Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)

Last updated November 13, 2023

Heat of vaporization

	kJ/mol
1 H hydrogen (H₂)
use	(H₂) 0.904
CRC	(H₂) 0.90
LNG	0.904
2 He helium
use	0.0829
CRC	0.08
LNG	0.0829
WEL	0.083
3 Li lithium
use	136
LNG	147.1
WEL	147
Zhang et al.	136
4 Be beryllium
use	292
LNG	297
WEL	297
Zhang et al.	292
5 B boron
use	508
CRC	480
LNG	480
WEL	507
Zhang et al.	508
6 C carbon
use
WEL	(sublimation) 715
7 N nitrogen (N₂)
use	(N₂) 5.57
CRC	(N₂) 5.57
LNG	(N₂) 5.577
WEL	(per mole N atoms) 2.79
Zhang et al.	5.58
8 O oxygen (O₂)
use	(O₂) 6.82
CRC	(O₂) 6.82
LNG	(O₂) 6.820
WEL	(per mole O atoms) 3.41
Zhang et al.	6.82
9 F fluorine (F₂)
use	(F₂) 6.62
CRC	(F₂) 6.62
LNG	(F₂) 6.62
WEL	(per mole F atoms) 3.27
Zhang et al.	6.32
10 Ne neon
use	1.71
CRC	1.71
LNG	1.71
WEL	1.75
Zhang et al.	1.9
11 Na sodium
use	97.42
LNG	97.42
WEL	97.7
Zhang et al.	97.4
12 Mg magnesium
use	128
LNG	128
WEL	128
Zhang et al.	132
13 Al aluminium
use	284
CRC	294
LNG	294.0
WEL	293
Zhang et al.	284
14 Si silicon
use	359
LNG	359
WEL	359
Zhang et al.	383
15 P phosphorus
use	12.4
CRC	12.4
LNG	12.4
WEL	12.4
Zhang et al.	51.9 (white)
16 S sulfur
use	(mono) 45
CRC	45
LNG	(mono) 45
WEL	9.8
Zhang et al.	45
17 Cl chlorine (Cl₂)
use	(Cl₂) 20.41
CRC	(Cl₂) 20.41
LNG	(Cl₂) 20.41
WEL	(per mole Cl atoms) 10.2
Zhang et al.	20.4
18 Ar argon
use	6.53
CRC	6.43
LNG	6.43
WEL	6.5
Zhang et al.	6.53
19 K potassium
use	76.90
LNG	76.90
WEL	76.9
Zhang et al.	79.1
20 Ca calcium
use	154.7
LNG	154.7
WEL	155
Zhang et al.	153
21 Sc scandium
use	332.7
LNG	332.7
WEL	318
Zhang et al.	310
22 Ti titanium
use	425
LNG	425
WEL	425
Zhang et al.	427
23 V vanadium
use	444
LNG	459
WEL	453
Zhang et al.	451
24 Cr chromium
use	339.5
LNG	339.5
WEL	339
Zhang et al.	347
25 Mn manganese
use	221
LNG	221
WEL	220
Zhang et al.	225
26 Fe iron
use	340
LNG	340
WEL	347
Zhang et al.	354
27 Co cobalt
use	377
LNG	377
WEL	375
Zhang et al.	390
28 Ni nickel
use	379
LNG	377.5
WEL	378
Zhang et al.	379
29 Cu copper
use	300.4
LNG	300.4
WEL	300
Zhang et al.	305
30 Zn zinc
use	115
LNG	123.6
WEL	119
Zhang et al.	115
31 Ga gallium
use	256
CRC	254
LNG	254
WEL	256
Zhang et al.	256
32 Ge germanium
use	334
CRC	334
LNG	334
WEL	334
Zhang et al.	330
33 As arsenic
use	32.4
WEL	32.4 (sublimation)
Zhang et al.	32.4
34 Se selenium
use	95.48
CRC	95.48
LNG	95.48
WEL	26
Zhang et al.	95.5
35 Br bromine (Br₂)
use	(Br₂) 29.96
CRC	(Br₂) 29.96
LNG	(Br₂) 29.96
WEL	(per mole Br atoms) 14.8
Zhang et al.	30
36 Kr krypton
use	9.08
CRC	9.08
LNG	9.08
WEL	9.02
Zhang et al.	9.03
37 Rb rubidium
use	75.77
LNG	75.77
WEL	72
Zhang et al.	69
38 Sr strontium
use	141
LNG	136.9
WEL	137
Zhang et al.	141
39 Y yttrium
use	390
LNG	365
WEL	380
Zhang et al.	363
40 Zr zirconium
use	573
LNG	573
WEL	580
Zhang et al.	591
41 Nb niobium
use	689.9
LNG	689.9
WEL	690
Zhang et al.	682
42 Mo molybdenum
use	617
LNG	617
WEL	600
Zhang et al.	617
43 Tc technetium
use	585.2
LNG	585.2
WEL	550
44 Ru ruthenium
use	619
LNG	591.6
WEL	580
Zhang et al.	619
45 Rh rhodium
use	494
LNG	494
WEL	495
Zhang et al.	493
46 Pd palladium
use	358
LNG	362
WEL	380
Zhang et al.	358
47 Ag silver
use	254
LNG	258
WEL	255
Zhang et al.	254
48 Cd cadmium
use	99.87
CRC	99.87
