1950 United States Senate elections

Last updated

1950 United States Senate elections
Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg
  1948 November 7, 1950 1952  
  1949 (NY)

36 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate [lower-alpha 1]
49 seats needed for a majority
 Majority partyMinority party
  ScottWikeLucas.jpg Ken Wherry crop.jpg
Leader Scott Lucas
(lost re-election)
Ken Wherry
Party Democratic Republican
Leader sinceJanuary 3, 1949January 3, 1949
Leader's seat Illinois Nebraska
Seats before5442
Seats after4947
Seat changeDecrease2.svg 5Increase2.svg 5
Popular vote16,374,99617,023,295
Percentage47.7%49.6%
Seats up2313
Races won1818

1950 United States Senate elections results map.svg
Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain     Democratic hold
     Republican gain     Republican hold
     No election
Rectangular inset (Conn., Id. & N. C.): both seats up for election

Majority Leader before election

Scott Lucas
Democratic

Elected Majority Leader

Ernest McFarland
Democratic

The 1950 United States Senate elections occurred in the middle of Harry S. Truman's second term as president. The 32 seats of Class 3 were contested in regular elections, and four special elections were held to fill vacancies. As with most 20th-century second-term midterms, the party not holding the presidency made significant gains. The Republican opposition made a net gain of five seats, taking advantage of the Democratic administration's declining popularity during the Cold War and the aftermath of the Recession of 1949. The Democrats held a narrow 49-to-47-seat majority after the election. This was the first time since 1932 that the Senate majority leader lost his seat, and the only instance of the majority leader losing his seat while his party retained the majority.

Contents

Results summary

4947
DemocraticRepublican

Colored shading indicates party with largest share of that row.

PartiesTotal
DemocraticRepublicanOther
Last elections (1948)
Before these elections
5442096
Not up312960
Up231336
Class 3 (1944→1950)201232
Special: Class 1202
Special: Class 2112
Incumbent retired3 [lower-alpha 2] 14
Held by same party213
Replaced by other partyDecrease2.svg1 Democrat replaced by Increase2.svg1 Republican1
Result2204
Incumbent ran201232
Won re-election121022
Lost re-electionDecrease2.svg1 Republican replaced by Increase2.svg1 Democrat
Decrease2.svg4 Democrats replaced by Increase2.svg4 Republicans
5
Lost renomination
but held by same party
314
Lost renomination
and party lost
Decrease2.svg1 Democrat replaced by Increase2.svg1 Republican1
Result1616032
Total elected1818036
Net changeDecrease2.svg5Increase2.svg5Steady2.svg5
Nationwide vote16,374,99617,023,295946,94534,345,236
Share47.68%49.57%2.76%100%
Result4947096

Source: Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives [1]

Ticket to a victory dinner for Richard Nixon at the Wm. Penn Hotel Nixon victory dinner ticket.jpg
Ticket to a victory dinner for Richard Nixon at the Wm. Penn Hotel

Gains, losses, and holds

Retirements

One Republican and three Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election.

StateSenatorReplaced by
California Sheridan Downey Richard Nixon
Kansas Harry Darby Frank Carlson
Kentucky Garrett Withers Earle Clements
Rhode Island Edward L. Leahy John Pastore

Defeats

Two Republicans and eight Democrats sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election.

StateSenatorReplaced by
Florida Claude Pepper George Smathers
Idaho Glen H. Taylor Herman Welker
Illinois Scott Lucas Everett Dirksen
Maryland Millard Tydings John Marshall Butler
Missouri Forrest C. Donnell Thomas C. Hennings Jr.
North Carolina (special) Frank Porter Graham Willis Smith
Oklahoma Elmer Thomas Mike Monroney
Pennsylvania Francis J. Myers James H. Duff
South Dakota Chan Gurney Francis Case
Utah Elbert D. Thomas Wallace F. Bennett

Post election changes

StateSenatorReplaced by
Connecticut Brien McMahon William A. Purtell
Kentucky Virgil Chapman Thomas R. Underwood
Michigan Arthur Vandenberg Blair Moody
Nebraska Kenneth S. Wherry Fred A. Seaton

Change in composition

Before the elections

 D1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8
D18D17D16D15D14D13D12D11D10D9
D19D20D21D22D23D24D25D26D27D28
D38
Fla.
Ran
D37
Conn. (sp)
Ran
D36
Conn. (reg)
Ran
D35
Calif.
Retired
D34
Ark.
Ran
D33
Ariz.
Ran
D32
Ala.
Ran
D31D30D29
D39
Ga.
Ran
D40
Ky. (reg)
Ky. (sp)

Resigned
D41
Idaho (reg)
Ran
D42
Ill.
Ran
D43
La.
Ran
D44
Md.
Ran
D45
Nev.
Ran
D46
N.Y.
Ran
D47
N.C. (reg)
Ran
D48
N.C. (sp)
Ran
Majority →D49
Okla.
Ran
R39
Ore.
Ran
R40
S.D.
Ran
R41
Vt.
Ran
R42
Wisc.
Ran
D54
Wash.
Ran
D53
Utah
Ran
D52
S.C.
Ran
D51
R.I. (sp)
Retired
D50
Pa.
Ran
R38
Ohio
Ran
R37
N.D.
Ran
R36
N.H.
Ran
R35
Mo.
Ran
R34
Kan. (reg)
Kan. (sp)

Retired
R33
Iowa
Ran
R32
Ind.
Ran
R31
Idaho (sp)
Ran
R30
Colo.
Ran
R29
R19R20R21R22R23R24R25R26R27R28
R18R17R16R15R14R13R12R11R10R9
R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8

Results of the elections

 D1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8
D18D17D16D15D14D13D12D11D10D9
D19D20D21D22D23D24D25D26D27D28
D38
Ga.
Re-elected
D37
Fla.
Hold
D36
Conn. (sp)
Elected [lower-alpha 3]
D35
Conn. (reg)
Re-elected
D34
Ark.
Re-elected
D33
Ariz.
Re-elected
D32
Ala.
Re-elected
D31D30D29
D39
Ky. (reg)
Ky. (sp)

