York (UK Parliament constituency)

City of York
Former Borough constituency for the House of Commons
Boundary of City of York in North Yorkshirefor the 2005 general election
Location of North Yorkshire within England
County	North Yorkshire
Major settlements	York
1265–2010
Seats	One
Replaced by	York Central, York Outer

York was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 2010. It elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) until 1918, and one thereafter by the first past the post system of election. From 1997 to 2010 it was known as City of York.

Boundaries

This constituency area tracked the municipal government area of York. Each general revision of English constituencies from 1885 would redefine the York constituency to include any changes to the city council area since the previous revision.

Boundaries of the parliamentary borough / borough constituency of York / City of York

From	Legislation	Limits	Area	Notes
Medieval	Prescription	The ancient borough, or "city and liberty", of York. [1]	2,720 acres (1,100 ha) [2]	A freeman borough in which freedom of the city ("citizenship") could be acquired by patrimony (inheritance), servitude (apprenticeship) or purchase. [3] [1] [4] The "city" was the medieval walled city, but the boundary of the surrounding "liberty" was uncertain. [1] [4] The Minster Yard, an extra-parochial place around York Minster, was excluded from the ancient and parliamentary borough, [1] as was York Castle. [4] Although the Ainsty to the west of the city was annexed to the county of the city in 1449 by letters patent, [5] it was not annexed to the borough; patrimony or servitude in the Ainsty did not make one eligible for citizenship, [1] and Ainsty forty shilling freeholders voted for Yorkshire MPs (confirmed in 1736 [4] [6] ) rather than York MPs. [3] Freeholdings within the borough gave no franchise. [3] [7]
1832	Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832	The ancient borough plus two extensions encompassing urbanised parts of the adjoining townships: one to the north, through Clifton and Heworth between the River Ouse and Tang Hall Beck; the other to the southeast through Fulford. [1] [8]	2,789 acres (1,129 ha) [9]	The Parliamentary Boundaries Act specified the complete boundary explicitly, to resolve uncertainty over the extent of the "liberty", [8] [1] especially at the Knavesmire, unresolved until the Ordnance Survey mapped the area in detail in 1852. [4] [10]
1885	Redistribution of Seats Act 1885	The previous parliamentary borough of York plus the current (1884 [10] ) boundaries of the municipal borough of York. [11]	3,591 acres (1,453 ha) [12]	The Representation of the People Act 1884 was a partial reform from a property-based franchise towards a residence-based one, with a grandfather clause protecting those who would otherwise have lost their vote. The broader municipal boundary defined the reformed franchise, while the older parliamentary boundary was for the grandfathered property owners.
1918	Representation of the People Act 1918	The current (1893 [10] ) boundaries of the county borough and city of York, including York Castle. [13]	3,730 acres (1,510 ha) [14] [15]	The representation was also reduced from two members to one. As late as 1951 there was uncertainty over whether the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 had brought the castle within the municipal borough (county borough from 1889); [16] it was included explicitly by the 1918 act but implicitly by the 1948 act.
1950	Representation of the People Act 1948	The current (1937 [10] ) boundaries of the county borough and city of York.	6,409 acres (2,594 ha) [15]	Consequent on the Initial Review of Westminster constituencies
1964	Parliamentary Constituencies (Leeds, York and Barkston Ash) Order, 1960 [17]	The current (1957 [17] ) boundaries of the county borough and city of York.	6,933 acres (2,806 ha) [15] [18]	Consequent on the 1959 report of the Boundary Commission for England [19]
Feb. 1974	Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1970 [20]	The current (1968) boundaries of the county borough and city of York.	2,946 hectares (7,280 acres) [21]	Consequent on the Second Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
1983	Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1983 [22]	The current (1968) boundaries of the non-metropolitan district and city of York.	2,946 hectares (7,280 acres) [23]	Consequent on the Third Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
1997	Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1995 [24]	The current (1968) boundaries of the non-metropolitan district and city of York.		Consequent on the Fourth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies. The name of the constituency was also changed from "York" to "City of York". The non-metropolitan district of York was abolished in 1996 and subsumed into a new, larger, unitary authority named the City of York; [25] however, this did not affect the parliamentary constituency boundary.

History

By virtue of its importance, York was regularly represented in Parliament from an early date: it had been required to send delegates to the assembly of 1265, but no actual returns survive until the end of the 13th century. The structure of the civic government of the city provided the basis by which it elected its Parliamentary representatives. In the years following the city's Royal Charter, granted in the 1150s, power was held by a Lord Mayor and associated bailiffs. Further expansion of governance saw the establishment of coroners, sheriffs and aldermen. The appointment of twelve aldermen in 1399 led to the establishment of the City Council. Subsequently, other tiers of governance, such as the probi homines and the communitas, would eventually provide the bodies for the election of MPs. Those who occupied such positions were all freemen of the city and frequently came form the mercantile classes rather than the nobility, and were considered the electorate of the city. In the beginnings of the constituency this electorate was about twenty four, but had risen to around seventy five by 1690. Early in the 18th century, the number of freemen being made had increased significantly and this further increased the electorate. By the election of 1830, there were about 3,800 registered voters. ^[26]

There was a period between 1581 and 1597 where elections were a two-stage process. In the first stage, member of the common chamber of the council and 50 freeholders cast votes and the top four contenders would progress to a second ballot. This ballot was conducted by the Lord Mayor and the aldermen and the top two would be returned as MPs. In 1597 this process was reduced to a single ballot whereby all of those in both the commons and assembly of York would cast two votes. The two contenders with the most votes were returned as MP. From 1628 the process became fully open, as previously the process had an element of pre-approval by the Lord mayor and the aldermen. ^[26]

A borough constituency consisting of the city of York has been represented in every Parliament since the Model Parliament of 1295. Until 1918, it returned two MPs; since then it has returned one. Until 1997, when its official name became City of York with no boundary changes, ^[27] the constituency was usually simply called York.

