1988 United States Senate elections

Last updated

1988 United States Senate elections
Flag of the United States.svg
  1986 November 8, 1988 1990  

33 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate
51 seats needed for a majority
 Majority partyMinority party
  Robert C. Byrd - 1977.jpg Robert J. Dole crop.jpg
Leader Robert Byrd Bob Dole
Party Democratic Republican
Leader sinceJanuary 3, 1977January 3, 1985
Leader's seat West Virginia Kansas
Seats before5446
Seats after5545
Seat changeIncrease2.svg 1Decrease2.svg 1
Popular vote35,137,78631,151,251
Percentage52.1%46.2%
Seats up1815
Races won1914

1988 United States Senate elections results map.svg
Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain     Democratic hold
     Republican gain     Republican hold
     No election

Majority Leader before election

Robert Byrd
Democratic

Elected Majority Leader

George Mitchell
Democratic

The 1988 United States Senate elections were elections for the United States Senate. Held on November 8, the 33 seats of Class 1 were contested in regular elections. In spite of the Republican victory by George H. W. Bush in the presidential election, the Democrats gained a net of one seat in the Senate. Seven seats changed parties, with four incumbents being defeated. The Democratic majority in the Senate increased by one to 55–to–45.

Contents

This is the last Senate election cycle in which California voted for a Republican, and the last in which Texas and Maine voted for the Democrat [lower-alpha 1] , and the last time Arizona voted Democratic until 2018. This would also be the last Senate election cycle until 1998 to not have at least one special election during that cycle.

This is also the last Senate election cycle in which no woman was elected to the Senate from either party as all the winners were men.

Results summary

Summary of the 1988 United States Senate election results

5545
DemocraticRepublican
PartiesTotal
Democratic Republican Libertarian Conservative Other
Last elections (1986) 5545000100
Before these elections5446000100
Not up363167
Up
Class 1 (1982→1988)
181533
Incumbent retired336
Held by same party123
Replaced by other partyDecrease2.svg1 Republican replaced by Increase2.svg1 Democrat
Decrease2.svg2 Democrats replaced by Increase2.svg2 Republicans
3
Result246
Incumbent ran1512 [lower-alpha 2] 27
Won re-election14923
Lost re-electionDecrease2.svg3 Republicans replaced by Increase2.svg3 Democrats
Decrease2.svg1 Democrat replaced by Increase2.svg1 Republican
4
Lost renomination,
but held by same party
000
Result171027
Total elected191433
Net gain/lossIncrease2.svg1Decrease2.svg1Steady2.svgSteady2.svgSteady2.svg1
Nationwide vote35,137,78631,151,251268,053189,226677,92867,424,244
Share52.11%46.20%0.40%0.28%1.01%100%
Result5545000100

Source: Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 8, 1988" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved July 2, 2014.

Gains and losses

Retirements

Three Republicans and three Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election.

StateSenatorReplaced by
Florida Lawton Chiles Connie Mack III
Mississippi John C. Stennis Trent Lott
Vermont Robert Stafford Jim Jeffords
Virginia Paul Trible Chuck Robb
Washington Daniel J. Evans Slade Gorton
Wisconsin William Proxmire Herb Kohl

Defeats

Three Republicans and one Democrat sought re-election but lost in the general election.

StateSenatorReplaced by
Connecticut Lowell Weicker Joe Lieberman
Montana John Melcher Conrad Burns
Nebraska David Karnes Bob Kerrey
Nevada Chic Hecht Richard Bryan

Post-election changes

One Republican resigned on January 3, 1989, while one Democrat died on May 16, 1990. Initially, they were replaced by appointees.

StateSenatorReplaced by
Hawaii
(Class 1)
Spark Matsunaga Daniel Akaka
Indiana
(Class 3)
Dan Quayle Dan Coats

