1412

June 28: The declaration of the Compromise of Caspe is read aloud, proclaiming Ferdinand to be the King of Aragon, ending a two-year dispute.

1412 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1412 MCDXII
Ab urbe condita	2165
Armenian calendar	861 ԹՎ ՊԿԱ
Assyrian calendar	6162
Balinese saka calendar	1333–1334
Bengali calendar	818–819
Berber calendar	2362
English Regnal year	13  Hen. 4  – 14  Hen. 4
Buddhist calendar	1956
Burmese calendar	774
Byzantine calendar	6920–6921
Chinese calendar	辛卯年 (Metal  Rabbit) 4109 or 3902     — to — 壬辰年 (Water  Dragon) 4110 or 3903
Coptic calendar	1128–1129
Discordian calendar	2578
Ethiopian calendar	1404–1405
Hebrew calendar	5172–5173
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1468–1469
- Shaka Samvat	1333–1334
- Kali Yuga	4512–4513
Holocene calendar	11412
Igbo calendar	412–413
Iranian calendar	790–791
Islamic calendar	814–815
Japanese calendar	Ōei 19 (応永１９年)
Javanese calendar	1326–1327
Julian calendar	1412 MCDXII
Korean calendar	3745
Minguo calendar	500 before ROC 民前500年
Nanakshahi calendar	−56
Thai solar calendar	1954–1955
Tibetan calendar	ལྕགས་མོ་ཡོས་ལོ་ (female Iron-Hare) 1538 or 1157 or 385     — to — ཆུ་ཕོ་འབྲུག་ལོ་ (male Water-Dragon) 1539 or 1158 or 386

Year 1412 ( MCDXII ) was a leap year starting on Friday on the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

• January 16 – The Medici Family are made official bankers of the Papacy.
• January 25 – Ernest, Duke of Austria, marries Cymburgis of Masovia.
• January 29 – The "Mining Code" (Zakon o Rudnishma) is enacted in Serbia by the Despot Stefan Lazarević to regulate the extraction of minerals. ^[1]
• February 15 – The Alcañiz Concord is reached in the Spanish Aragonese city of Alcañiz to have a group of nine delegates choose an undisputed King of Aragon.
• February 27 – Battle of Morvedre: In the Spanish Kingdom of Valencia, supporters of Ferdinand of Antequera defeat those of James II, Count of Urgell. ^[2]
• February 28 – The University of St Andrews in Scotland is granted a charter of privilege by the local bishop. ^[3]
• March 29 – Compromise of Caspe: Nine delegates are chosen in Spain in the town of Caspe to arrive at an agreement to resolve the question of which of six relatives of the late King Martin on May 31, 1410. should be the new King of Aragon.

April–June

• April 12 – Albert V, son of the former King of Sweden, Duke Albert IV, becomes the Duke of Mecklenburg (now part of Germany upon the death of his father.
• May 7 – In Cairo, Abu’l-Faḍl Abbas Al-Musta'in, the Caliph of Cairo, is installed by rebels as the new Sultan of Egypt as a temporary replacement for his father, the Sultan An-Nasir Faraj. ^[4] Al-Musta'in serves as the puppet ruler for six months before he returns to full time duty as the Caliph.
• May 16 – Gian Maria Visconti, the Duke of Milan since 1402, is assassinated in front of the church of San Gottardo in Milan by a party of Milanese Ghibellines on the orders of his terminally ill rival, Facino Cane. Visconti is stabbed in the leg and then in his head. ^[5] Filippo Maria Visconti, Gian Maria's son, becomes the new Duke of Milan.
• May 18 – The Treaty of Bourges is signed between King Henry IV of England and Charles, Duke of Orléans, as the Armagnacs offer England full sovereignty over Aquitaine and Gascony in return for 4,000 troops and military aid against the Burgundians and John the Fearless. ^[6]
• May 23 – An-Nasir Faraj, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria, is stabbed to death in Damascus after surrendering to the Emirs of Syria. Nawruz al-Hafizi becomes ruler of the Syrian provinces and Faraj's son Al-Musta'in is confirmed as ruler of the Egyptian territory. ^[7]
• June 14 – The Antipope John XXIII signs an agreement with King Ladislaus of Naples, paying him 75,000 florins (262.5 kg or 9,375 oz. of gold), investing Ladislaus with the Neapolitan crown, and naming him as Gonfalonier of the Church within the Papal States. In return, King Ladislaus agrees to expel Pope Benedict XII from Naples and to recognize John as the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. ^[8]
• June 24 – Compromise of Caspe: By a vote of nine delegates (three each from the Kingdom of Aragon, the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia), Ferdinand of Antequera is selected as the new King of Aragon and King of Sicily, after a two year succession crisis that arose from 1410 death of King Martin. ^[9]
• June 28 – As the Compromise of Carpe is read aloud by Friar Vicent Ferrer before a crowd, Ferdinand I is proclaimed as the King of Aragon by the deleagates at Caspe. ^[10]

July–September

• July 24 – Behnam Hadloyo becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin. ^[11]
• August 14 – The Peace of Auxerre is signed between the Duchy of Burgundy and the Armagnacs, betrothing Philip, Count of Vertus, younger brother of the late Louis I, Duke of Orléans to marry Catherine of Burgundy, the daughter of John the Fearless. The marriage never takes place.
• August 24 – The Battle of Motta is fought when the Republic of Venice is forced to defend an invasion by an invading army of Hungarians, Germans and Croats.Townsend, George Henry (1862). The manual of dates. London. The invading force suffers a heavy defeat, losing 1,300 killed and 400 others captured. ^{[12] [13]}
• September 3 – King Ferdinand I of Aragon is declared Count of Barcelona.

