 °F |
WebEl | 2944 K | 2671 °C | 4840 °F |
CRC | 2671 °C | ||
Lange | 2679 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2755 K | 2482 °C | |
25 Mn manganese | |||
use | 2334 K | 2061 °C | 3742 °F |
WebEl | 2334 K | 2061 °C | 3742 °F |
CRC | 2061 °C | ||
Lange | 2095 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2373 K | 2100 °C | |
26 Fe iron | |||
use | 3134 K | 2861 °C | 5182 °F |
WebEl | 3134 K | 2861 °C | 5182 °F |
CRC | 2861 °C | ||
Lange | 2861 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3273 K | 3000 °C | |
27 Co cobalt | |||
use | 3200 K | 2927 °C | 5301 °F |
WebEl | 3200 K | 2927 °C | 5301 °F |
CRC | 2927 °C | ||
Lange | 2927 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3173 K | 2900 °C | |
28 Ni nickel | |||
use | 3003 K | 2730 °C | 4946 °F |
WebEl | 3186 K | 2913 °C | 5275 °F |
CRC | 2913 °C | ||
Lange | 2884 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3003 K | 2730 °C | 4946 °F |
29 Cu copper | |||
use | 2835 K | 2562 °C | 4643 °F |
WebEl | 3200 K | 2927 °C | 5301 °F |
CRC | 2562 °C | ||
Lange | 2561.5 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2868 K | 2595 °C | |
30 Zn zinc | |||
use | 1180 K | 907 °C | 1665 °F |
WebEl | 1180 K | 907 °C | 1665 °F |
CRC | 907 °C | ||
Lange | 907 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1180 K | 907 °C | |
31 Ga gallium | |||
use | 2673 K | 2400 °C | 4352 °F |
WebEl | 2477 K | 2204 °C | 3999 °F |
CRC | 2204 °C | ||
Lange | 2203 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2673 K | 2400 °C | 4352 °F |
32 Ge germanium | |||
use | 3106 K | 2833 °C | 5131 °F |
WebEl | 3093 K | 2820 °C | 5108 °F |
CRC | 2833 °C | ||
Lange | 2830 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3103 K | 2830 °C | |
33 As arsenic (gray) | |||
use | 887 K | subl. 614 °C | 1137 °F |
WebEl | 887 K | 614 °C | 1137 °F |
CRC | subl. 603 °C | ||
Lange | subl. 615 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 886.2 K | 613 °C | |
34 Se selenium (hexagonal, gray) | |||
use | 958 K | 685 °C | 1265 °F |
WebEl | 958 K | 685 °C | 1265 °F |
CRC | 685 °C | ||
Lange | 685 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 958.2 K | 685 °C | |
35 Br bromine (Br2) | |||
use | 332.0 K | 58.8 °C | 137.8 °F |
WebEl | 332 K | 59 °C | 138 °F |
CRC | 58.8 °C | ||
Lange | 58.8 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 331.7 K | 58.5 °C | |
36 Kr krypton | |||
use | 119.735 K | −153.415 °C | −244.147 °F |
WebEl | 119.93 K | −153.22 °C | −243.8 °F |
CRC | −153.415 °C | ||
Lange | −153.22 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 121.2 K | -152 °C | |
37 Rb rubidium | |||
use | 961 K | 688 °C | 1270 °F |
WebEl | 961 K | 688 °C | 1270 °F |
CRC | 688 °C | ||
Lange | 691 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 961.2 K | 688 °C | |
38 Sr strontium | |||
use | 1650 K | 1382 °C | 2511 °F |
WebEl | 1655 K | 1382 °C | 2520 °F |
CRC | 1377 °C | ||
Lange | 1366 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1653 K | 1380 °C | |
39 Y yttrium | |||
use | 3203 K | 2930 °C | 5306 °F |
WebEl | 3609 K | 3336 °C | 6037 °F |
CRC | 3345 °C | ||
Lange | 3345 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3203 K | 2930 °C | 5306 °F |
40 Zr zirconium | |||
use | 4650 K | 4377 °C | 7911 °F |
WebEl | 4682 K | 4409 °C | 7968 °F |
CRC | 4409 °C | ||
Lange | 3577 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4650 K | 4377 °C | 7911 °F |
41 Nb niobium | |||
use | 5017 K | 4744 °C | 8571 °F |
WebEl | 5017 K | 4744 °C | 8571 °F |