Following their review of parliamentary representation in North Yorkshire, the Boundary Commission for England recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York. Both the City of York and Vale of York seats were abolished in 2010 and replaced by two new constituencies, namely York Central and York Outer.

Members of Parliament

1265-1660

Parliament	First member	Second member
1294	Nicholas de Selby	Roger Basy [28]
1297	John le Espicer	Nicholas Clarevaux [28]
1297	John le Sezevaux	Gilbert de Arnald [28]
1299	John de Askham	Andrew de Bolingbroke [28]
1304	Thomas le Anguiler	John de Sezevaux [28]
1305	John de Graham	Roger de Roston [28]
1306	John de Askam	John de Sezevaux [28]
1307	John de Askam	John de Ebor [28]
1308	Thomas de Norfolk	Nicholas Grantbridge [28]
1310	John de Graa	Thomas Aguiler [28]
1311	Thomas de Alwerthorpe	John Segge [28]
1312	Thomas de Redness	Nicholas Sezevaux [28]
1313	Nicholas Sezevaux	John de Appelton [28]
1314	John de Appelton	John de Ughtred [28]
1318	John de Sexdecim Vallibus (Sezevaux)	Henry Calvert [28]
1321	Henry Calvert	Thomas de Redness [28]
1325	John de Askam	Simon de Kingston [28]
1326	William de Redness	Henry de Bolton [28]
1327	Thomas de Redness	Nicholas Sezevaux [28]
1327	Richard Tannock	Thomas de Montefort [28]
1328	William Fox	William de Baronia [28]
1328	Thomas de Pontefract	John de Burton [28]
1329	Thomas de Gargrave	John de Kyrkeby [28]
1349	John de Womme	Richard de Saugerry [28]
1340	Hamo Hassoy	Gilbert Picklinton [28]
1341	Walter Keldsterne	Henry Golbeter [28]
1341	Thomas fil Richard	Jihn Ichon [28]
1342	Henry Goldbeter	Walter Keldsterne [28]
1344	Thomas de Redness	John de Heton [28]
1346	John de Sherburne	Richard de Setterington [28]
1347	William Graa	Walter Keldsterne [28]
1348	William Graa	William Skipwith [28]
1350	Roger Noringvill	Walter Kelletern [28]
1352	Hugo de Miton	John de Creyke [28]
1352	Hamo de Hessay	[28]
1353	William Graa	Hamo de Hessay [28]
1355	Roger de Normanville	William Graa [28]
1359	Thomas Auguber	John de Sexdecim Vallibus (Sezevaux) Roger de Henningham [28]
1360	John de Gisburn	[28]
1360	William Graa	[28]
1362	John de Allerton	Roger de Selby [28]
1364	William Graa	Robert Hawton [28]
1365	William Graa	John de Acastre [28]
1369	William Graa	John de Acastre [28]
1371	William Graa	[28]
1372	William Graa	Robert Hawton [28]
1373	John de Gisburn	John de Acastre [28]
1376	Thomas Graa	John Eshton [28]
1378	John de Acastre	Thomas Graa [28]
1379	Thomas Graa	Roger de Moreton [28]
1382	William Savage	William Selby [28]
1383	Thomas Graa	William Selby [28]
1384	Thomas Quixley	John Howden [28]
1385	Thomas Graa	Thomas Howden [28]
1386	Thomas Graa	Robert Savage [29]
1388 (February)	Thomas Holme	John Howden [29]
1388 (September)	John Ripon	John Howden [29]
1390 (January)
1390 (November)
1391	William Selby	John Howden [29]
1393	Thomas Graa	William Helmsley [29]
1394	Thomas Graa	John __? [29]
1395	Thomas Graa	William Selby [29]
1397 (January)	Thomas Graa	William Selby [29]
1397 (September)
1399	William Frost	John Bolton [29]
1401
1402	Robert Talkan	Robert Ward [29]
1404 (January)
1404 (October)
1406
1407	Robert Talkan	John Bolton [29]
1410
1411
1413 (February)
1413 (May)	Thomas Santon [29]	William Alne
1414 (April)
1414 (November)	Robert Holme	John Northby [29]
1415	John Morton	Richard Russell [29]
1416 (March)	William Bowes [29]	William Alne
1416 (October)
1417	Thomas Santon	John Blackburn [29]
1419	Thomas Gare	John Northby [29]
1420	John Penrith	Henry Preston [29]
1421 (May)	William Bowes	John Morton [29]
1421 (December)	Thomas Gare	William Ormshead [29] |
1422	William Bowes [30]	Richard Russell [31]
1425	Richard Russell [32]
1426	William Ormshead [33]
1431	William Ormshead [34]	William Bowes [30]
1492	Thomas Scotton
1504	William Nelson [35]
1510	William Nelson	Brian Palmes [36]
1512	William Nelson	Thomas Drawswerd [36]
1515	William Nelson	William Wright [36]
1523	Thomas Burton	John Norman [36]
1529	Peter Jackson, died and replaced in January 1533 by George Gale	George Lawson [36]
1536	George Gale	Sir George Lawson [36]
1539	John Hogeson	William Tancred [36]
1542	John Hogeson	George Gale [36]
1545	John North	Robert Hall [36]
1547	Thomas Gargrave	William Holme [36]
1553 (March)	William Watson	William Holme [36]
1553 (October)	John North	Robert Hall [36]
1554 (April)	John Beane	Richard White [36]
1554 (November)	William Holme	William Coupland [36]
1555	William Holme	Reginald Beseley [36]
1558	William Holme	Robert Paycock [36]
1558–1559	William Watson	Richard Goldthorpe [37]
1562 (December)	William Watson	Ralph Hall [37]
1571 (March)	Ralph Hall	Hugh Graves [37]
1572 (April)	Gregory Paycock, sick and replaced in February 1581 by Robert Askwith	Hugh Graves [37]
1584	William Robinson	Robert Brooke [37]
1586 (October)	William Hillard	Robert Brooke [37]
1588 (November)	Robert Askwith	William Robinson [37]
1593	Andrew Trewe	James Birkby [37]
1597 (September)	James Birkby	Thomas Moseley [37]
1601 (October)	Sir John Bennet	Henry Hall [37]
1604	Robert Askwith	Christopher Brooke
1614	Sir Robert Askwith	Christopher Brooke
1621	Sir Robert Askwith	Christopher Brooke
1624	Sir Arthur Ingram	Christopher Brooke
1625	Sir Arthur Ingram	Christopher Brooke
1626	Sir Arthur Ingram	Christopher Brooke
1628	Sir Arthur Ingram	Sir Thomas Savile replaced after petition by Thomas Hoyle
1629–1640	No Parliaments Summoned