Hold
D40
La.
Re-elected
D41
Nev.
Re-elected
D42
N.Y.
Re-elected
D43
N.C. (reg)
Re-elected
D44
N.C. (sp)
Hold
D45
Okla.
Hold
D46
R.I. (sp)
Hold
D47
S.C.
Re-elected
D48
Wash.
Re-elected
Majority →D49
Mo.
Gain
R39
S.D.
Hold
R40
Vt.
Re-elected
R41
Wisc.
Re-elected
R42
Calif.
Gain
R43
Idaho (reg)
Gain
R44
Ill.
Gain
R45
Md.
Gain
R46
Pa.
Gain
R47
Utah
Gain
R38
Ore.
Re-elected
R37
Ohio
Re-elected
R36
N.D.
Re-elected
R35
N.H.
Re-elected
R34
Kan. (reg)
Kan. (sp)

Hold
R33
Iowa
Re-elected
R32
Ind.
Re-elected
R31
Idaho (sp)
Elected [lower-alpha 3]
R30
Colo.
Re-elected
R29
R19R20R21R22R23R24R25R26R27R28
R18R17R16R15R14R13R12R11R10R9
R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8
Key:
D# Democratic
R# Republican

Race summaries

Special elections during the 81st Congress

In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1950 or before January 3, 1951; ordered by election date.

State
(linked to summaries below)
IncumbentResults
(linked to election articles)
Candidates
SenatorPartyElectoral history
Connecticut
(Class 1)
William Benton Democratic1949 (Appointed)Interim appointee elected November 7, 1950.
Idaho
(Class 2)
Henry Dworshak Republican 1946 (special)
1948 (Lost)
1949 (Appointed)
Interim appointee elected November 7, 1950.
  • Green check.svgY Henry Dworshak (Republican) 51.9%
  • Claude J. Burtenshaw (Democratic) 48.1%
Kansas
(Class 3)
Harry Darby Republican1949 (Appointed)Interim appointee retired November 28, 1950 when successor's election was certified.
Successor elected November 7, 1950.
Republican hold.
Winner was also elected to finish the term; see below.
  • Green check.svgY Frank Carlson (Republican) 55.2%
  • Paul Aiken (Democratic) 44.8%
Kentucky
(Class 3)
Garrett Withers Democratic1949 (Appointed)Interim appointee resigned to trigger special election.
Successor elected November 7, 1950.
Democratic hold.
Winner was also elected to finish the term; see below.
North Carolina
(Class 2)
Frank Porter Graham Democratic1949 (Appointed)Interim appointee lost nomination to finish term.
Winner elected November 7, 1950.
Democratic hold.
Rhode Island
(Class 1)
Edward L. Leahy Democratic1949 (Appointed)Interim appointee retired.
Winner elected November 7, 1950.
Democratic hold.

Races leading to the 82nd Congress

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on January 3, 1951; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.

State
(linked to
summaries below)
IncumbentResults
(linked to election articles)
Candidates
SenatorPartyElectoral
history
Alabama J. Lister Hill Democratic1938 (Appointed)
1938 (special)
1938
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
Arizona Carl Hayden Democratic 1926
1932
1938
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green check.svgY Carl Hayden (Democratic) 62.8%
  • Bruce Brockett (Republican) 37.2%
Arkansas J. William Fulbright Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected.
California Sheridan Downey Democratic 1938
1944
Incumbent renominated, but then retired due to ill health.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Winner was appointed December 1, 1950 to finish the therm.
Colorado Eugene Millikin Republican1941 (Appointed)
1942
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
Connecticut Brien McMahon Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected.
Florida Claude Pepper Democratic 1936 (special)
1938
1944
Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold. [2]
Georgia Walter F. George Democratic 1922 (special)
1926
1932
1938
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
Idaho Glen H. Taylor Democratic 1944 Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Illinois Scott W. Lucas Democratic 1938
1944
Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Indiana Homer E. Capehart Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected.
Iowa Bourke B. Hickenlooper Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected.
Kansas Harry Darby Republican1949 (Appointed)Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Republican hold.
Winner was also elected to finish the current term; see above.
Kentucky Garrett Withers Democratic1949 (Appointed)Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
Incumbent resigned to trigger special election and winner was also elected to finish the current term; see above.
Louisiana Russell B. Long Democratic 1948 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Maryland Millard Tydings Democratic 1944 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Missouri Forrest C. Donnell Republican 1944 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
Nevada Pat McCarran Democratic 1932
1938
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
New Hampshire Charles W. Tobey Republican 1938
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
New York Herbert H. Lehman Democratic 1949 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
North Carolina Clyde R. Hoey Democratic 1932
1932 (special)
1938
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
North Dakota Milton Young Republican1945 (Appointed)
1946 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green check.svgY Milton Young (Republican) 67.6%
  • Harry O'Brien (Democratic) 32.4%
Ohio Robert A. Taft Republican 1938
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
Oklahoma Elmer Thomas Democratic 1926
1932
1938
1944
Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
Oregon Wayne Morse Republican 1944 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania Francis J. Myers Democratic 1944 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
South Carolina Olin D. Johnston Democratic 1944 Incumbent re-elected.
South Dakota Chan Gurney Republican 1938
1944
Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.
Republican hold.
Utah Elbert D. Thomas Democratic 1932
1938
1944
Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Vermont George Aiken Republican 1940 (special)
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
Washington Warren Magnuson Democratic1944 (Appointed)
1944
Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin Alexander Wiley Republican 1938
1944
Incumbent re-elected.