CRC | 4744 °C | ||
Lange | 4860 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5017 K | 4744 °C | |
42 Mo molybdenum | |||
use | 4912 K | 4639 °C | 8382 °F |
WebEl | 4912 K | 4639 °C | 8382 °F |
CRC | 4639 °C | ||
Lange | 4825 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4885 K | 4612 °C | |
43 Tc technetium (Tc-98 ?) | |||
use | 4538 K | 4265 °C | 7709 °F |
WebEl | 4538 K | 4265 °C | 7709 °F |
CRC | 4265 °C | ||
Lange | (Tc-98) 4265 °C | ||
est. 4900 K; Schwochau, Klaus, Technetium , p. 95 Wiley-VCH (2000), ISBN 3-527-29496-1 | |||
44 Ru ruthenium | |||
use | 4423 K | 4150 °C | 7502 °F |
WebEl | 4423 K | 4150 °C | 7502 °F |
CRC | 4150 °C | ||
Lange | 4150 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4423 K | 4150 °C | |
45 Rh rhodium | |||
use | 3968 K | 3695 °C | 6683 °F |
WebEl | 3968 K | 3695 °C | 6683 °F |
CRC | 3695 °C | ||
Lange | 3727 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4000 K | 3727 °C | |
46 Pd palladium | |||
use | 3236 K | 2963 °C | 5365 °F |
WebEl | 3236 K | 2963 °C | 5365 °F |
CRC | 2963 °C | ||
Lange | 3167 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3233 K | 2960 °C | |
47 Ag silver | |||
use | 2483 K | 2210 °C | 4010 °F |
WebEl | 2435 K | 2162 °C | 3924 °F |
CRC | 2162 °C | ||
Lange | 2164 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2483 K | 2210 °C | 4010 °F |
48 Cd cadmium | |||
use | 1040 K | 767 °C | 1413 °F |
WebEl | 1040 K | 767 °C | 1413 °F |
CRC | 767 °C | ||
Lange | 765 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1038 K | 765 °C | |
49 In indium | |||
use | 2345 K | 2072 °C | 3762 °F |
WebEl | 2345 K | 2072 °C | 3762 °F |
CRC | 2072 °C | ||
Lange | 2072 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2273 K | 2000 °C | |
50 Sn tin (white) | |||
use | 2875 K | 2602 °C | 4716 °F |
WebEl | 2875 K | 2602 °C | 4716 °F |
CRC | 2602 °C | ||
Lange | 2602 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2893 K | 2620 °C | |
51 Sb antimony | |||
use | 1908 K | 1635 °C | 2975 °F |
WebEl | 1860 K | 1587 °C | 2889 °F |
CRC | 1587 °C | ||
Lange | 1587 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1908 K | 1635 °C | |
52 Te tellurium | |||
use | 1261 K | 988 °C | 1810 °F |
WebEl | 1261 K | 988 °C | 1810 °F |
CRC | 988 °C | ||
Lange | 989.9 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1263 K | 990 °C | |
53 I iodine (I2) | |||
use | 457.4 K | 184.3 °C | 363.7 °F |
WebEl | 457.4 K | 184.3 °C | 363.7 °F |
CRC | 184.4 °C | ||
Lange | 185.24 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 457.2 K | 184 °C | |
54 Xe xenon | |||
use | 165.051 K | −108.099 °C | −162.578 °F |
WebEl | 165.1 K | −108 °C | −162 °F |
CRC | −108.099 °C | ||
Lange | −108.04 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 165.2 K | -108 °C | |
55 Cs caesium | |||
use | 944 K | 671 °C | 1240 °F |
WebEl | 944 K | 671 °C | 1240 °F |
CRC | 671 °C | ||
Lange | 668.2 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 963.2 K | 690 °C | |
56 Ba barium | |||
use | 1910 K | 1637 °C | 2978 °F |
WebEl | 2143 K | 1870 °C | 3398 °F |
CRC | 1845 °C | ||
Lange | 1845 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1910 K | 1637 °C | |
57 La lanthanum | |||
use | 3737 K | 3464 °C | 6267 °F |
WebEl | 3743 K | 3470 °C | 6278 °F |
CRC | 3464 °C | ||
Lange | 3464 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3743 K | 3470 °C | |
58 Ce cerium | |||
use | 3716 K | 3443 °C | 6229 °F |
WebEl | 3633 K | 3360 °C | 6080 °F |
CRC | 3443 °C | ||