Short Parliament

• 1640: Sir Edward Osborne
• 1640: Sir Roger Jaques

Long Parliament

• 1640-1653: Sir William Allanson (Parliamentarian)
• 1640-1650: Thomas Hoyle (Parliamentarian) - died January 1650

Barebones Parliament

• 1653: Thomas St. Nicholas

First Protectorate Parliament

• 1654-1655: Sir Thomas Widdrington
• 1654-1655: Thomas Dickinson

Second Protectorate Parliament

• 1656: Sir Thomas Widdrington (Elected for more than one constituency, and did not sit for York in this Parliament)
• 1656-1658: John Geldart
• 1656-1658: Thomas Dickinson

Third Protectorate Parliament

• 1659: Christopher Topham
• 1659: Thomas Dickinson

Long Parliament (restored)

• 1659-1660: Sir William Allanson; Thomas Hoyle, died, one seat vacant

1660-1918

Election			First member [38]	First party	Second member [38]	Second party
		1660	Sir Thomas Widdrington		Sir Metcalfe Robinson
		1661	Colonel John Scott
		1665	Sir Thomas Osborne
		1673	Sir Henry Thompson [39]
		1679		Whig	Sir John Hewley	Whig
		1685	Sir John Reresby	Tory	Sir Metcalfe Robinson
		1689	Viscount Dunblane	Tory	Edward Thompson
		1690	Robert Waller		Henry Thompson
		1695	Edward Thompson		Tobias Jenkins
		1698	Sir William Robinson
		January 1701			Edward Thompson
		December 1701			Tobias Jenkins
		1705			Robert Benson
		1713			Robert Fairfax
		1715			Tobias Jenkins
		1722	Sir William Milner, 1st Baronet		Edward Thompson
		1734	Sir John Lister Kaye
		1741	Godfrey Wentworth
		1742			George Fox [40]	Tory
		1747	William Thornton
		1754	Sir John Armytage
		1758	William Thornton
		1761	Sir George Armytage		Robert Fox-Lane
		1768	Charles Turner [41]		Lord John Cavendish	Whig
		1783	The Viscount Galway	Tory [42]
		1784			Richard Slater Milnes	Tory [42]
		1790	Sir William Mordaunt Milner	Whig [42]
		1802			Lawrence Dundas	Whig [42]
		1807			Sir Mark Masterman-Sykes	Tory [42]
		1811	Lawrence Dundas	Whig [42]
		March 1820			Marmaduke Wyvill	Whig [42]
		June 1820	Robert Chaloner	Whig [42]
		1826	James Wilson	Tory [42]
		1830	Hon. Thomas Dundas	Whig [42]	Samuel Adlam Bayntun	Tory [42]
		1832	Hon. Edward Petre	Whig [42]
		1833			Hon. Thomas Dundas	Whig [42]
		1835	Hon. John Dundas	Whig [42] [43] [44] [45]	John Lowther	Conservative [42]
		1841	Henry Redhead Yorke	Whig [46] [47] [42]
		1847			John George Smyth	Conservative
		1848	William Milner	Whig [48] [49] [50]
		1857	Joshua Westhead	Whig
		1859		Liberal
		1865	George Leeman	Liberal	James Lowther	Conservative
		1868	Joshua Westhead	Liberal
		1871	George Leeman	Liberal
		1880	Joseph Johnson Leeman	Liberal	Ralph Creyke	Liberal
		1883	Sir Frederick Milner	Conservative
		1885	Alfred Pease	Liberal	Frank Lockwood	Liberal
		1892	John Butcher	Conservative
		1898			Admiral Lord Charles Beresford	Conservative
		1900			Denison Faber	Conservative
		1906	Hamar Greenwood	Liberal
		January 1910	Arnold Rowntree	Liberal	John Butcher	Conservative
		1918	Representation reduced to one member

1918–2010

Election		Member [38]	Party
	1918	John Butcher	Conservative
	1923	Sir John Marriott	Conservative
	1929	Frederick George Burgess	Labour
	1931	Roger Lumley	Conservative
	1937 by-election	Charles Wood	Conservative
	1945	John Corlett	Labour
	1950	Sir Harry Hylton-Foster	Conservative
	1959	Charles Longbottom	Conservative
	1966	Alex Lyon	Labour
	1983	Conal Gregory	Conservative
	1992	Sir Hugh Bayley	Labour
	2010	constituency abolished: see York Central and York Outer