October–December

• October 5 – (29th day of 8th month Ōei 19) Emperor Go-Komatsu abdicates, and Emperor Shoko accedes to the throne of Japan.
• October 28 – Eric of Pomerania becomes sole ruler of the Kalmar Union (Sweden, Denmark and Norway), upon the death of Queen Margaret. ^[14]
• November 6 – The rebel Emir Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh becomes the new Mamluk Sultan of Egypt by forcing the reigning Sultan Al-Musta'in, to abdicate. Shaykh allows Al-Musta'in to continue as Caliph of Cairo. ^[7]
• November 8 – (5th waxing of Nadaw 774 ME) Ava–Hanthawaddy War: In what is now Myanmar, King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy leads the invasion of the city of Prome with 4,000 troops. ^[15]
• December 1 – King Henry IV of England issues a summons of the English Parliament for his final time, directing the members of Commons and the House of Lords to asemble on February 3.
• December 18 – China's Emperor Cheng Zu orders the fourth of the Ming treasure voyages, to be led by Admiral Zheng He. ^[16]
• December – Battle of Chalagan: The Kara Koyunlu Turkomans defeat the Georgians under Constantine I of Georgia, and their ally Ibrahim I of Shirvan.

Date unknown

• The first mention is made of Wallachian knights competing in a jousting tournament, in Buda.
• John II of Castile declares the Valladolid laws, that restrict the social rights of Jews. Among many other restrictions, the laws force Jews to wear distinctive clothes, and deny them administrative positions.
• Years after its publication in the 14th century, the Ming Dynasty Chinese artillery officer Jiao Yu adds the preface to his classic book on gunpowder warfare, the Huolongjing .

• The Black Death sweeps England for a final time, in a 60-year period.

Births

• January 6 – Joan of Arc, French soldier and saint (tradition holds that she was born on the Feast of the Epiphany, but there is no documentary evidence) (d. 1431)
• January 26 – William IV, Lord of Egmont, IJsselstein, Schoonderwoerd and Haastrecht and Stadtholder of Guelders (d. 1483)
• April 22 – Reinhard III, Count of Hanau (1451–1452) (d. 1452)
• June 5 – Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua (d. 1478)
• August 22 – Frederick II, Elector of Saxony and Margrave of Meissen (1428–1464) and Landgrave of Thuringia (1440–1445) (d. 1464)
• November 17 – Zanobi Strozzi, Italian painter (d. 1468)
• December 8 – Astorre II Manfredi, Italian noble (d. 1468)

Deaths

• March – Albrekt of Mecklenburg, king of Sweden 1364 – 1389 (b. 1336)
• April 2 – Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, Castilian traveller and writer
• May 16 – Gian Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan
• August 6 – Margherita of Durazzo, Queen consort of Charles III of Naples (b. 1347)
• September 14 – Ingegerd Knutsdotter, Swedish abbess (b. 1356)
• October 28 – Margaret I of Denmark, queen regnant of Denmark of Norway since 1387 and of Sweden since 1389 (b. 1353) ^[17]
• date unknown– Ignatius Abraham bar Garib, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Mardin ^[18]
• date unknown– Jalal ad-Din khan, khan of the Golden Horde

References

1. Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 507, 569. ISBN   0-472-08260-4.
2. El libro de la provincia de Castellón
3. "Mediaeval university" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
4. Holt, Peter Malcolm (1993). "Al-Musta'in (II)". The Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition . Vol. VII (Mif – Naz) (2nd ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 723. ISBN   978-90-04-09419-2.
5. Giulini, Giorgio (1856). Francesco Colombo (ed.). Continuazione delle memorie spettanti alla storia, al governo, ed alla descrizione della Città e della campagna di Milano nei Secoli Bassi. Vol. VI. Milan: Massimo Fabi. pp. 151–152.
6. Green, David (2014). The Hundred Years War: a people's history. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 44. ISBN   978-0-300-13451-3. OCLC   876466903.
7. Muir, William (1896). The Mameluke; or, Slave dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517, A. D. Smith, Elder and Co.
8. Kiesewetter, A. "LADISLAO d'Angiò Durazzo, re di Sicilia". Dizionario Enciclopedico degli Italiani. Enciclopedia Italiana . Retrieved May 21, 2011.
9. Zurita, Jerome (1562). "87". Anales de la Corona de Aragón[Annals of the Crown of Aragon]. Vol. XI.
10. Bonneaud, Pierre (1999). "Le Rôle politique des ordres militaires dans la Couronne d'Aragón pendant l'interrègne de 1410 à 1412 à travers les Anales de Zurita". Aragón en la Edad Media. 14: 131–132.
11. Barsoum, Ephrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. p. 497.
12. von Studenitz, Carl W. (1833). Kriegsgeschichte. Berlin.
13. Rehm, Friedrich (1837). Handbuch der Geschichte des Mittelalters. Kassel.
14. Wakefield, Andrew. "Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (1353–1412). 2005". Prof. Pavlac's Women's History Resource Site. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
15. Maha Sithu (2012) [1798]. Myint Swe; Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing (eds.). Yazawin Thit (in Burmese). Vol. 1 (2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing. p. 239.Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 (2012) p.239
16. Duyvendak, J. J. L. (1939). "The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century". T'oung Pao. 34 (5): 373. doi:10.1163/156853238X00171. JSTOR   4527170.
17. Edward A. Thomas (1888). Comprehensive Dictionary of Biography: Containing Succinct Accounts of the Most Eminent Persons in All Ages, Countries, and Professions. Porter & Coates. p. 379.
18. Barsoum, Ephrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. p. 495.