Lange | 3440 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3743 K | 3470 °C | |
59 Pr praseodymium | |||
use | 3403 K | 3130 °C | 5666 °F |
WebEl | 3563 K | 3290 °C | 5954 °F |
CRC | 3520 °C | ||
Lange | 3520 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3403 K | 3130 °C | |
60 Nd neodymium | |||
use | 3347 K | 3074 °C | 5565 °F |
WebEl | 3373 K | 3100 °C | 5612 °F |
CRC | 3074 °C | ||
Lange | 3074 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3303 K | 3030 °C | |
61 Pm promethium (Pm-147 ?) | |||
use | 3273 K | 3000 °C | 5432 °F |
WebEl | 3273 K | 3000 °C | 5432 °F |
CRC | 3000 °C | ||
Lange | (Pm-147) estimated 3000 °C | ||
62 Sm samarium | |||
use | 2173 K | 1900 °C | 3452 °F |
WebEl | 2076 K | 1803 °C | 3277 °F |
CRC | 1794 °C | ||
Lange | 1794 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2173 K | 1900 °C | 3452 °F |
63 Eu europium | |||
use | 1802 K | 1529 °C | 2784 °F |
WebEl | 1800 K | 1527 °C | 2781 °F |
CRC | 1529 °C | ||
Lange | 1527 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1713 K | 1440 °C | |
64 Gd gadolinium | |||
use | 3546 K | 3273 °C | 5923 °F |
WebEl | 3523 K | 3250 °C | 5882 °F |
CRC | 3273 °C | ||
Lange | 3273 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3273 K | 3000 °C | 5432 °F |
65 Tb terbium | |||
use | 3396 K | 3123 °C | 5653 °F |
WebEl | 3503 K | 3230 °C | 5846 °F |
CRC | 3230 °C | ||
Lange | 3230 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3396 K | 3123 °C | 5653 °F |
66 Dy dysprosium | |||
use | 2840 K | 2567 °C | 4653 °F |
WebEl | 2840 K | 2567 °C | 4653 °F |
CRC | 2567 °C | ||
Lange | 2567 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2873 K | 2600 °C | |
67 Ho holmium | |||
use | 2873 K | 2600 °C | 4712 °F |
WebEl | 2993 K | 2720 °C | 4928 °F |
CRC | 2700 °C | ||
Lange | 2720 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2873 K | 2600 °C | 4712 °F |
68 Er erbium | |||
use | 3141 K | 2868 °C | 5194 °F |
WebEl | 3141 K | 2868 °C | 5194 °F |
CRC | 2868 °C | ||
Lange | 2868 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3173 K | 2900 °C | |
69 Tm thulium | |||
use | 2223 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F |
WebEl | 2223 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F |
CRC | 1950 °C | ||
Lange | 1950 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2223 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F |
70 Yb ytterbium | |||
use | 1703 K | 1430 °C | 2606 °F |
WebEl | 1469 K | 1196 °C | 2185 °F |
CRC | 1196 °C | ||
Lange | 1196 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1703K | 1430 °C | 2606 °F |
71 Lu lutetium | |||
use | 3675 K | 3402 °C | 6156 °F |
WebEl | 3675 K | 3402 °C | 6156 °F |
CRC | 3402 °C | ||
Lange | 3402 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3603 K | 3330 °C | |
72 Hf hafnium | |||
use | 4876 K | 4603 °C | 8317 °F |
WebEl | 4876 K | 4603 °C | 8317 °F |
CRC | 4603 °C | ||
Lange | 4450 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4876 K | 4603 °C | |
73 Ta tantalum | |||
use | 5731 K | 5458 °C | 9856 °F |
WebEl | 5731 K | 5458 °C | 9856 °F |
CRC | 5458 °C | ||
Lange | 5429 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5693 K | 5420 °C | |
74 W tungsten | |||
use | 6203 K | 5930 °C | 10706 °F |
WebEl | 5828 K | 5555 °C | 10031 °F |
CRC | 5555 °C | ||
Lange | 5900 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 6203 K | 5930 °C | 10706 °F |
75 Re rhenium | |||
use | 5869 K | 5596 °C | 10105 °F |
WebEl | 5869 K | 5596 °C | 10105 °F |