Elections

Elections in the 1830s

General election 1830: York (2 seats) ^{[42] [51]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Tory	Samuel Adlam Bayntun	1,928	34.3
	Whig	Thomas Dundas	1,907	33.9
	Whig	Edward Petre	1,792	31.8
Turnout			3,725	c. 98.0
Registered electors			c. 3,800
Majority			21	0.4
	Tory hold
Majority			115	2.1
	Whig hold

General election 1831: York (2 seats) ^{[42] [51]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Tory	Samuel Adlam Bayntun	Unopposed
	Whig	Thomas Dundas	Unopposed
Registered electors			c. 3,800
	Tory hold
	Whig hold

General election 1832: York (2 seats) ^{[42] [52]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Whig	Edward Petre	1,505	34.2
	Tory	Samuel Adlam Bayntun	1,140	25.9
	Tory	John Lowther	884	20.1
	Whig	Thomas Dundas	872	19.8
Turnout			2,652	92.3
Registered electors			2,873
Majority			365	8.3
	Whig hold
Majority			256	5.8
	Tory hold

Bayntun's death caused a by-election.

By-election, 11 November 1833: York ^{[42] [52]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Thomas Dundas	1,337	61.2	+7.2
	Tory	John Lowther	846	38.8	−7.2
Majority			491	22.4	+14.1
Turnout			2,183	75.5	−16.8
Registered electors			2,890
	Whig gain from Tory		Swing	+7.2

• Lowther was not present for the election, as he was in France ^[42]

General election 1835: York (2 seats) ^{[42] [52]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	John Lowther	1,499	40.3	−5.7
	Whig	John Dundas	1,301	35.0	+0.8
	Whig	Charles Francis Barkley [53]	919	24.7	+4.9
Turnout			2,546	88.1	−4.2
Registered electors			2,890
Majority			198	5.3	−0.5
	Conservative hold		Swing	−5.7
Majority			382	10.3	+2.0
	Whig hold		Swing	+1.8

General election 1837: York (2 seats) ^{[42] [52]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	John Lowther	1,461	37.3	+17.2
	Whig	John Dundas	1,276	32.6	−27.1
	Conservative	David Francis Atcherley	1,180	30.1	+10.0
Turnout			2,468	87.2	−0.9
Registered electors			2,829
Majority			185	4.7	−0.6
	Conservative hold		Swing	+15.4
Majority			96	2.5	−7.8
	Whig hold		Swing	−27.2

Elections in the 1840s

General election 1841: York (2 seats) ^{[52] [42]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	John Lowther	1,625	35.1	−2.2
	Whig	Henry Redhead Yorke	1,552	33.5	+0.9
	Conservative	David Francis Atcherley [54]	1,456	31.4	+1.3
Turnout			2,993	85.3	−1.9
Registered electors			3,507
Majority			73	1.6	−3.1
	Conservative hold		Swing	−1.3
Majority			96	2.1	−0.4
	Whig hold		Swing	+0.9

General election 1847: York (2 seats) ^[52]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	John George Smyth	Unopposed
	Whig	Henry Redhead Yorke	Unopposed
Registered electors			4,047
	Conservative hold
	Whig hold

Yorke's death caused a by-election.

By-election, 24 May 1848: York ^[52]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	William Milner	1,505	62.1	N/A
	Chartist	Henry Vincent	860	35.5	New
	Radical	Charles Wilkins [55] [56]	57	2.4	N/A
Majority			645	26.6	N/A
Turnout			2,422	58.0	N/A
Registered electors			4,178
	Whig hold		Swing	N/A

Elections in the 1850s

General election 1852: York (2 seats) ^[52]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	John George Smyth	1,870	40.8	N/A
	Whig	William Milner	1,831	39.9	N/A
	Chartist	Henry Vincent [57]	886	19.3	N/A
Turnout			2,294 (est)	55.5 (est)	N/A
Registered electors			4,133
Majority			39	0.9	N/A
	Conservative hold		Swing	N/A
Majority			945	20.6	N/A
	Whig hold		Swing	N/A

General election 1857: York (2 seats) ^[52]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Whig	Joshua Westhead	1,548	37.9	−2.0
	Conservative	John George Smyth	1,530	37.5	−3.3
	Radical	Malcolm Lewin [58] [59]	1,006	24.6	+5.3
Turnout			2,042 (est)	48.2 (est)	−7.3
Registered electors			4,236
Majority			18	0.4	−20.2
	Whig hold		Swing	+0.7
Majority			524	12.9	+12.0
	Conservative hold		Swing	−0.7

General election 1859: York (2 seats) ^[52]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Joshua Westhead	1,875	34.8	−3.1
	Conservative	John George Smyth	1,805	33.5	−4.0
	Liberal	Austen Henry Layard [60]	1,706	31.7	+7.1
Turnout			2,693 (est)	61.8 (est)	+13.6
Registered electors			4,355
Majority			70	1.3	+0.9
	Liberal hold		Swing	−0.6
Majority			99	1.8	−11.6
	Conservative hold		Swing	−4.0

Elections in the 1860s

General election 1865: York (2 seats) ^[52]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	James Lowther	2,079	36.3	+2.8
	Liberal	George Leeman	1,854	32.4	+0.7
	Liberal	Joshua Westhead	1,792	31.3	−3.5
Majority			225	3.9	+2.1
Turnout			3,902 (est)	91.2 (est)	+29.4
Registered electors			4,277
	Conservative hold		Swing	+2.8
	Liberal hold		Swing	−0.4

General election 1868: York (2 seats) ^[52]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	James Lowther	3,735	37.2	+0.9
	Liberal	Joshua Westhead	3,279	32.6	+1.3
	Liberal	John Hall Gladstone [61]	3,038	30.2	−2.2
Majority			456	4.6	+0.7
Turnout			6,894 (est)	75.9 (est)	−15.3
Registered electors			9,088
	Conservative hold		Swing	+0.7
	Liberal hold		Swing	+0.4

Elections in the 1870s

Westhead resigned, causing a by-election.