Notes

  1. Connecticut: Democratic attorney general Joe Lieberman narrowly defeated incumbent Lowell P. Weicker Jr. (R) in his bid for a fourth term. A liberal in an increasingly conservative party, Weicker found himself at odds with his fellow Republicans. This rift would lead many conservatives (such as National Review editor William F. Buckley Jr.) to endorse Lieberman, a moderate Democrat.
  2. Nebraska: Incumbent David Karnes (R) lost by a large margin to former governor Bob Kerrey (D). Karnes had been appointed to the Senate following the death of Sen. Edward Zorinsky (D) and, though he survived a tough primary challenge from Rep. Hal Daub (R), he proved no match for the popular Kerrey in the general election.
  3. Nevada: Incumbent Chic Hecht (R) was narrowly defeated by Governor Richard Bryan (D). Hecht had been considered vulnerable for his undistinguished record and a series of verbal gaffes.
  4. Virginia: Incumbent Paul S. Trible Jr. (R) retired rather than run a contentious re-election race against former governor Chuck Robb (D). Robb would instead face Republican Maurice Dawkins, a black minister, and defeat him in a landslide.
  5. Florida: Incumbent Lawton Chiles (D) retired rather than run for a fourth term. Congressman Connie Mack III (R) overcame some concerns about his very conservative House record to defeat Rep. Buddy MacKay (D).
  6. Mississippi: Incumbent and Senate President pro tempore John C. Stennis (D) retired after 41 years in the Senate. House Minority Whip Trent Lott (R) defeated Congressman Wayne Dowdy by a comfortable margin in the increasingly Republican Mississippi.
  7. Montana: Incumbent John Melcher (D) was defeated by Republican Conrad Burns. A political novice, Burns would score an upset victory riding on the coattails of Bush's modest Montana victory.
  8. Wisconsin: Former state Democratic Party Chairman Herb Kohl defeated Republican state senator Susan Engeleiter for the seat of retiring incumbent William Proxmire (D). Kohl capitalized on his popularity in the state as the heir to the department stores that bear his family's name and as owner of the Milwaukee Bucks NBA team.
  9. Washington: Former Sen. Slade Gorton (R) defeated Rep. Mike Lowry (D) for the seat of incumbent Daniel J. Evans (R). Gorton won the tight race despite having been voted out of the state's other Senate seat two years earlier.

Change in composition

Before the elections

D1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8D9D10
D20D19D18D17D16D15D14D13D12D11
D21D22D23D24D25D26D27D28D29D30
D40
Maine
Ran
D39
Hawaii
Ran
D38
Fla.
Retired
D37
Ariz.
Ran
D36D35D34D33D32D31
D41
Md.
Ran
D42
Mass.
Ran
D43
Mich.
Ran
D44
Miss.
Retired
D45
Mont.
Ran
D46
N.J.
Ran
D47
N.M.
Ran
D48
N.Y.
Ran
D49
N.D.
Ran
D50
Ohio
Ran
Majority →D51
Tenn.
Ran
R41
R.I.
Ran
R42
Utah
Ran
R43
Vt.
Retired
R44
Va.
Retired
R45
Wash.
Retired
R46
Wyo.
Ran
D54
Wis.
Retired
D53
W.Va.
Ran
D52
Texas
Ran
R40
Pa.
Ran
R39
Nev.
Ran
R38
Neb.
Ran
R37
Mo.
Ran
R36
Minn.
Ran
R35
Ind.
Ran
R34
Del.
Ran
R33
Conn.
Ran
R32
Calif.
Ran
R31
R21R22R23R24R25R26R27R28R29R30
R20R19R18R17R16R15R14R13R12R11
R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R10

After the elections

D1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8D9D10
D20D19D18D17D16D15D14D13D12D11
D21D22D23D24D25D26D27D28D29D30
D40
Md.
Re-elected
D39
Maine
Re-elected
D38
Hawaii
Re-elected
D37
Ariz.
Re-elected
D36D35D34D33D32D31
D41
Mass.
Re-elected
D42
Mich.
Re-elected
D43
N.J.
Re-elected
D44
N.M.
Re-elected
D45
N.Y.
Re-elected
D46
N.D.
Re-elected
D47
Ohio
Re-elected
D48
Tenn.
Re-elected
D49
Texas
Re-elected
D50
W.Va.
Re-elected
Majority →D51
Wis.
Hold
R41
Wash.
Hold
R42
Wyo.
Re-elected
R43
Fla.
Gain
R44
Miss.
Gain
R45
Mont.
Gain
D55
Va.
Gain
D54
Nev.
Gain
D53
Neb.
Gain [lower-alpha 3]
D52
Conn.
Gain
R40
Vt.
Hold
R39
Utah
Re-elected
R38
R.I.
Re-elected
R37
Pa.
Re-elected
R36
Mo.
Re-elected
R35
Minn.
Re-elected
R34
Ind.
Re-elected
R33
Del.
Re-elected
R32
Calif.
Re-elected
R31
R21R22R23R24R25R26R27R28R29R30
R20R19R18R17R16R15R14R13R12R11
R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R10
Key
D# Democratic
R# Republican

Race summary

Special elections

There were no special elections in 1988.