CRC | 5596 °C | ||
Lange | 5678 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5903 K | 5630 °C | |
76 Os osmium | |||
use | 5285 K | 5012 °C | 9054 °F |
WebEl | 5285 K | 5012 °C | 9054 °F |
CRC | 5012 °C | ||
Lange | 5225 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5273 K | 5000 °C | |
77 Ir iridium | |||
use | 4403 K | 4130 °C | 7466 °F |
WebEl | 4701 K | 4428 °C | 8002 °F |
CRC | 4428 °C | ||
Lange | circa 2550 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4403 K | 4130 °C | 7466 °F |
78 Pt platinum | |||
use | 4098 K | 3825 °C | 6917 °F |
WebEl | 4098 K | 3825 °C | 6917 °F |
CRC | 3825 °C | ||
Lange | 3824 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4100 K | 3827 °C | |
79 Au gold | |||
use | 3243 K | 2970 °C | 5378 °F |
WebEl | 3129 K | 2856 °C | 5173 °F |
CRC | 2856 °C | ||
Lange | 2856 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3243 K | 2970 °C | 5378 °F |
80 Hg mercury | |||
use | 629.88 K | 356.73 °C | 674.11 °F |
WebEl | 629.88 K | 356.73 °C | 674.11 °F |
CRC | 356.73 °C | ||
Lange | 356.7 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 630.2 K | 357 °C | |
81 Tl thallium | |||
use | 1746 K | 1473 °C | 2683 °F |
WebEl | 1746 K | 1473 °C | 2683 °F |
CRC | 1473 °C | ||
Lange | 1457 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1733 K | 1460 °C | |
82 Pb lead | |||
use | 2022 K | 1749 °C | 3180 °F |
WebEl | 2022 K | 1749 °C | 3180 °F |
CRC | 1749 °C | ||
Lange | 1749 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2017 K | 1744 °C | |
83 Bi bismuth | |||
use | 1837 K | 1564 °C | 2847 °F |
WebEl | 1837 K | 1564 °C | 2847 °F |
CRC | 1564 °C | ||
Lange | 1564 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1833 K | 1560 °C | |
84 Po polonium (alpha) | |||
use | 1235 K | 962 °C | 1764 °F |
WebEl | 1235 K | 962 °C | 1764 °F |
CRC | 962 °C | ||
Lange | 962 °C | ||
85 At astatine (At2) | |||
use | 503±3 K | 230±3 °C | 445±5 °F |
Otozai et al. | 503±3 K | ||
86 Rn radon | |||
use | 211.5 K | −61.7 °C | −79.1 °F |
WebEl | 211.3 K | −61.7 °C | −79.1 °F |
CRC | −61.7 °C | ||
Lange | −62 °C | ||
87 Fr francium | |||
use | 890 K | 620 °C | 1150 °F |
Lavrukhina et al. | 620 °C | ||
88 Ra radium | |||
use | 2010 K | 1737 °C | 3159 °F |
WebEl | 2010 K | 1737 °C | 3159 °F |
Lange | 1737 °C | ||
89 Ac actinium (Ac-227 ?) | |||
use | 3471 K | 3198 °C | 5788 °F |
WebEl | 3573 K | 3300 °C | 5972 °F |
CRC | 3198 °C | ||
Lange | (Ac-227) circa 3200 °C | ||
90 Th thorium | |||
use | 5061 K | 4788 °C | 8650 °F |
WebEl | 5093 K | 4820 °C | 8708 °F |
CRC | 4788 °C | ||
Lange | 4788 °C | ||
91 Pa protactinium | |||
use | ? 4300 K | ? 4027 °C | ? |
92 U uranium | |||
use | 4404 K | 4131 °C | 7468 °F |
WebEl | 4200 K | 3927 °C | 7101 °F |
CRC | 4131 °C | ||
Lange | 4131 °C | ||
93 Np neptunium | |||
use | 4273 K | 4000 °C | 7232 °F |
WebEl | 4273 K | 4000 °C | 7232 °F |
Lange | above 3900 °C | ||
94 Pu plutonium | |||
use | 3501 K | 3228 °C | 5842 °F |
WebEl | 3503 K | 3230 °C | 5846 °F |
CRC | 3228 °C | ||
Lange | 3230 °C | ||
95 Am americium | |||
use | 2880 K | 2607 °C | 4725 °F |
WebEl | 2880 K | 2607 °C | 4725 °F |
CRC | 2011 °C | ||
Lange | 2011 °C | ||
96 Cm curium (Cm-244 ?) | |||
use | 3383 K | 3110 °C | 5630 °F |
WebEl | 3383 K | 3110 °C | 5630 °F |
CRC | circa 3100 °C | ||
Lange | (Cm-244) circa 3110 °C |
Group → | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
↓ Period | |||||||||||||||||||||