By-election, 14 February 1871: York (1 seat) ^[52]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	George Leeman	Unopposed
	Liberal hold

General election 1874: York (2 seats) ^[52]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	George Leeman	3,880	38.5	−24.3
	Conservative	James Lowther	3,371	33.4	+14.8
	Conservative	Lewis Payn Dawnay	2,830	28.1	+9.5
Majority			509	5.1	N/A
Turnout			6,981 (est)	71.6 (est)	−4.3
Registered electors			9,744
	Liberal hold		Swing	−18.2
	Conservative hold		Swing	+13.5

Lowther was appointed Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, requiring a by-election.

By-election, 20 February 1878: York (1 seat) ^[52]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	James Lowther	Unopposed
	Conservative hold

Elections in the 1880s

General election 1880: York (2 seats) ^[52]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Ralph Creyke	4,505	35.0	+15.7
	Liberal	Joseph Johnson Leeman	4,413	34.3	+15.0
	Conservative	James Lowther	3,959	30.7	−30.8
Majority			546	4.3	N/A
Turnout			8,465 (est)	77.2 (est)	+5.6
Registered electors			10,971
	Liberal hold		Swing	+15.6
	Liberal gain from Conservative		Swing	+15.2

Leeman's death caused a by-election.

By-election, 23 November 1883: York (1 seat) ^[52]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Frederick Milner	3,948	50.1	+19.4
	Liberal	Frank Lockwood	3,927	49.9	−19.4
Majority			21	0.2	N/A
Turnout			7,875	69.1	−8.1 (est)
Registered electors			11,395
	Conservative gain from Liberal		Swing	+19.4

Lockwood

General election 1885: York (2 seats) ^{[62] [63] [64]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Alfred Pease	5,353	27.3	−7.7
	Liberal	Frank Lockwood	5,260	26.9	−7.4
	Conservative	Frederick Milner	4,590	23.4	−7.3
	Conservative	James Legard	4,377	22.4	N/A
Majority			670	3.5	+0.0
Turnout			9,849	79.3	+2.1 (est)
Registered electors			12,415
	Liberal hold		Swing	−2.0
	Liberal hold		Swing	−1.9

General election 1886: York (2 seats) ^{[62] [63]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Alfred Pease	4,816	26.4	−0.9
	Liberal	Frank Lockwood	4,810	26.3	−0.6
	Conservative	James Legard	4,352	23.8	+1.4
	Liberal Unionist	John Charles Dundas [65]	4,295	23.5	+1.1
Majority			458	2.5	−1.0
Turnout			9,213	74.2	−5.1
Registered electors			12,415
	Liberal hold		Swing	−2.2
	Liberal hold		Swing	−0.9

Elections in the 1890s

General election 1892: York (2 seats) ^{[62] [63] [66]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	John Butcher	5,076	34.0	+10.2
	Liberal	Frank Lockwood	5,030	33.6	+7.3
	Liberal	Alfred Pease	4,846	32.4	+6.0
Majority			230	1.6	N/A
Turnout			9,906	90.0	+15.8
Registered electors			11,005
	Conservative gain from Liberal		Swing	+2.1
	Liberal hold		Swing	N/A

Lockwood was appointed Solicitor General for England and Wales, requiring a by-election.

By-election, 14 November 1894: York (1 seat) ^[62]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Frank Lockwood	Unopposed
	Liberal hold

General election 1895: York (2 seats) ^{[62] [63] [67]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	John Butcher	5,516	34.4	+0.4
	Liberal	Frank Lockwood	5,309	33.1	−0.5
	Liberal	Alfred Pease	5,214	32.5	+0.1
Majority			302	1.9	+0.3
Turnout			10,701	90.6	+0.6
Registered electors			11,807
	Conservative hold		Swing	+0.2
	Liberal hold		Swing	N/A

Lockwood's death caused a by-election.

Furness

By-election, 13 January 1898: York (1 seat) ^[63]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Charles Beresford	5,643	50.0	+15.6
	Liberal	Christopher Furness	5,643	50.0	−15.6
Majority			0	0.0	−1.9
Turnout			11,286	92.8	+2.2
Registered electors			12,157
	Conservative hold		Swing	+15.6

This result was subject to a recount, with the original result putting Beresford on 5,659 votes, and Furness with 5,648 votes. The recount then led to the above result. 17 ballot papers were reserved for judgement, of which 12 were in favour of Beresford. Beresford was told he was able to substantiate 11 ballot papers, while Furness was given an estimate of four, leading to Beresford being declared MP.