Elections leading to the next Congress

In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1989; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State
(linked to
summaries below)
IncumbentResultsCandidates
SenatorPartyElectoral history
Arizona Dennis DeConcini Democratic 1976
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green check.svgY Dennis DeConcini (Democratic) 56.7%
  • Keith DeGreen (Republican) 41.1%
  • Rich Tompkins (Libertarian) 1.8%
California Pete Wilson Republican 1982 Incumbent re-elected.
Others
  • Jack Dean (Libertarian) 0.8%
  • Merton D. Short (American Independent) 0.7%
Connecticut Lowell Weicker Republican 1970
1976
1982
Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
Others
  • Howard Grayson (Libertarian) 0.9%
  • Melissa Fisher (New Alliance) 0.3%
Delaware William Roth Republican 1970
1971 (Appointed)
1976
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
Florida Lawton Chiles Democratic 1970
1976
1982
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Hawaii Spark Matsunaga Democratic 1976
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green check.svgY Spark Matsunaga (Democratic) 76.5%
  • Maria M. Hustace (Republican) 20.7%
  • Ken Schoolland (Libertarian) 2.8%
Indiana Richard Lugar Republican 1976
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green check.svgY Richard Lugar (Republican) 67.7%
  • Jack Wickes (Democratic) 32.3%
Maine George J. Mitchell Democratic1980 (Appointed)
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
Maryland Paul Sarbanes Democratic 1976
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts Ted Kennedy Democratic 1962 (special)
1964
1970
1976
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green check.svgY Ted Kennedy (Democratic) 65.0%
  • Joe Malone (Republican) 33.9%
  • Mary Fridley (New Alliance) 0.6%
  • Freda Lee Nason (Libertarian) 0.5%
Michigan Donald Riegle Democratic 1976
1976 (Appointed)
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
Others
  • Dick Jacobs (Libertarian) 0.8%
  • Sally Bier (Workers Against Concessions) 0.3%
Minnesota David Durenberger Republican 1978 (special)
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
Others
  • Derrick Grimmer (Grassroots) 0.4%
  • Arlen Overvig (Libertarian) 0.2%
  • Wendy Lyons (Socialist Workers) 0.1%
Mississippi John C. Stennis Democratic 1947 (special)
1952
1958
1964
1970
1976
1982
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Missouri John Danforth Republican 1976
1976 (Appointed)
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
Montana John Melcher Democratic 1976
1982
Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Nebraska David Karnes Republican1987 (Appointed)Interim appointee lost election.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
Nevada Chic Hecht Republican 1982 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
New Jersey Frank Lautenberg Democratic 1982
1982 (Appointed)
Incumbent re-elected.
Others
  • Joseph Job (Independent) 0.7%
  • Jerry Zeldin (Libertarian) 0.4%
  • Thomas Fiske (Socialist Workers) 0.2%
New Mexico Jeff Bingaman Democratic 1982 Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green check.svgY Jeff Bingaman (Democratic) 63.2%
  • Bill Valentine (Republican) 36.8%
New York Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democratic 1976
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
North Dakota Quentin Burdick Democratic-NPL 1960 (special)
1964
1970
1976
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
Ohio Howard Metzenbaum Democratic1974 (Appointed)
1974 (Lost)
1974 (Resigned)
1976
1976 (Appointed)
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania John Heinz Republican 1976
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
Others
  • Darcy Richardson (Consumer) 0.6%
  • Henry Haller (Libertarian) 0.3%
  • Samuel Cross (Populist) 0.1%
  • Sam Blancato (New Alliance) 0.1%
Rhode Island John Chafee Republican 1976
1976 (Appointed)
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee Jim Sasser Democratic 1976
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green check.svgY Jim Sasser (Democratic) 65.1%
  • Bill Anderson (Republican) 34.5%
  • Khalil-Ullah Al-Muhaymin (Independent) 0.4%
Texas Lloyd Bentsen Democratic 1970
1976
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
Utah Orrin Hatch Republican 1976
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Green check.svgY Orrin Hatch (Republican) 67.1%
  • Brian Moss (Democratic) 31.7%
Others
  • Robert J. Smith (American) 0.9%
  • William M. Arth (Socialist Workers) 0.2%
Vermont Robert Stafford Republican1971 (Appointed)
1972 (special)
1976
1982
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Republican hold.
  • Green check.svgY Jim Jeffords (Republican) 67.9%
  • William Gray (Democratic) 29.8%
  • Jerry Levy (Liberty Union) 1.1%
  • King Milne (Independent) 1.0%
Virginia Paul Trible Republican 1982 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
  • Green check.svgY Chuck Robb (Democratic) 71.2%
  • Maurice A. Dawkins (Republican) 28.8%
Washington Daniel J. Evans Republican1983 (Appointed)
1983 (special)
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Republican hold.
West Virginia Robert Byrd Democratic 1958
1964
1970
1976
1982
Incumbent re-elected.
Wisconsin William Proxmire Democratic 1957 (special)
1958
1964
1970
1976
1982
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
Wyoming Malcolm Wallop Republican 1976
1982
Incumbent re-elected.