1 | H2 20.271 K (−252.879 °C) | He 4.222 K (−268.928 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||
2 | Li 1603 K (1330 °C) | Be 2742 K (2469 °C) | B 4200 K (3927 °C) | C 3915 K (subl.) (3642 °C) | N2 77.355 K (−195.795 °C) | O2 90.188 K (−182.962 °C) | F2 85.03 K (−188.11 °C) | Ne 27.104 K (−246.046 °C) | |||||||||||||
3 | Na 1156.090 K (882.940 °C) | Mg 1363 K (1091 °C) | Al 2743 K (2470 °C) | Si 3538 K (3265 °C) | P 553.7 K (280.5 °C) | S 717.8 K (444.6 °C) | Cl2 239.11 K (−34.04 °C) | Ar 87.302 K (−185.848 °C) | |||||||||||||
4 | K 1032 K (759 °C) | Ca 1757 K (1484 °C) | Sc3109 K (2836 °C) | Ti3560 K (3287 °C) | V 3680 K (3407 °C) | Cr2945.15 K (2672.0 °C) | Mn2334 K (2061 °C) | Fe3134 K (2861 °C) | Co3200 K (2927 °C) | Ni3003 K (2730 °C) | Cu2835 K (2562 °C) | Zn1180 K (907 °C) | Ga2673 K (2400 °C) | Ge3106 K (2833 °C) | As 887 K (subl.) (615 °C) | Se 958 K (685 °C) | Br2 332.0 K (58.8 °C) | Kr 119.735 K (−153.415 °C) | |||
5 | Rb 961 K (688 °C) | Sr 1650 K (1377 °C) | Y 3203 K (2930 °C) | Zr4650 K (4377 °C) | Nb5017 K (4744 °C) | Mo4912 K (4639 °C) | Tc4538 K (4265 °C) | Ru4423 K (4150 °C) | Rh3968 K (3695 °C) | Pd3236 K (2963 °C) | Ag2483 K (2210 °C) | Cd1040 K (767 °C) | In2345 K (2072 °C) | Sn2875 K (2602 °C) | Sb1908 K (1635 °C) | Te1261 K (988 °C) | I2 457.4 K (184.3 °C) | Xe 165.051 K (−108.099 °C) | |||
6 | Cs 944 K (671 °C) | Ba 2118 K (1845 °C) | Lu3675 K (3402 °C) | Hf4876 K (4603 °C) | Ta5731 K (5458 °C) | W 6203 K (5930 °C) | Re5900.15 K (5627.0 °C) | Os5285 K (5012 °C) | Ir4403 K (4130 °C) | Pt4098 K (3825 °C) | Au3243 K (2970 °C) | Hg 629.88 K (356.73 °C) | Tl 1746 K (1473 °C) | Pb 2022 K (1749 °C) | Bi 1837 K (1564 °C) | Po 1235 K (962 °C) | At2 503±3 K (230±3 °C) | Rn 211.5 K (−61.7 °C) | |||
7 | Fr 950 K (677 °C) | Ra 2010 K (1737 °C) | Lr | Rf 5800 K (5500 °C) | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn 340±10 K (67±10 °C) | Nh 1430 K (1130 °C) | Fl 380 K (107 °C) | Mc ~1400 K (~1100 °C) | Lv 1035–1135 K (762–862 °C) | Ts 883 K (610 °C) | Og 450±10 K (177±10 °C) | |||
La3737 K (3464 °C) | Ce3716 K (3443 °C)6 | Pr3403 K (3130 °C) | Nd3347 K (3074 °C) | Pm3273 K (3000 °C) | Sm2173 K (1900 °C) | Eu1802 K (1529 °C) | Gd3546 K (3273 °C) | Tb3396 K (3123 °C) | Dy2840 K (2567 °C) | Ho2873 K (2600 °C) | Er3141 K (2868 °C) | Tm2223 K (1950 °C) | Yb1469 K (1196 °C) | ||||||||
Ac 3471 K (3198 °C) | Th 5061 K (4788 °C) | Pa 4300? K (4027 °C) | U 4404 K (4131 °C) | Np4175.15 K (3902.0 °C) | Pu3508.15 K (3235.0 °C) | Am2880 K (2607 °C) | Cm3383 K (3110 °C) | Bk2900 K (2627 °C) | Cf1743 K (1470 °C) | Es1269 (996 °C) | Fm | Md | No | ||||||||
Legend | |||||||||||||||||||||
Values are in kelvin K and degrees Celsius °C, rounded | |||||||||||||||||||||
For the equivalent in degrees Fahrenheit °F, see: Boiling points of the elements (data page) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Some values are predictions | |||||||||||||||||||||
Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element |
Astatine is a chemical element; it has symbol At and atomic number 85. It is the rarest naturally occurring element in the Earth's crust, occurring only as the decay product of various heavier elements. All of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours. Consequently, a solid sample of the element has never been seen, because any macroscopic specimen would be immediately vaporized by the heat of its radioactivity.
The data values of standard electrode potentials (E°) are given in the table below, in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode, and are for the following conditions:
A period 6 element is one of the chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements, including the lanthanides. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The sixth period contains 32 elements, tied for the most with period 7, beginning with caesium and ending with radon. Lead is currently the last stable element; all subsequent elements are radioactive. For bismuth, however, its only primordial isotope, 209Bi, has a half-life of more than 1019 years, over a billion times longer than the current age of the universe. As a rule, period 6 elements fill their 6s shells first, then their 4f, 5d, and 6p shells, in that order; however, there are exceptions, such as gold.
In chemistry, a reactivity series (or activity series) is an empirical, calculated, and structurally analytical progression of a series of metals, arranged by their "reactivity" from highest to lowest. It is used to summarize information about the reactions of metals with acids and water, single displacement reactions and the extraction of metals from their ores.
Elastic properties describe the reversible deformation of a material to an applied stress. They are a subset of the material properties that provide a quantitative description of the characteristics of a material, like its strength.
This page provides supplementary data to the article properties of water.
This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states. For each atom the subshells are given first in concise form, then with all subshells written out, followed by the number of electrons per shell. Electron configurations of elements beyond hassium have never been measured; predictions are used below. As an approximate rule, electron configurations are given by the Aufbau principle and the Madelung rule. However there are numerous exceptions; for example the lightest exception is chromium, which would be predicted to have the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2, written as [Ar] 3d4 4s2, but whose actual configuration given in the table below is [Ar] 3d5 4s1.
The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is a comprehensive one-volume reference resource for science research. First published in 1914, it is currently in its 103rd edition, published in 2022. It is sometimes nicknamed the "Rubber Bible" or the "Rubber Book", as CRC originally stood for "Chemical Rubber Company".
The metallic elements in the periodic table located between the transition metals to their left and the chemically weak nonmetallic metalloids to their right have received many names in the literature, such as post-transition metals, poor metals, other metals, p-block metals and chemically weak metals. The most common name, post-transition metals, is generally used in this article.
Zhang, Yiming; Evans, Julian R. G.; Yang, Shoufeng (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
As quoted from:
Otozai, K.; Takahashi, N. (1982). "Estimation Chemical Form Boiling Point Elementary Astatine by Radio Gas Chromatography". Radiochimica Acta. 31 (3–4): 201–203. doi:10.1524/ract.1982.31.34.201. S2CID 100363889.
Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdnyakov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1970). Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium. Translated by R. Kondor. Ann Arbor–Humphrey Science Publishers. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-250-39923-9.