Elections in the 1900s

1900 York by-election ^{[62] [68]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Denison Faber	6,248	56.5	+22.1
	Liberal	Alexander Murray	4,818	43.5	−22.1
Majority			1,430	13.0	+11.1
Turnout			11,066	88.0	−2.6
Registered electors			12,582
	Conservative hold		Swing	+22.1

General election 1900: York (2 seats) ^{[63] [67]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Denison Faber	Unopposed
	Conservative	John Butcher	Unopposed
	Conservative hold
	Conservative hold

Stuart

General election 1906: York (2 seats) ^{[62] [63]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Hamar Greenwood	6,413	27.7	N/A
	Conservative	Denison Faber	6,108	26.3	N/A
	Conservative	John Butcher	6,094	26.3	N/A
	Labour Repr. Cmte.	George Stuart	4,573	19.7	New
Turnout			23,188	93.0	N/A
Registered electors			13,864
Majority			319	1.4	N/A
	Liberal gain from Conservative		Swing	N/A
Majority			1,535	6.6	N/A
	Conservative hold		Swing	N/A

Elections in the 1910s

Greenwood

General election January 1910: York (2 seats) ^{[62] [69]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	Arnold Rowntree	6,751	25.4	+11.5 [n 1]
	Conservative	John Butcher	6,741	25.3	−1.0
	Liberal	Hamar Greenwood	6,632	24.9	+11.0 [n 1]
	Conservative	HH Riley-Smith	6,495	24.4	−1.9
Turnout			26,619	95.3	+2.3
Registered electors			14,065
Majority			256	11.0	+10.6
	Liberal hold		Swing	+6.3
Majority			109	0.4	−6.2
	Conservative hold		Swing	−6.0

Rowntree

General election December 1910: York (2 seats) ^{[62] [69]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	John Butcher	Unopposed
	Liberal	Arnold Rowntree	Unopposed
	Conservative hold
	Liberal hold

General Election 1914–15:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;

• Unionist: John Butcher
• Liberal: Arnold Rowntree
• Labour: Henry Slesser
• Representation reduced to one

Butcher

General election 1918: York ^[70]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
C	Unionist	John Butcher	16,269	61.5	N/A
	Liberal	Arnold Rowntree	5,363	20.3	N/A
	Labour	Harry Gill	4,822	18.2	New
Majority			10,906	41.2	N/A
Turnout			26,454	69.0	N/A
	Unionist hold		Swing	N/A
Cindicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government.

Elections in the 1920s

General election 1922: York ^[70]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Unionist	John Butcher	15,163	44.5	−17.0
	Labour	Harry Gill	10,106	29.6	+11.4
	Liberal	Elliott Dodds	8,838	25.9	+5.6
Majority			5,057	14.9	−26.3
Turnout			34,107	85.8	+16.8
	Unionist hold		Swing

General election 1923: York ^[70]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Unionist	John Marriott	14,772	43.4	−1.1
	Labour	Joseph King	11,626	34.2	+4.6
	Liberal	Elliott Dodds	7,638	22.4	−3.5
Majority			3,146	9.2	−5.7
Turnout			34,036	82.8	−3.0
	Unionist hold		Swing

General election 1924: York ^[70]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Unionist	John Marriott	19,914	56.2	+12.8
	Labour	David Adams	15,500	43.8	+9.6
Majority			4,414	12.4	+3.2
Turnout			35,414	84.8	+2.0
	Unionist hold		Swing	+1.6

General election 1929: York ^[70]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Frederick Burgess	20,663	45.0	+1.2
	Unionist	John Marriott	17,363	37.8	−18.4
	Liberal	Douglas Crockatt	7,907	17.2	New
Majority			3,300	7.2	N/A
Turnout			45,933	85.1	+0.3
	Labour gain from Unionist		Swing	+9.8

Elections in the 1930s

General election 1931: York

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Roger Lumley	30,216	64.94
	Labour	Frederick Burgess	16,310	35.06
Majority			13,906	29.88	N/A
Turnout			46,526	85.98
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing

General election 1935: York

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Roger Lumley	25,442	57.03
	Labour	Robert Fraser	19,168	42.97
Majority			6,274	14.06
Turnout			44,610	82.50
	Conservative hold		Swing

1937 York by-election

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Charles Wood	22,045	55.07	−1.96
	Labour	John Dugdale	17,986	44.93	+1.96
Majority			4,059	10.14	−3.92
Turnout			40,031
	Conservative hold		Swing

Election in the 1940s

General election 1945: York

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	John Corlett	22,021	49.85
	Conservative	Lord Irwin	17,949	40.63
	Liberal	Gilbert Henry Keighley-Bell	4,208	9.53	New
Majority			4,072	9.22	N/A
Turnout			44,178	76.23
	Labour gain from Conservative		Swing

Elections in the 1950s

General election 1950: York

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Harry Hylton-Foster	29,421	46.31
	Labour	Haydn Davies	29,344	46.19
	Liberal	Howard Snow Clay	4,760	7.49
Majority			77	0.12	N/A
Turnout			63,525	87.59
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing

General election 1951:York

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Harry Hylton-Foster	32,777	50.71
	Labour	Thomas Skeffington-Lodge	31,856	49.29
Majority			921	1.42
Turnout			64,633	86.37
	Conservative hold		Swing

General election 1955:York

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Harry Hylton-Foster	31,402	50.89
	Labour	Thomas McKitterick	30,298	49.11
Majority			1,104	1.78
Turnout			61,700	83.55
	Conservative hold		Swing

General election 1959: York

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Charles Longbottom	33,099	53.28
	Labour	Douglas Poirier	29,025	46.72
Majority			4,074	6.56
Turnout			62,124	84.27
	Conservative hold		Swing

Elections in the 1960s

General election 1964: York

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Charles Longbottom	26,521	44.56
	Labour	Alex Lyon	25,428	42.73
	Liberal	Denis T. Lloyd	7,565	12.71	New
Majority			1,093	1.83
Turnout			51,949	82.98
	Conservative hold		Swing

General election 1966: York

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Alex Lyon	32,167	55.24
	Conservative	Charles Longbottom	26,067	44.76
Majority			6,100	10.48	N/A
Turnout			58,234	82.68
	Labour gain from Conservative		Swing

Elections in the 1970s

General election 1970: York

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Alex Lyon	29,619	51.93
	Conservative	Bryan Askew	27,422	48.07
Majority			2,197	3.84
Turnout			57,041	76.25
	Labour hold		Swing