Closest races

In eleven races the margin of victory was under 10%.

StateParty of winnerMargin
Wyoming Republican0.73%
Connecticut Democratic (flip)0.77%
Florida Republican (flip)0.85%
Washington Republican2.17%
Montana Republican (flip)3.73%
Nevada Democratic (flip)4.06%
Wisconsin Democratic4.53%
Mississippi Republican (flip)7.82%
New Jersey Democratic8.37%
California Republican8.79%
Rhode Island Republican9.19%

Ohio was the tipping point state with a margin of 13.8%.

Arizona

Arizona election
Flag of Arizona.svg
  1982
1994  
  Dennis DeConcini.jpg No image.png
Nominee Dennis DeConcini Keith DeGreen
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote660,403478,060
Percentage56.7%41.1%

1988 United States Senate election in Arizona results map by county.svg
County results
DeConcini:     40–50%     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%

U.S. senator before election

Dennis DeConcini
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Dennis DeConcini
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Dennis DeConcini was reelected to a third term over Republican Keith DeGreen, Marine veteran and financial advisor.

General election results [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic Dennis DeConcini (Incumbent) 660,403 56.71% -0.20%
Republican Keith DeGreen478,06041.05%+0.75%
Libertarian Rick Tompkins20,8491.79%-0.99%
New Alliance Ed Finkelstein5,1950.45%
Write-ins320.00%
Majority182,34315.66%-0.95%
Turnout 1,164,539
Democratic hold Swing

California

California election
Flag of California.svg
  1982
  PeteWilson (3x4a).jpg Leo T. McCarthy, 1975.jpg
Nominee Pete Wilson Leo T. McCarthy
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote5,143,4094,287,253
Percentage52.8%44.0%

1988 United States Senate election in California results map by county.svg
County results

Wilson:     40–50%     50–60%     60–70%

McCarthy:     40–50%     50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Pete Wilson
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Pete Wilson
Republican

Incumbent Republican Pete Wilson won re-election to a second term over Democrat Leo T. McCarthy, Lieutenant Governor of California and former Speaker of the California State Assembly. As of 2020, this is the last Senate election in California won by a Republican.

General election results [2]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Pete Wilson (Incumbent) 5,143,409 52.8%
Democratic Leo T. McCarthy 4,287,25344.0%
Peace and Freedom Maria Elizabeth Munoz 166,6001.7%
Libertarian Jack Dean79,9970.8%
American Independent Merton D. Short66,2910.7%
Total votes9,743,550 100.00%
Majority856,1568.8%
Republican hold

Connecticut

Connecticut election
Flag of Connecticut.svg
  1982
1994  
  Joe Lieberman.jpg Lweicker.jpg
Nominee Joe Lieberman Lowell Weicker
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote688,499677,903
Percentage49.8%49.0%

1988 United States Senate election in Connecticut results map by county.svg
1988 United States Senate election in Connecticut results map by municipality.svg
Lieberman:      40–50%     50–60%     60–70%
Weicker:      40–50%     50–60%     60–70%
Tie:     40–50%

U.S. senator before election

Lowell P. Weicker Jr.
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Joe Lieberman
Democratic

Incumbent Republican Lowell P. Weicker Jr. ran for re-election to a fourth term, but was defeated by Democratic candidate Joe Lieberman, the Connecticut Attorney General and eventual 2000 nominee for Vice President of the United States, who would remain in office until his retirement in 2013.

General election results [3]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Joseph Lieberman 688,499 49.8%
Republican Lowell Weicker (Incumbent)677,90349.0%
Libertarian Howard A. Grayson Jr.12,4090.9%
New Alliance Melissa M. Fisher4,1540.3%
Total votes1,379,362 100.0%
Majority10,5960.8%
Democratic gain from Republican

Delaware

Delaware election
Flag of Delaware.svg
  1982
1994  
  Sen. William V. Roth (R-DE).jpg S.B. Woo at the USDA in 2015.jpg
Nominee William Roth Shien Biau Woo
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote151,11592,378
Percentage62.1%37.9%

1988 United States Senate election in Delaware results map by county.svg
County results
Roth:     50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

William V. Roth
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

William V. Roth
Republican

Incumbent Republican William Roth won re-election to a fourth term, beating Democrat Shien Biau Woo, Lieutenant Governor of Delaware

