Timeline of Cluj-Napoca

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Timeline of Cluj-Napoca
Part of Tabula Peutingeriana centered around present day Transylvania.png
Roman Napoca on Tabula Peutingeriana
Ruins of Napoca 2012-001.JPG
Ruins of Napoca
Historical Cluj-Napoca CoA - Relief Carolina Obelisk 3.jpg
City coat of arms (starting 1377)
Cluj by Joris Hoefnagel, 1617 (v2).jpg
Cluj in 1617 by Joris Hoefnagel
Hid Kapu 1860.jpg
Cluj Bridge Gate in 1860
Cluj la 1930, Vedere Aeriana.jpg
Central Cluj in 1930

The following detailed sequence of events covers the timeline of Cluj-Napoca, a city in Transylvania, Romania.

Contents

Cluj-Napoca (Romanian pronunciation:  [ˈkluʒ naˈpoka] ( Loudspeaker.svg listen ), German: Klausenburg; Hungarian : Kolozsvár, Hungarian pronunciation:  [ˈkoloʒvaːr] ( Loudspeaker.svg listen ); Medieval Latin: Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis; and Yiddish : קלויזנבורג, Kloiznburg), commonly known as Cluj, is located in the Someșul Mic River valley, roughly equidistant from Bucharest (324 kilometres (201 miles)), Budapest (351 km (218 mi)) and Belgrade (322 km (200 mi)). Throughout its long history, the area around Cluj-Napoca was part of many empires and kingdoms, including the Roman Empire (as part of the Dacia province and later a sub-division of Dacia Porolissensis), Gepidia , Avaria , the Hungarian Kingdom, the Habsburg monarchy, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Romania. From 1790 to 1848 and 1861–1867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania.

In modern times, the city holds the status of municipiu , is the seat of Cluj County in the north-western part of Romania, and continues to be considered the unofficial capital of the historical province of Transylvania. Cluj continues to be one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university, Babeș-Bolyai University, with its famous botanical garden. The current boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 179.52 square kilometres (69.31 sq mi). The Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411,379 people, while the population of the peri-urban area (Romanian : zona periurbană) exceeds 420,000 residents, making it one of the most populous cities in Romania.

2nd century

Napoca in Roman Dacia Roman province of Dacia (106 - 271 AD).svg
Napoca in Roman Dacia
Text of Roman milliarium from 108, describing the construction of the road from Potaissa to Napoca, by request of the Emperor Trajan. It indicates the distance of ten thousand feet (P.M.X.) to Potaissa. The complete inscription is: "Imp[erator]/ Caesar Nerva/ Traianus Aug[ustus]/ Germ[anicus] Dacicus/ pontif[ex] maxim[us]/ [sic] pot[estate] XII co[n]s[ul] V/ imp[erator] VI p[ater] p[atriae] fecit/ per coh[ortem] I Fl[aviam] Vlp[iam]/ Hisp[anam] mil[liariam] c[ivium] R[omanorum] eq[uitatam]/ a Potaissa Napo/cam / m[ilia] p[assuum] X
". Inscription from the Milliarium of Aiton, Aiton commune, Romania.jpg
Text of Roman milliarium from 108, describing the construction of the road from Potaissa to Napoca, by request of the Emperor Trajan. It indicates the distance of ten thousand feet (P.M.X.) to Potaissa. The complete inscription is: "Imp[erator]/ Caesar Nerva/ Traianus Aug[ustus]/ Germ[anicus] Dacicus/ pontif[ex] maxim[us]/ [sic] pot[estate] XII co[n]s[ul] V/ imp[erator] VI p[ater] p[atriae] fecit/ per coh[ortem] I Fl[aviam] Vlp[iam]/ Hisp[anam] mil[liariam] c[ivium] R[omanorum] eq[uitatam]/ a Potaissa Napo/cam / m[ilia] p[assuum] X".