Closest races

Fifteen races had a margin of victory under 10%:

StateParty of winnerMargin
Connecticut (special) Democratic0.1%
Pennsylvania Republican (flip)3.6%
Idaho (special) Republican3.8%
New York Democratic5.0% [lower-alpha 4]
Connecticut Democratic5.1%
Indiana Republican6.4%
Colorado Republican6.5%
Maryland Republican (flip)7.0%
Wisconsin Republican7.1%
Missouri Democratic (flip)7.2%
Washington Democratic7.4%
Utah Republican (flip)8.03%
Illinois Republican (flip)8.12%
Kentucky Democratic9.1%
Oklahoma Democratic9.2%

Alabama

1950 United States Senate election in Alabama
Flag of Alabama.svg
  1944 November 7, 1950 1956  
  Listerhill (1).jpg Captain John Geraerdt Crommelin, US Navy, circa in 1947.jpg
Nominee Lister Hill John G. Crommelin
Party Democratic Independent
Popular vote125,53438,477
Percentage76.54%23.46%

1950 United States Senate election in Alabama results map by county.svg
County results
Hill:      60–70%     70–80%     80–90%     >90%

U.S. senator before election

J. Lister Hill
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

J. Lister Hill
Democratic

Alabama election [1] [3]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic J. Lister Hill (Incumbent) 125,534 76.54% Decrease2.svg5.24
Independent John G. Crommelin 38,47723.46%N/A
Total votes164,011 100.00%
Democratic hold Swing

Arizona

1950 United States Senate election in Arizona
Flag of Arizona.svg
  1944 November 7, 1950 1956  
  Carl Hayden.jpg No image.svg
Nominee Carl Hayden Bruce Brockett
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote116,24668,846
Percentage62.80%37.20%

1950 United States Senate election in Arizona results map by county.svg
County results
Hayden:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%

U.S. senator before election

Carl Hayden
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Carl Hayden
Democratic

Incumbent Democratic U.S. senator Carl Hayden ran for re-election to a fifth term, defeating Republican nominee Bruce Brockett in the general election. Brockett was formerly the Republican nominee for governor in both 1946 and 1948. Hayden first defeated Cecil H. Miller and Robert E. Miller (of the Arizona Farm Bureau), for the Democratic nomination.

Democratic primary [4]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Carl Hayden (Incumbent) 95,544 70.97%
Democratic Cecil H. Miller24,34018.08%
Democratic Robert E. Miller14,75210.96%
Total votes134,636 100.00%
General election [5]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Carl Hayden (Incumbent) 116,246 62.80%
Republican Bruce Brockett 68,84637.20%
Majority47,40025.60%
Turnout 185,092
Democratic hold

Arkansas

Senator J. William Fulbright J. William Fulbright in 1960 (cropped) 2.jpg
Senator J. William Fulbright
Arkansas election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic J. William Fulbright (Incumbent) 302,686 100.00%
Democratic hold

California

1950 United States Senate election in California
Flag of California (1924-1953).png
  1944 November 7, 1950 1954 (special)  
  Richard Nixon congressional portrait.jpg Helen Gahagan Douglas.jpg
Nominee Richard Nixon Helen Gahagan Douglas
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote2,183,4541,502,507
Percentage59.23%40.76%

1950 United States Senate Election in California by County.svg
County Results

Nixon:     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%

Douglas:     50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Sheridan Downey
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Richard Nixon
Republican

California election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Richard Nixon 2,183,454 59.23%
Democratic Helen Gahagan Douglas 1,502,50740.76%
NoneScattering3540.01%
Majority680,94718.47%
Turnout 3,686,315
Republican gain from Democratic

Colorado

1950 United States Senate election in Colorado
Flag of Colorado.svg
  1944 November 7, 1950 1956  
  Eugene Millikin.jpg JohnACarroll.jpg
Nominee Eugene Millikin John A. Carroll
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote239,724210,442
Percentage53.25%46.75%

1950 United States Senate election in Colorado results map by county.svg
Results by county
Millikin:      50–60%     60–70%
Carroll:     50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Eugene Millikin
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Eugene Millikin
Republican

Colorado election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Eugene Millikin (Incumbent) 239,724 53.25%
Democratic John A. Carroll 210,44246.75%
Majority29,2826.50%
Turnout 450,166
Republican hold

Connecticut

Connecticut's senators
SenBMcMahon.jpg
Brien McMahon
Class 3

Connecticut (special)

Connecticut special election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic William Benton (incumbent) 431,413 50.06%
Republican Prescott Bush 430,31149.94%
Majority1,1020.08%
Turnout 861,724
Democratic hold

Connecticut (regular)

Connecticut regular election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Brien McMahon (Incumbent) 453,646 52.58%
Republican Joseph E. Talbot 409,05347.42%
Majority44,5935.16%
Turnout 862,699
Democratic hold

Florida

1950 United States Senate election in Florida
Flag of Florida.svg
  1944 November 7, 1950 1956  
  George smathers.jpg 3x4.svg
Nominee George Smathers John P. Booth
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote238,98774,228
Percentage76.30%23.70%

1950 Florida senatorial election results map by county.svg
County results
Smathers:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%     >90%
Booth:      50–60%

Senator before election

Claude Pepper
Democratic

Elected Senator

George Smathers
Democratic

Democratic incumbent Senator Claude Pepper lost renomination May 2, 1950 to George A. Smathers, who easily won the general election. [2]

Front cover of The Red Record of Senator Claude Pepper Red Record.jpg
Front cover of The Red Record of Senator Claude Pepper

The Democratic primary for the 1950 United States Senate election in Florida was described as the "most bitter and ugly campaigns in Florida political history." Ormund Powers, a Central Florida historian, noted that ABC and NBC commentator David Brinkley said that "the Pepper-Smathers campaign would always stand out in his mind as the dirtiest in the history of American politics". On January 12, 1950, U.S. Representative George A. Smathers declared his candidacy for the race in Orlando at Kemp's Coliseum, where about 3,000 supporters had gathered. [6] In his opening speech, Smathers accused Pepper of being "the leader of the radicals and extremists", an advocate of treason, and a person against the constitutional rights of Americans. [7] Ed Ball, a power in state politics who had broken with Pepper, financed his opponent, Smathers. [8]