General election February 1974: York

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Alex Lyon	25,674	40.55
	Conservative	John Watson	24,843	39.24
	Liberal	Steve Galloway	12,793	20.21	New
Majority			831	1.31
Turnout			63,310	82.75
	Labour hold		Swing

General election October 1974: York

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Alex Lyon	26,983	46.42
	Conservative	John Watson	23,294	40.08
	Liberal	Elizabeth Graham	7,370	12.68
	More Prosperous Britain	Harold Smith	304	0.52	New
	Protest Party	H.L. Stratton	171	0.29	New
Majority			3,689	6.34
Turnout			58,122	75.31
	Labour hold		Swing

General election 1979: York

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Alex Lyon	26,703	44.73
	Conservative	E.D.M. Tod	25,453	42.64
	Liberal	M. Pemberton	6,752	11.31
	Christian Stop Abortion	F.C.J. Radcliffe	569	0.95	New
	National Front	P.A. Spink	221	0.37	New
Majority			1,250	2.09
Turnout			59,698	77.70
	Labour hold		Swing

Elections in the 1980s

General election 1983: York ^[71]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Conal Gregory	24,309	41.31
	Labour	Alex Lyon	20,662	35.11
	SDP	Vince Cable	13,523	22.98
	Independent	Anthony J. Lister	204	0.35	New
	BNP	Thomas G. Brattan	148	0.25	New
Majority			3,647	6.20	N/A
Turnout			58,846	75.14
	Conservative gain from Labour		Swing

General election 1987: York ^[72]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Conservative	Conal Gregory	25,880	41.64	+0.33
	Labour	Hugh Bayley	25,733	41.41	+6.29
	SDP	Vince Cable	9,898	15.93	−7.05
	Green	Alan Dunnett	637	1.02	New
Majority			147	0.23	−5.97
Turnout			62,148	78.37	+3.23
	Conservative hold		Swing	−2.98

Elections in the 1990s

General election 1992: York ^{[73] [74]}

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Hugh Bayley	31,525	49.1	+7.7
	Conservative	Conal Gregory	25,183	39.2	−2.4
	Liberal Democrats	Karen Anderson	6,811	10.6	−5.3
	Green	Stephen Kenwright	594	0.9	−0.1
	Natural Law	Pamela Orr	54	0.1	New
Majority			6,342	9.9	N/A
Turnout			64,167	81.0	+2.6
	Labour gain from Conservative		Swing	+5.1

General election 1997: York ^[75]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Hugh Bayley	34,956	59.9	+10.8
	Conservative	Simon Mallett	14,433	24.7	−14.5
	Liberal Democrats	Andrew Waller	6,537	11.2	+0.6
	Referendum	Jonathan Sheppard	1,083	1.9	New
	Green	Mark Hill	880	1.5	+0.6
	UKIP	Eric Wegener	319	0.6	New
	Independent	Andrew Lightfoot	137	0.2	New
Majority			20,523	35.2	+25.3
Turnout			58,355	73.2	-7.8
	Labour hold		Swing	+12.6

Elections in the 2000s

General election 2001: City of York ^[76]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Hugh Bayley	25,072	52.3	−7.6
	Conservative	Michael McIntyre	11,293	23.5	−1.2
	Liberal Democrats	Andrew Waller	8,519	17.8	+6.6
	Green	Bill Shaw	1,465	3.1	+1.6
	Socialist Alliance	Frank Ormston	674	1.4	New
	UKIP	Richard Bate	576	1.2	+0.6
	Monster Raving Loony	Eddie Vee	381	0.8	New
Majority			13,779	28.8	-6.4
Turnout			47,980	59.0	−14.2
	Labour hold		Swing	−3.2

General election 2005: City of York ^[77]

Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Labour	Hugh Bayley	21,836	46.9	−5.4
	Conservative	Clive Booth	11,364	24.4	+0.9
	Liberal Democrats	Andrew Waller	10,166	21.8	+4.0
	Green	Andy D'Agorne	2,113	4.5	+1.4
	UKIP	Richard Jackson	832	1.8	+0.6
	Independent	Ken Curran	121	0.3	New
	Death, Dungeons and Taxes Party	Damien Fleck	93	0.2	New
	Independent	Andrew Hinkles	72	0.2	New
Majority			10,472	22.5	−6.3
Turnout			46,597	61.7	+2.7
	Labour hold		Swing	−3.2

See also

• List of parliamentary constituencies in North Yorkshire

Notes

1. Calculated from half of Liberal vote in 1906

Sources

• Corbett, Uvedale (1826). An inquiry into the elective franchise of the freeholders of, and the rights of election for, the corporate countries in England and Wales ... London: J. & W. T. Clarke.
• Tillott, P. M., ed. (1961). A History of the County of York: the City of York. London: Victoria County Histories. Retrieved 1 August 2023– via British History Online.