3rd century

Napoca in the Roman Dacia fragment of the 1st-4th century AD Tabula Peutingeriana (upper center) Part of Tabula Peutingeriana centered around present day Transylvania.png
Napoca in the Roman Dacia fragment of the 1st–4th century AD Tabula Peutingeriana (upper center)
Ruined buildings with hypocaust from the Roman Napoca Ruinele romane cu hypocaust din Cluj Napoca.JPG
Ruined buildings with hypocaust from the Roman Napoca

4th century

5th century

Gepid Thesaurus from Apahida 00Germanic Treasure MNIR IMG 6222.JPG
Gepid Thesaurus from Apahida

6th century

7th century

Avars, Slavs and Bulgars in the areas around Transylvania Bulgarians and Slavs VI-VII century.png
Avars, Slavs and Bulgars in the areas around Transylvania

8th century

9th century

10th century

The Hungarians' arrival in the Carpathian Basin depicted in the Illuminated Chronicle Magyarok-Bejovetele-ChroniconPictum.jpg
The Hungarians' arrival in the Carpathian Basin depicted in the Illuminated Chronicle

11th century

12th century

13th century

Mongol invasion of the Hungarian Kingdom depicted in Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum Thuroczy Tatarjaras.JPG
Mongol invasion of the Hungarian Kingdom depicted in Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum

14th century

Seal of Cluj granted in 1377 by King Louis I of Hungary, with the inscription S[igilium] CIVIVM de CLVS WAR Sigilium Civium de Clus War.jpg
Seal of Cluj granted in 1377 by King Louis I of Hungary, with the inscription S[igilium] CIVIVM de CLVS WAR

15th century

Interior of St. Michael's Church Klausenburg-Innenraum der Michaelskirche.jpg
Interior of St. Michael's Church

16th century

17th century

1617 engraving of Kolozsvar/Klausenburg by Joris Hoefnagel & son Cluj by Joris Hoefnagel, 1617.jpg
1617 engraving of Kolozsvár/Klausenburg by Joris Hoefnagel & son

18th century

19th century

The Kolozsvar/Klausenburg Bridge Gate in 1860 Hid Kapu 1860.jpg
The Kolozsvár/Klausenburg Bridge Gate in 1860
Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvar/Klausenburg, c. 1900 Franz Josef University of Kolozsvar.jpg
Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár/Klausenburg, c. 1900

20th century

Inauguration of the Matthias Corvinus Monument in 1902 A kolozsvari Matyas-szobor avatasa 1902-42.jpg
Inauguration of the Matthias Corvinus Monument in 1902
Romanian troops (Regiment 16 Dorobanti "Falticeni") marching in Cluj, 1918 Romanian troops in Transylvania.jpg
Romanian troops (Regiment 16 Dorobanți "Fălticeni") marching in Cluj, 1918
U Cluj football team on 27 October 1923 Agence Rol - Stade Bergeyre, 27 oct 1923, football association, equipe roumaine (etudiants de Cluj).png
U Cluj football team on 27 October 1923
Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral in 1940 Kolozsvar 1940, Bocskai ter, Ortodox katedralis. Fortepan 76946.jpg
Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral in 1940

21st century

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transylvania</span> Historical region in Romania

Transylvania is a historical and cultural region in Central and Eastern Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains and to the west the Apuseni Mountains. Broader definitions of Transylvania also include the western and northwestern Romanian regions of Crișana and Maramureș, and occasionally Banat. Historical Transylvania also includes small parts of neighbouring Western Moldavia and even a small part of south-western neighbouring Bukovina to its north east.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dacia</span> Ancient kingdom in Southeastern Europe (168 BC–106 AD)

Dacia was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It thus roughly corresponds to the present-day countries of Romania, as well as parts of Moldova, Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary, Slovakia, and Ukraine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moesia</span> Historical region of the Balkans

Moesia was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River, which included most of the territory of modern eastern Serbia, Kosovo, north-eastern Albania, northern parts of North Macedonia, Northern Bulgaria, Romanian Dobruja and small parts of Southern Ukraine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cluj-Napoca</span> City and county seat of Cluj County, Romania

Cluj-Napoca, or simply Cluj, is the second-most populous city in Romania. It is the seat of Cluj County in the northwestern part of the country. Geographically, it is roughly equidistant from Bucharest, Budapest and Belgrade. Located in the Someșul Mic river valley, the city is considered the unofficial capital of the historical province of Transylvania. For some decades prior to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gepids</span> Germanic tribe

The Gepids were an East Germanic tribe who lived in the area of modern Romania, Hungary and Serbia, roughly between the Tisza, Sava and Carpathian Mountains. They were said to share the religion and language of the Goths and Vandals.