Prior to the entry of Smathers and Pepper, Orlando attorney James G. Horrell campaigned for the seat. Horrell researched Pepper's weaknesses and the state's voters. Horrell also compiled a list of communist-front groups that Pepper had communicated with. On the day that Pepper declared his candidacy, Horrell withdrew and endorsed Smathers. Horrell also sent his reports about Pepper to Smathers, which he used throughout the next few months. This would also prevent the chance of a run-off election. In late February and early March, the Jacksonville Journal conducted a poll in 11  counties important for the election. Smathers led by about 2-to-1 and dominated in Duval, Pinellas, and Volusia counties, while he was also statistically tied with Pepper in Dade, Escambia, and Hillsborough counties. However, Smathers did not trail in any of the 11 counties. [9]

Smathers repeatedly attacked "Red Pepper" for having communist sympathies, condemning both his support for universal health care and his alleged support for the Soviet Union. Pepper had traveled to the Soviet Union in 1945 and, after meeting Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, declared he was "a man Americans could trust." [8] Additionally, although Pepper supported universal health care, sometimes referred to as "socialized medicine", Smathers would vote for "socialized medicine" in the Senate when it was introduced as Medicare in 1965. In The Saturday Evening Post , even respected writer and notorious anti-segregation editor Ralph McGill labeled Pepper a "spell-binding pinko". [7] Beginning on March 28 and until the day of the primary, Smathers named one communist organization each day that Pepper addressed, starting with the American Slav Congress. [9]

Pepper's opponents circulated widely a 49-page booklet titled The Red Record of Senator Claude Pepper. It contained photographs and headlines from several communist publications such as the Daily Worker . [7] In April the Daily Worker endorsed Pepper, with Communist Party of Florida leader George Nelson warning that a Smathers victory would "strengthen the Dixiecrat-KKK forces in Florida as well as throughout the South." [9] The booklet also made it seem as if Pepper desired to give Russia nuclear bomb-making instructions, billions of dollars, and the United States' natural resources. There was also a double-page montage of Pepper in 1946 at New York City's Madison Square Garden with progressive Henry A. Wallace and civil rights activist Paul Robeson, and quoted Pepper speaking favorably of both of them. [7] Throughout the campaign, Pepper denied sympathizing with communism. [10]

Simultaneous to this election, then-U.S. House Representative Richard Nixon was running for the Senate seat in California. In a letter from Senator Karl E. Mundt of South Dakota, he told Nixon that "It occurs to me that if Helen is your opponent in the fall, something of a similar nature might well be produced", in reference to The Red Record of Senator Claude Pepper and a similar Democratic primary between Manchester Boddy and Helen Gahagan Douglas. [11]

Race also played a role in the election. Labor unions began a voter registration drive, which mostly added African Americans to the voter rolls. Smathers accused the "Northern labor bosses" of paying black people to register and vote for Pepper. Shortly after Smathers declared his candidacy, he indicated to the Florida Peace Officers Association that he would defend law enforcement officers for free if they were found guilty of civil rights violations. [7] With the election occurring during the era of racial segregation, Pepper was portrayed as favoring integration and interracial marriage. He was also labeled a "nigger lover" and accused by Orlando Sentinel publisher Martin Andersen of shaking hands with a black woman in Sanford. In Dade County, which had a significant black and Jewish population, doctored photographs depicting Smathers in a Ku Klux Klan hood were distributed. [12]

In the Groveland Case, four young African American men – Charles Greenlee, Walter Irvin, Samuel Shepherd, and Ernest Thomas – known as the Groveland Four, were accused of raping a 17-year old white women in Groveland on July 16, 1949. Thomas fled the area but was later shot and killed by police. Greenlee, Irvin, and Shepherd were convicted by an all-white jury. After the St. Petersburg Times questioned the verdict in April 1950, Lake County State Attorney J. W. Hunter, a supporter of Pepper, demanded that Pepper repudiate the news articles. However, Pepper refused. Hunter then denounced Pepper and endorsed Smathers. In addition to the racial violence, cross burning was also common at the time, with five in Jacksonville, ten in Orlando and Winter Park, and seventeen in the Tallahassee area. [9]

With the accusation of "Northern labor bosses" sending "the carpetbaggers of 1950" to Florida on his behalf, Pepper reminded voters that Smathers was born in New Jersey and sometimes referred to him as a "damn Yankee intruder". In response, Smathers decorated speaking platform in the colors of his alma mater at the University of Florida, orange and blue, while informing his supporters that Pepper graduated from Harvard Law School. [7]

Powers noted that throughout the campaign, "scarcely a day passed" without Andersen writing a news story, column, or editorial that was very positive of Smathers or highly critical of Pepper. [6] Thirty-eight daily newspapers in Florida endorsed Smathers, while only the St. Petersburg Times and The Daytona Beach News-Journal endorsed Pepper. Among the newspapers that supported Smathers were the Miami Herald , owned by John S. Knight, and the Miami Daily News , published by James M. Cox, a former Governor of Ohio and the Democratic Party nominee for the 1920 presidential election. However, Pepper's aides compared this situation to when Alf Landon was endorsed by more editors and newspapers than Franklin Roosevelt in 1936, but received far fewer votes than him. [13]

Smathers performed generally well across many areas of the state, with the exception of Miami, Tampa, and the Florida Panhandle. On the morning after the election, Andersen wrote on the front-page headline of the Orlando Sentinel, "Praise God From Whom All Blessings Flow ... We Have Won from Hell to Breakfast And From Dan to Beersheba ... And Staved Off Socialism", which was inspired by a headline in The New York Times celebrating Lawrence of Arabia's victory over the Turks in 1917. [6]

Democratic primary results
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic George Smathers 387,315 54.78%
Democratic Claude Pepper 319,75445.22%
Total votes707,069 100%

Smathers defeated Republican John P. Booth in a landslide in the general election on November 7. Results indicated that Smathers received 76.3% of the vote compared to just 23.7% for Booth. In the popular vote, Smathers garnered 238,987 votes versus 74,228 for Booth. [14] Smathers fared well throughout the state and won all but Pinellas County. [15]

Florida election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic George A. Smathers 238,987 76.30%
Republican John P. Booth74,22823.70%
Majority164,75952.60%
Turnout 313,215
Democratic hold

Georgia

Senator Walter F. George Walter George (D-GA).jpg
Senator Walter F. George

Five-term Democratic Senator Walter F. George was re-elected without opposition.