References

1. Boundary commissioners (20 January 1832). "York". Reports from Commissioners on proposed division of counties and boundaries of boroughs; Vol. 4 part 2. Sessional papers. Vol. HC 1831-2 xl (357) 1. pp. 171–173 and map facing p. 171.
2. 1831 Census Vol. II p.756
3. Corbett (1826) p. 389
4. Tillott (1961) "The Liberty of the City" pp. 313-315
5. Corbett (1826) pp. 377, 381–2, 385–8
6. Corbett (1826) pp. 1, 19–21, 391–4
7. Corbett (1826) p. 39
8. 2 & 3 Will. 4 c. 64 Schedule (O.) no. 40
9. 1881 Census Vol. I p.430
10. Tillott (1961) "The Modern Boundaries" pp. 320-321
11. 48 & 49 Vict. c. 23, s. 7 and Fifth Schedule
12. 1891 census (C.6948) Vol. I p.397 (1893)
13. 7 & 8 Geo. 5 c. 64 Ninth Schedule Part I (2)
14. 1921 Census; County of Yorkshire; p. 43
15. GB Historical GIS. "York MB/CB through time | Population Statistics | Area (acres)". A Vision of Britain through Time. University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
16. Tillott (1961) "The Castle and the Old Baile" p. 528
17. S.I. 1960/455 made under the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949
18. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (1971). "Table U1: Parliamentary electors on the February 1969 Register, with number of votes cast at by-elections held thereon". The Registrar General's statistical review of England and Wales; Part 2: Tables, Population. 1969. London: H.M.S.O. p. 96.
19. Dennis Vosper, Joint Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department (17 February 1960). "Representation Of The People". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . Vol. 617. United Kingdom: Commons. col. 1308.
20. S.I. 1970/164 made under the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949
21. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (1971). "Table U1: Parliamentary electors on the February 1973 Register, with number of votes cast at by-elections held thereon". The Registrar General's statistical review of England and Wales; Part 2: Tables, Population. 1973. London: H.M.S.O. p. 106.
22. S.I. 1983/417 made under the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949
23. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (1986). "Table 1.5". Electoral Statistics: parliamentary and local government electors in constituencies and local government areas of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (EL 13). HMSO: 16.
24. S.I. 1995/1626 made under the Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986
25. The North Yorkshire (District of York) (Structural and Boundary Changes) Order 1995 S.I. 1995/610
26. "The History of Parliament Trust -Constituencies (York)" . Retrieved 2 July 2021.
27. "Media Guide to the New Parliamentary Constituencies", BBC/ITN/PA News/Sky, 1995, p. 268.
28. Drake, Francis (1788). History and Antiquities of the city of York . Retrieved 29 December 2011.
29. "1386-1421". History of Parliament. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
30. "BOWES, William (d.1439), of York". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
31. "RUSSELL, Richard I (d.1435), of York". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
32. "RUSSELL, Richard I (d.1435), of York". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
33. "ORMSHEAD, William (d.1437), of York". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
34. "ORMSHEAD, William (d.1437), of York". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
35. "NELSON, William (by 1462-1525), of York and Riccall, Yorks". History of Parliament. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
36. "1509-1558 - York". History of Parliament. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
37. "1558-1603 - York". History of Parliament. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
38. Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "Y"
39. Thompson died in 1683, but no election had been held to fill the vacancy before a new Parliament was summoned in 1685
40. Changed his name to George Fox-Lane during the 1747-1754 Parliament
41. Created a baronet as Sir Charles Turner, May 1782
42. Stooks Smith, Henry (1845). The Parliaments of England, from 1st George I to the Present Time. Vol II: Oxfordshire to Wales Inclusive. London: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. pp. 172–174.
43. "North-Riding Election". Yorkshire Gazette. 14 March 1857. pp. 7–8. Retrieved 19 August 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
44. Mosse, Richard Bartholomew (1838). The Parliamentary Guide: a concise history of the Members of both Houses, etc. pp. 157, 218. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
45. "Evening Mail, from Wednesday, June 23, to Friday, June 25, 1841". Evening Mail. 25 June 1841. p. 6. Retrieved 29 November 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
46. "York (City)". Bell's Weekly Messenger. 31 July 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 28 July 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
47. "General Election, 1841". Morning Post. 29 June 1841. pp. 2–4. Retrieved 28 July 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
48. "The Pilot". 24 May 1848. p. 2. Retrieved 28 July 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
49. "York City Election". Bucks Chronicle and Bucks Gazette. 27 May 1848. p. 2. Retrieved 28 July 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
50. "Derry Journal". 31 May 1848. p. 1. Retrieved 28 July 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
51. Casey, Martin. "York". The History of Parliament. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
52. Craig, FWS, ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. pp. 346–347. ISBN   978-1-349-02349-3.
53. "Representation of the City of York" . York Herald. 3 January 1835. p. 3. Retrieved 30 April 2020– via British Newspaper Archive.
54. "York City Election". Yorkshire Gazette. 3 July 1841. pp. 2–3. Retrieved 10 February 2019– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
55. "The York Election". Yorkshire Gazette. 27 May 1848. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 10 February 2019– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
56. "York City Election". Globe. 23 May 1848. p. 2. Retrieved 10 February 2019– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
57. "York (City)". Evening Mail. 2 July 1852. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 29 July 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
58. "York City Election". Yorkshire Gazette. 28 March 1857. p. 5. Retrieved 29 July 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
59. "York Election". Newcastle Guardian and Tyne Mercury. 28 March 1857. p. 8. Retrieved 29 July 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
60. "York City Election". Yorkshire Gazette. 30 April 1859. p. 13. Retrieved 29 July 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
61. "York". Bradford Daily Telegraph. 17 November 1868. p. 3. Retrieved 24 March 2018– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
62. Craig, FWS, ed. (1974). British Parliamentary Election Results: 1885-1918. London: Macmillan Press. p. 216. ISBN   9781349022984.
63. The Liberal Year Book, 1907
64. Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1886
65. "York City Election". Yorkshire Gazette. 3 July 1886. p. 5. Retrieved 15 December 2017– via British Newspaper Archive.(subscription required)
66. Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1896
67. Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901
68. "Election intelligence". The Times. No. 36059. London. 7 February 1900. p. 11.
69. Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916
70. British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig
71. "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
72. "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
73. "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
74. "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
75. "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
76. "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
77. "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.