Several theories address the issue of the origin of the Romanians. The Romanian language descends from the Vulgar Latin dialects spoken in the Roman provinces north of the "Jireček Line" in Late Antiquity. The theory of Daco-Roman continuity argues that the Romanians are mainly descended from the Daco-Romans, a people developing through the cohabitation of the native Dacians and the Roman colonists in the province of Dacia Traiana north of the river Danube. The competing immigrationist theory states that the Romanians' ethnogenesis commenced in the provinces south of the river with Romanized local populations spreading through mountain refuges, both south to Greece and north through the Carpathian Mountains. Other theories state that the Romanized local populations were present over a wide area on both sides of the Danube and the river itself did not constitute an obstacle to permanent exchanges in both directions; according to the "admigration" theory, migrations from the Balkan Peninsula to the lands north of the Danube contributed to the survival of the Romance-speaking population in these territories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turda</span> Municipality in Cluj, Romania

Turda is a city in Cluj County, Transylvania, Romania. It is located in the southeastern part of the county, 34.2 km (21.3 mi) from the county seat, Cluj-Napoca, to which it is connected by the European route E81, and 6.7 km (4.2 mi) from nearby Câmpia Turzii.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hunyad County</span>

Hunyad was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary, of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and of the Principality of Transylvania. Its territory is now in Romania in Transylvania. The capital of the county was Déva.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dej</span> Municipality in Cluj, Romania

Dej is a municipality in Transylvania, Romania, 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Cluj-Napoca, in Cluj County. It lies where the river Someșul Mic meets the river Someșul Mare. The city administers four villages: Ocna Dejului (Désakna), Peștera (Pestes), Pintic (Oláhpéntek) and Șomcutu Mic (Kissomkút).

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In ancient times, Romans exploited the gold mines in what is now Transylvania extensively, building access roads and forts to protect them, like Abrud. The region developed a strong infrastructure and economy, based on agriculture, cattle farming and mining. Colonists from Thracia, Moesia, Macedonia, Gaul, Syria, and other Roman provinces were brought in to settle the land, developing cities like Apulum and Napoca into municipiums and colonias.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Transylvania</span>

Transylvania is a historical region in central and northwestern Romania. It was under the rule of the Agathyrsi, part of the Dacian Kingdom, Roman Dacia (106–271), the Goths, the Hunnic Empire, the Kingdom of the Gepids, the Avar Khaganate, the Slavs, and the 9th century First Bulgarian Empire. During the late 9th century, Transylvania was reached and conquered by the Hungarian conquerors, and Gyula's family from seven chieftains of the Hungarians ruled Transylvania in the 10th century. King Stephen I of Hungary asserted his claim to rule all lands dominated by Hungarian lords, and he personally led his army against his maternal uncle Gyula III. Transylvania became part of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1002, and it belonged to the Lands of the Hungarian Crown until 1920.

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The Early Middle Ages in Romania started with the withdrawal of the Roman troops and administration from Dacia province in the 270s. In the next millennium a series of peoples, most of whom only controlled two or three of the nearly ten historical regions that now form Romania, arrived. During this period, society and culture underwent fundamental changes. Town life came to an end in Dacia with the Roman withdrawal, and in Scythia Minor – the other Roman province in the territory of present-day Romania – 400 years later. Fine vessels made on fast potter's wheels disappeared and hand-made pottery became dominant from the 450s. Burial rites changed more than once from cremation to inhumation and vice versa until inhumation became dominant by the end of the 10th century.

The history of Cluj-Napoca covers the time from the Roman conquest of Dacia, when a Roman settlement named Napoca existed on the location of the later city, through the founding of Cluj and its flourishing as the main cultural and religious center in the historical province of Transylvania, until its modern existence as a city, the seat of Cluj County in north-western Romania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Military history of Romania</span> Romanian Military historical account

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rimetea</span> Commune in Alba, Romania

Rimetea or Torockó is a commune located in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Colțești and Rimetea. A former mining town, today it is known as the location of the Piatra Secuiului mountain.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romanian archaeology</span>

Romanian archaeology begins in the 19th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman Dacia</span> Roman province (106–271/275)

Roman Dacia was a province of the Roman Empire from 106 to 271–275 AD. Its territory consisted of what are now the regions of Oltenia, Transylvania and Banat. During Roman rule, it was organized as an imperial province on the borders of the empire. It is estimated that the population of Roman Dacia ranged from 650,000 to 1,200,000. It was conquered by Trajan (98–117) after two campaigns that devastated the Dacian Kingdom of Decebalus. However, the Romans did not occupy its entirety; Crișana, Maramureș, and most of Moldavia remained under the Free Dacians.

This section of the timeline of Romanian history concerns events from Late Neolithic until Late Antiquity, which took place in or are directly related with the territory of modern Romania.

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