Georgia election [1] [16]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Walter F. George (Incumbent) 261,290 100.00%
Democratic hold

George would retire after this term.

Idaho

There were two elections on the same day due to the October 8, 1949 death of one-term Democrat Bert H. Miller.

Idaho (special)

Senator Henry Dworshak Henry Dworshak.jpg
Senator Henry Dworshak

Republican former-senator Henry Dworshak — who had lost re-election to Miller in 1948 — was appointed to continue the term pending a special election to the class 2 seat, which he then won.

Idaho special election [1] [17]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Henry Dworshak (Incumbent) 104,608 51.86%
Democratic Claude J. Burtenshaw97,09248.14%
Majority7,5163.72%
Turnout 201,70034.27%
Republican hold

Idaho (regular)

Senator Herman Welker Hermanwelker.jpg
Senator Herman Welker

One-term Democrat Glen H. Taylor lost renomination to the class 3 seat to his predecessor D. Worth Clark. [18] Taylor had beaten Clark for the Democratic nomination in 1944, and this year Clark did the same to him. However, in the general election, Clark was easily beaten by Republican State senator Herman Welker.

Idaho election [1] [19]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Herman Welker 124,237 61.68%
Democratic D. Worth Clark 77,18038.32%
Majority47,05723.36%
Turnout 201,41734.22%
Republican gain from Democratic

Illinois

1950 United States Senate election in Illinois
Flag of Illinois (1915-1969).svg
  1944 November 7, 1950 1956  
  Everett Dirksen.jpg ScottWikeLucas (1).jpg
Nominee Everett M. Dirksen Scott W. Lucas
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote1,951,9841,657,630
Percentage53.88%45.76%

1950 United States Senate election in Illinois results map by county.svg
County results
Dirksen:     40–50%     50-60%     60-70%     70-80%
Lucas:     40–50%     50–60%     60–70%

Senator before election

Scott W. Lucas
Democratic

Elected Senator

Everett M. Dirksen
Republican

Illinois election [1] [20]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Everett Dirksen 1,951,984 53.88%
Democratic Scott W. Lucas (Incumbent)1,657,63045.76%
Prohibition Enoch A. Holtwick 13,0500.36%
Write-in Others90.00
Majority294,3548.12%
Turnout 3,622,673
Republican gain from Democratic

Indiana

1950 United States Senate election in Indiana
Flag of Indiana.svg
  1944 November 7, 1950 1956  
  HomerCapehart.jpg Alexander-m-campbell.jpg
Nominee Homer Capehart Alexander M. Campbell
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote844,303741,025
Percentage52.81%46.35%

1950 United States Senate election in Indiana results map by county.svg
County results
Capehart:     40-50%     50–60%     60–70%
Campbell:     40-50%     50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Homer Capehart
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Homer Capehart
Republican

First-term Republican Homer E. Capehart was re-elected.

Indiana election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Homer E. Capehart (Incumbent) 844,303 52.81%
Democratic Alexander M. Campbell 741,02546.35%
Prohibition Lester N. Abel 13,3960.84%
Majority103,2786.46%
Turnout 1,598,72440.64%
Republican hold

Capehart would win re-election again in 1956, but lose his seat in 1962.

Iowa

1950 United States Senate election in Iowa
Flag of Iowa (xrmap collection).svg
  1944 November 7, 1950 1956  
  HICKENLOOPER, BOURKE. SENATOR. PORTRAIT LCCN2016870828 (cropped).jpg No image.svg
Nominee Bourke B. Hickenlooper Albert J. Loveland
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote470,613383,766
Percentage54.82%44.70%

1950 United States Senate Election in Iowa by County.svg
Hickenlooper:      50–60%     60–70%
Loveland:      40–50%     50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Bourke B. Hickenlooper
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Bourke B. Hickenlooper
Republican

One-term Republican Bourke B. Hickenlooper was re-elected.

Iowa election [1] [21]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Bourke B. Hickenlooper (Incumbent) 470,613 54.82%
Democratic Albert J. Loveland 383,76644.70%
Prohibition Z. Everett Kellum 3,2730.38%
States' Rights Ernest J. Seemann 5710.07%
Socialist Labor Leslie O. Ludwig 3000.03%
Majority86,84710.12%
Turnout 858,52332.75%
Republican hold

Hickenlooper would continue serving in the Senate until his retirement in 1969.

Kansas

Senator Frank Carlson Frank Carlson.png
Senator Frank Carlson

There were 2 elections to the same seat on the same day due to the November 8, 1949 death of two-term Republican Clyde M. Reed. Governor of Kansas Frank Carlson appointed fellow-Republican Harry Darby December 2, 1949 to continue the term, pending a special election. Carlson won both elections and was seated November 29, 1950.