LNG	99.9
WEL	100
Zhang et al.	100
49 In indium
use	231.8
LNG	231.8
WEL	230
Zhang et al.	225
50 Sn tin
use	(white) 296.1
LNG	(white) 296.1
WEL	290
Zhang et al.	296
51 Sb antimony
use	193.43
LNG	193.43
WEL	68
Zhang et al.	193
52 Te tellurium
use	114.1
CRC	114.1
LNG	114.1
WEL	48
Zhang et al.	114
53 I iodine (I₂)
use	(I₂) 41.57
CRC	(I₂) 41.57
LNG	(I₂) 41.6
WEL	(per mole I atoms) 20.9
Zhang et al.	41.6
54 Xe xenon
use	12.64
CRC	12.57
LNG	12.64
WEL	12.64
Zhang et al.	12.6
55 Cs caesium
use	63.9
LNG	63.9
WEL	65
Zhang et al.	66.1
56 Ba barium
use	140.3
CRC	140
LNG	140.3
WEL	140
Zhang et al.	142
57 La lanthanum
use	400
LNG	402.1
WEL	400
Zhang et al.	400
58 Ce cerium
use	398
LNG	398
WEL	350
Zhang et al.	398
59 Pr praseodymium
use	331
LNG	331
WEL	330
Zhang et al.	331
60 Nd neodymium
use	289
LNG	289
WEL	285
Zhang et al.	289
61 Pm promethium
use	289
LNG	289
WEL	290
62 Sm samarium
use	192
LNG	165
WEL	175
Zhang et al.	192
63 Eu europium
use	176
LNG	176
WEL	175
Zhang et al.	176
64 Gd gadolinium
use	301.3
LNG	301.3
WEL	305
Zhang et al.	301
65 Tb terbium
use	391
LNG	293
WEL	295
Zhang et al.	391
66 Dy dysprosium
use	280
LNG	280
WEL	280
Zhang et al.	280
67 Ho holmium
use	251
LNG	71
WEL	265
Zhang et al.	251
68 Er erbium
use	280
LNG	280
WEL	285
Zhang et al.	280
69 Tm thulium
use	191
LNG	247
WEL	250
Zhang et al.	191
70 Yb ytterbium
use	129
LNG	159
WEL	160
Zhang et al.	129
71 Lu lutetium
use	414
LNG	414
WEL	415
Zhang et al.	414
72 Hf hafnium
use	648
LNG	571
WEL	630
Zhang et al.	648
73 Ta tantalum
use	732.8
LNG	732.8
WEL	735
Zhang et al.	753
74 W tungsten
use	806.7
LNG	806.7
WEL	800
Zhang et al.	774
75 Re rhenium
use	704
LNG	704
WEL	705
Zhang et al.	707
76 Os osmium
use	678
LNG	738
WEL	630
Zhang et al.	678
77 Ir iridium
use	564
LNG	231.8
WEL	560
Zhang et al.	564
78 Pt platinum
use	510
LNG	469
WEL	490
Zhang et al.	510
79 Au gold
use	342
CRC	324
LNG	324
WEL	330
Zhang et al.	342
80 Hg mercury
use	59.11
CRC	59.11
LNG	59.1
WEL	59.2
Zhang et al.	58.2
81 Tl thallium
use	165
LNG	165
WEL	165
Zhang et al.	162
82 Pb lead
use	179.5
CRC	179.5
LNG	179.5
WEL	178
Zhang et al.	177
83 Bi bismuth
use	179
CRC	151
LNG	151
WEL	160
Zhang et al.	179
84 Po polonium
use	102.91
LNG	102.91
WEL	about 100
85 At astatine
use	54.39 (At₂)
GME	54.39 (At₂)
WEL	about 40
86 Rn radon
use	18.10
LNG	18.10
WEL	17
87 Fr francium
use	ca. 65
WEL	about 65
88 Ra radium
use	113
LNG	113
WEL	about 125
89 Ac actinium
use	400
WEL	400
90 Th thorium
use	514
LNG	514
WEL	530
91 Pa protactinium
use	481
LNG	481
WEL	470
92 U uranium
use	417.1
LNG	417.1
WEL	420
93 Np neptunium
use	336
LNG	336
WEL	335
94 Pu plutonium
use	333.5
LNG	333.5
WEL	325

Notes

Values refer to the enthalpy change in the conversion of liquid to gas at the boiling point (normal, 101.325 kPa).

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References

Zhang et al.

Zhang Y; Evans JRG & Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.

G.W.C. Kaye and T. H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
D.R. Lide, (ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.
A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
H. Ellis (ed.) in Nuffield Advanced Science Book of Data, Longman, London, UK, 1972.