Kansas (special)

Kansas special election [1] [22]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Frank Carlson 321,718 55.17%
Democratic Paul Aiken261,40544.83%
Majority60,31310.34%
Turnout 583,12330.61%
Republican hold

Kansas (regular)

Kansas regular election [1] [23]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Frank Carlson 335,880 54.25%
Democratic Paul Aiken271,36543.83%
Prohibition Verne L. Damon11,8591.92%
Majority64,51510.42%
Turnout 619,10432.49%
Republican hold

Kentucky

There were 2 elections to the same seat on the same day, due to the January 19, 1949 resignation of Democrat Alben W. Barkley to become U.S. Vice President. Governor of Kentucky Earle Clements appointed fellow-Democrat Garrett L. Withers to continue the term, pending a special election. The winner of the special election would complete the current term, from November until the start of the next Congress on January 3, while the regular election was for the full term from 1951 to 1957. Clements, himself, won both elections and was sworn in on November 27, 1950. Withers later served one term in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Kentucky (special)

Kentucky special election [1] [24]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Earle Clements 317,320 54.40%
Republican Charles I. Dawson 265,99445.60%
Majority51,3268.80%
Turnout 583,31419.82%
Democratic hold

Kentucky (regular)

Kentucky election
Flag of Kentucky (1918-1963).svg
  1944
1956  
  Earle-Clements.jpg Charles Irving Dawson portrait 1934.jpg
Nominee Earle Clements Charles I. Dawson
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote334,249278,368
Percentage54.16%45.11%

1950 United States Senate election in Kentucky results map by county.svg
County results
Clements:      40–50%     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%
Dawson:      40–50%     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%

U.S. senator before election

Garrett L. Withers
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Earle Clements
Democratic

Kentucky regular election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Earle Clements 334,249 54.16%
Republican Charles I. Dawson 278,36845.11%
Independent James E. Olson4,4960.73%
Majority55,8819.05%
Turnout 617,113
Democratic hold

Louisiana

1950 United States Senate election in Louisiana
Flag of Louisiana (1912-2006).svg
  1948 (special) November 7, 1950 1956  
  Russell Billiu Long.jpg 3x4.svg
Nominee Russell B. Long Charles S. Gerth
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote220,90730,931
Percentage87.72%12.28%

1950 United States Senate election in Louisiana results map by county.svg
Parish results
Long:      70–80%     80–90%     >90%

U.S. senator before election

Russell B. Long
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Russell B. Long
Democratic

Louisiana election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Russell Long (Incumbent) 220,907 87.72%
Republican Charles S. Gerth30,93112.28%
Majority189,97675.44%
Turnout 251,838
Democratic hold

Maryland

1950 United States Senate election in Maryland
Flag of Maryland.svg
  1944 November 7, 1950 1956  
  Johnmbutler.jpg Millardetydings.jpg
Nominee John Marshall Butler Millard Tydings
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote326,291283,180
Percentage53.00%46.00%

1950 United States Senate election in Maryland results map by county.svg
County results
Butler:     50–60%     60–70%
Tydings:     40–50%     50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Millard Tydings
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

John Marshall Butler
Republican

Maryland election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican John Marshall Butler 326,921 53.00%
Democratic Millard E. Tydings (Incumbent)283,18046.00%
Progressive Sam Fox6,1431.00%
Majority43,7417.00%
Turnout 615,614
Republican gain from Democratic

Missouri

Missouri election
Flag of Missouri.svg
  1944
1956  
  Thomas Carey Hennings.jpg Forrest C. Donnell.jpg
Nominee Thomas C. Hennings Jr. Forrest C. Donnell
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote685,732592,922
Percentage53.60%46.34%

1950 United States Senate Election in Missouri Results Map by County.svg
County results
Hennings:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%
Donnell:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%

U.S. senator before election

Edward V. Long
Democratic

Elected U.S. senator

Edward V. Long
Democratic

Missouri election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Thomas C. Hennings Jr. 685,732 53.60%
Republican Forrest C. Donnell (Incumbent)592,92246.34%
Christian NationalistJohn W. Hamilton6100.05%
Socialist Labor Henry W. Genck1500.01%
Majority92,8107.26%
Turnout 1,279,414
Democratic gain from Republican

Nevada

1950 United States Senate election in Nevada
Flag of Nevada (1929-1991).svg
  1944 November 7, 1950 1954 (special)  
  Pat McCarran (Nevada) (1947).jpg 3x4.svg
Nominee Pat McCarran George E. Marshall
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote35,82925,993
Percentage58.01%41.99%

1950 United States Senate election in Nevada results map by county.svg
County results
McCarran:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Marshall:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Pat McCarran
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Pat McCarran
Democratic

Nevada election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Pat McCarran (Incumbent) 35,829 58.01%
Republican George E. Marshall25,93341.99%
Majority9,89616.02%
Turnout 61,762
Democratic hold

New Hampshire

New Hampshire election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Charles W. Tobey (Incumbent) 106,142 55.99%
Democratic Emmet J. Kelley72,47338.23%
Write-InWesley Powell10,9435.77%
Majority33,66917.76%
Turnout 189,558
Republican hold

New York

1950 United States Senate election in New York
Flag of New York (1909-2020).svg
  1949 (special) November 7, 1950 1956  
  Herbert Lehman (D-NY) (cropped) (cropped).jpg Joe R. Hanley (1949).png
Nominee Herbert H. Lehman Joe Hanley
Party Democratic Republican
Alliance Liberal
Popular vote2,632,3132,367,353
Percentage50.35%45.28%

1950 United States Senate election in New York results map by county.svg
County results
Lehman:      40–50%     50–60%     60–70%
Hanley:      40-50%     50-60%     60-70%     70–80%

Senator before election

Herbert H. Lehman
Democratic

Elected Senator

Herbert H. Lehman
Democratic

The Socialist Workers state convention met on July 9, and nominated Joseph Hansen for the U.S. Senate. [25]

The American Labor state convention met on September 6 and nominated W.E.B. DuBois for the U.S. Senate. [26]

The Republican state convention met on September 7 at Saratoga Springs, New York. They re-nominated Lieutenant Governor Joe R. Hanley for the U.S. Senate. [27]

The Democratic state convention met on September 7 at Rochester, New York, and re-nominated the incumbent U.S. senator Herbert H. Lehman [28]

The Liberal state convention met on September 6 and 7 at the Statler Hotel in New York City, and endorsed Democratic nominee Lehman. [29]

Nearly the whole Republican statewide ticket was elected in a landslide; with only the Democratic incumbent U.S. senator, Ex-Governor Herbert H. Lehman, managing to stay in office.

New York election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Herbert H. Lehman (Incumbent) 2,319,719 44.37%
Republican Joe R. Hanley 2,367,35345.28%
Liberal Herbert H. Lehman (Incumbent)312,5945.98%
American Labor W. E. B. Du Bois 205,7293.93%
Socialist Workers Joseph Hansen 13,3400.29%
Industrial Government Stephen Emery 7,5590.15%
Majority264,9605.07%
Turnout 5,228,394
Democratic hold

North Carolina

There were 2 elections in North Carolina.

North Carolina (special)

North Carolina special election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Willis Smith 364,912 66.97%
Republican E. L. Galvin177,75332.62%
Write-In Frank P. Graham (incumbent)2,2590.41%
Majority187,15934.35%
Turnout 544,924
Democratic hold

North Carolina (regular)

North Carolina election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Clyde R. Hoey (Incumbent) 376,472 68.66%
Republican Halsey B. Leavitt171,80431.34%
Majority204,66837.32%
Turnout 548,276
Democratic hold

North Dakota

1950 United States Senate election in North Dakota
Flag of North Dakota.svg
  1946 (special) November 7, 1950 1956  
  Sen Milton Young.jpg 3x4.svg
Nominee Milton Young Harry O'Brien
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote126,209126,209
Percentage67.59%32.41%

1950 United States Senate Election in North Dakota by County.svg
County results
Young:      50-60%     60-70%     70-80%     80-90%
O'Brien:      50-60%

U.S. senator before election

Milton Young
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Milton Young
Republican

North Dakota election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Milton R. Young (incumbent) 126,209 67.59%
Democratic Harry O’Brien60,50732.41%
Majority65,70235.18%
Turnout 186,716
Republican hold

Ohio

Ohio election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Robert A. Taft (Incumbent) 1,645,643 57.54%
Democratic Joseph T. Ferguson 1,214,45942.46%
Majority431,18415.08%
Turnout 2,860,102
Republican hold

Oklahoma

Oklahoma election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Mike Monroney 345,953 54.81%
Republican W. H. ‘Bill’ Alexander285,22445.19%
Majority60,7298.62%
Turnout 631,177
Democratic hold

Oregon

Oregon election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Wayne Morse (Incumbent) 376,510 74.79%
Democratic Howard LaTourette116,78023.20%
Progressive Harlin Talbert10,1652.02%
Majority259,73051.59%
Turnout 503,455
Republican hold

Pennsylvania

1950 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
Flag of Pennsylvania.svg
  1944 November 7, 1950 1956  
  James Henderson Duff.jpg M001127.jpg
Nominee James H. Duff Francis J. Myers
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote1,820,4001,694,076
Percentage51.30%47.74%

1950 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania results map by county.svg
County results
Duff:     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Myers:     40–50%     50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Francis J. Myers
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

James H. Duff
Republican

Pennsylvania election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican James H. Duff 1,820,400 51.30%
Democratic Francis J. Myers (Incumbent)1,694,07647.74%
Prohibition Earl N. Bergerstock12,6180.36%
G.I.’s Against CommunismJack Sill8,3530.24%
Progressive Lillian R. Narins 5,5160.16%
Socialist William J. Van Essen4,8640.14%
Industrial GovernmentFrank Knotek1,5960.04%
Militant WorkersClyde A. Turner1,2190.03%
Majority126,3243.56%
Turnout 3,548,642
Republican gain from Democratic

Rhode Island (special)

Rhode Island special election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic John O. Pastore 183,725 56.03%
Republican Austin T. Levy144,18443.97%
Majority39,54112.06%
Turnout 327,909
Democratic hold

South Carolina

Senator Olin D. Johnston Olin D. Johnston, seated portrait.jpg
Senator Olin D. Johnston
South Carolina Democratic primary election[ citation needed ]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Olin D. Johnston (Incumbent) 186,180 54.0%
Democratic Strom Thurmond 158,90446.0%
South Carolina election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Olin D. Johnston (Incumbent) 50,458 100.00%
Democratic hold

South Dakota

South Dakota election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Francis Case 160,670 63.92%
Democratic John A. Engel90,69236.08%
Majority69,97827.84%
Turnout 251,362
Republican hold

Utah

Utah election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Wallace F. Bennett 142,427 53.86%
Democratic Elbert D. Thomas (Incumbent)121,19845.83%
Independent Bill Baker8150.31%
Majority21,2298.03%
Turnout 264,440
Republican gain from Democratic

Vermont

Vermont election
Flag of Vermont.svg
  1944 November 7, 1950 (1950-11-07) 1956  
  GeorgeAiken-VTSEN-.jpg Bigelow.png
Nominee George Aiken James Bigelow
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote69,54319,608
Percentage78.0%22.0%

U.S. senator before election

George Aiken
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

George Aiken
Republican

Vermont election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican George Aiken (Incumbent) 69,543 77.99%
Democratic James E. Bigelow19,60821.99%
NoneScattering200.02%
Majority49,93556.00%
Turnout 89,171
Republican hold

Washington

1950 United States Senate election in Washington
Flag of Washington.svg
  1944 November 7, 1950 1956  
  Warren Magnuson 1945 better.png W. Walter Williams.png
Nominee Warren Magnuson W. Walter Williams
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote397,719342,464
Percentage53.40%45.98%

1950 United States Senate Election in Washington by County.svg
County results
Magnuson:      50–60%     60–70%
Williams:     50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Warren Magnuson
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Warren Magnuson
Democratic

Washington election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Warren G. Magnuson (Incumbent) 397,719 53.40%
Republican Walter Williams342,46445.98%
Independent Herbert J. Phillips3,1200.42%
Socialist Labor H. J. Churchward1,4800.20%
Majority55,2557.42%
Turnout 744,783
Democratic hold

{[Clear}}

Wisconsin

1950 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
Flag of Wisconsin (1913-1981).svg
  1944 November 7, 1950 1956  
  Alexander Wiley.jpg Thomas E. Fairchild (WI) (3x4a).png
Nominee Alexander Wiley Thomas E. Fairchild
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote595,283515,539
Percentage53.34%46.19%

1950 United States Senate election in Wisconsin results map by county.svg
County results
Wiley:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Fairchild:      50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Alexander Wiley
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Alexander Wiley
Republican

Wisconsin election [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Alexander Wiley (Incumbent) 595,283 53.33%
Democratic Thomas E. Fairchild 515,53946.19%
Socialist Edwin Knappe 3,9720.36%
Independent Perry J. Stearns6440.06%
Independent James E. Boulton3320.03%
Independent Artemio Cozzini 3070.03%
NoneScattering580.01%
Majority79,7447.14%
Turnout 1,116,135
Republican hold

See also

Notes

  1. 32 regular elections and 4 specials
  2. In California, Sheridan Downey was originally renominated, but retired due to ill health.
  3. 1 2 Appointee elected
  4. New York was the "tipping point" state.

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The 1932 United States Senate elections coincided with Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt's landslide victory over incumbent Herbert Hoover in the presidential election. The 32 seats of Class 3 were contested in regular elections, and special elections were held to fill vacancies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1930 United States Senate elections</span> Clickable imagemap for the 1930 US Senate elections

The 1930 United States Senate elections occurred in the middle of Republican President Herbert Hoover's term. The 32 seats of Class 2 were contested in regular elections, and special elections were held to fill vacancies. With the Great Depression beginning to take hold, Republican incumbents became unpopular, and Democrats picked up a net of eight seats, erasing the Republican gains from the previous election cycle, however, Republicans retained control of the chamber. This was the first of four consecutive Senate elections during the Depression in which Democrats made enormous gains, achieving a cumulative pick-up of 34 seats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1910–11 United States Senate elections</span>

The 1910–11 United States Senate election were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were primarily chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1910 and 1911, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. However, some states had already begun direct elections during this time. Oregon pioneered direct election and experimented with different measures over several years until it succeeded in 1907. Soon after, Nebraska followed suit and laid the foundation for other states to adopt measures reflecting the people's will. By 1912, as many as 29 states elected senators either as nominees of their party's primary or in conjunction with a general election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1962 United States Senate election in Arizona</span> Review of the election

The 1962 United States Senate election in Arizona took place on November 6, 1962. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Carl Hayden ran for reelection to a seventh term, defeating Republican State Senator Evan Mecham in the general election. Mecham became Governor of Arizona more than two decades later, and was subsequently impeached and removed from office.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1950 United States Senate election in Florida</span>

The 1950 United States Senate election in Florida was held on November 7, 1950. Incumbent Senator Claude Pepper ran for a third term in office but was defeated in the Democratic primary by U.S. Representative George Smathers, who went on to easily win the general election.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives (January 11, 1951). "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 7, 1950" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 5, 6–7, 26, 32, 40.
  2. 1 2 "FL US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  3. "Our Campaigns - AL US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1950". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  4. "Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate - D Primary Race - Sep 12, 1950". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  5. "Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1950". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  6. 1 2 3 Joy Wallace Dickinson (September 24, 2000). "Florida's Senatorial Slugfest Was Bitter, Ugly, Legendary". Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved March 16, 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Claude Denson Pepper and Hays Gorey (November 1987). Pepper: Eyewitness to a Century . San Diego, California: Harcourt. ISBN   978-0151716951.
  8. 1 2 Fund, John. Political Journal: George Smathers, RIP, January 24, 2007.
  9. 1 2 3 4 James C. Clark (1998). "The Campaign Begins". Road to Defeat: Claude Pepper and Defeat in the 1950 Florida Primary (Thesis). University of Florida . Retrieved April 6, 2016.
  10. "Pepper Concedes It; Miamian's Lead Nears 70,000". The Daytona Beach News-Journal . Miami, Florida. Associated Press. May 3, 1950. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  11. Karl E. Mundt (May 9, 1950). "Letter from Sen. Karl Mundt to Richard Nixon, May 9, 1950, on file in the Richard M. Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, 1950 Senate race files, box 1".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. Andrews, Mark (December 13, 1998). "U.s. Senate Race Of '50 Was Black Mark On Campaigning". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
  13. "Pepper-vs.-Smathers Race Close; Reds Issue in Florida Senate Drive". The New York Times. Lake Wales, Florida. April 6, 1950.
  14. Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7, 1950 (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: United States House of Representatives. 1951. p. 6. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
  15. "FL US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
  16. "Our Campaigns - GA US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1950". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  17. "Our Campaigns - ID US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 07, 1950". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  18. "Our Campaigns - ID US Senate - D Primary Race - Aug 08, 1950". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  19. "Our Campaigns - ID US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1950". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  20. "OFFICIAL VOTE of the STATE OF ILLINOIS Cast at the GENERAL ELECTION, November 7, 1950 JUDICIAL ELECTION, 1950, PRIMARY ELECTION General Primary, April 11, 1950" (PDF). Illinois State Board of Elections. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  21. "Our Campaigns - IA US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1950". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  22. "Our Campaigns - KS US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 07, 1950". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  23. "Our Campaigns - KS US Senate Race - Nov 07, 1950". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  24. "Our Campaigns - KY US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 07, 1950". www.ourcampaigns.com.
  25. "TROTSKYISTS PICK TICKET" . The New York Times . July 10, 1950.
  26. "TRUMAN SHAMMING, MARCANTONIO SAYS; ...Slate for A.L.P. Is Listed" . The New York Times . September 7, 1950.
  27. "LEADING CANDIDATES ON THE STATE REPUBLICAN PARTY'S TICKET" . The New York Times . September 8, 1950.
  28. "Lynch, Nominated, Accuses Dewey of 'Unholy Coalition'; Lehman, Balch, Young, D'Amanda Also in 'Balanced' Ticket" . The New York Times . September 8, 1950.
  29. "3 DEMOCRATS STIR LIBERAL'S REVOLT; Party Nominates Lehman and Lynch but Rejects Balch, Young and D'Amanda" . The New York Times . September 8, 1950.