Democratic Party primary results [4]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic S. B. Woo 20,225 50.09
Democratic Samuel Beard 20,15449.91
Total votes40,379 100.00
General election results [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Republican William V. Roth (Incumbent) 151,115 62.06% +6.89%
Democratic S.B. Woo 92,37837.94%-6.27%
Majority58,73724.12%+13.15%
Turnout 243,493
Republican hold Swing

Florida

Florida election
Flag of Florida.svg
  1982
1994  
  Conniemackiii.jpg Buddymackay (cropped).JPG
Nominee Connie Mack III Buddy MacKay
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote2,051,0712,016,553
Percentage50.4%49.6%

1988 United States Senate election in Florida results map by county.svg
County results

Mack:     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%

MacKay:     50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Lawton Chiles
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Connie Mack III
Republican

Incumbent Democrat Lawton Chiles decided to retire instead of seeking a fourth term. Republican U.S. Representative Connie Mack III won the open seat over Democratic Congressman Buddy Mackay. [1]

This senate election was heavily targeted by both parties. U.S. Representative Mack announced his candidacy back in October 1987. [5] President Ronald Reagan endorsed Mack in June 1988 [6] to allow Mack to focus on the general election, and easily won the September 6 Republican primary against U.S. Attorney Robert Merkle. [7] In May 1988, then-Congressman MacKay announced he would run for the open seat, [8] and defeated Insurance Commissioner Bill Gunter in a close October 4 runoff election. [9]

The general election soon became nasty, with Mackay portraying Mack as "extremist." [10] Mack also attacked his opponent in television ads by connecting him to liberal Massachusetts Governor and Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis. [11] Mack had help from vice presidential candidate Dan Quayle. [12] The election was so close there was a recount until Mackay conceded eight days after election day. [13]

Democratic primary results [14]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Bill Gunter 383,721 38.00
Democratic Buddy MacKay 263,946 26.14
Democratic Dan Mica 179,52417.78
Democratic Pat Collier Frank 119,27711.81
Democratic Claude R. Kirk Jr. 51,3875.09
Democratic Fred Rader11,8201.17
Total votes1,009,675 100
Democratic primary runoff results [15]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Buddy MacKay 369,266 52.00
Democratic Bill Gunter340,91848.00
Total votes710,184 100
Republican primary results [14]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Connie Mack III 405,296 61.78
Republican Robert Merkle 250,73038.22
Total votes656,026 100
General election results [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Republican Connie Mack III 2,051,071 50.42% +12.15%
Democratic Buddy MacKay2,016,55349.57%-12.15%
Write-ins5850.01%
Majority34,5180.85%-22.61%
Total votes4,068,209 100.00%
Republican gain from Democratic Swing

Hawaii

Hawaii election
Flag of Hawaii.svg
  1982
  Spark Matsunaga, 1986.jpg 3x4.svg
Nominee Spark Matsunaga Maria Hustace
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote247,94166,987
Percentage76.6%20.7%

1988 United States Senate election in Hawaii results map by county.svg
County results
Matsunaga:      70–80%     80–90%

U.S. senator before election

Spark Matsunaga
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Spark Matsunaga
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Spark Matsunaga won re-election to a third term, beating Republican cattle rancher Maria Hustace. [16] [17]

General election results [18]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Spark Matsunaga (Incumbent) 247,941 76.6%
Republican Maria Hustace66,98720.7%
Libertarian Ken Schoolland8,9482.8%
Total votes323,876 100.00%
Majority180,95455.9%
Democratic hold

Indiana

Indiana election
Flag of Indiana.svg
  1982
1994  
  Dick Lugar official photo.jpg No image.svg
Nominee Richard Lugar Jack Wickes
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote1,430,525668,778
Percentage68.1%31.9%

1988 United States Senate election in Indiana results map by county.svg
County results

Lugar:     50-60%     60-70%     70-80%     80-90%

Wickes:     50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Richard Lugar
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Richard Lugar
Republican

Incumbent Republican Richard Lugar was re-elected to a third term over Democratic attorney Jack Wickes. [19] [20]

Lugar, a popular incumbent, had token opposition in this election. An April 1988 poll showed that Lugar lead 65% to 23%. By June, Lugar raised over $2 million, while Wickes raised just over $100,000. [21] Lugar agreed to debate Wickes on September 10, 1988. [22]

Lugar won overall with two-thirds of the vote and won 91 of Indiana's 92 counties, Wickes won only the Democratic stronghold of Lake County.

General election results [23]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Richard Lugar (Incumbent) 1,430,525 68.1%
Democratic Jack Wickes668,77831.9%
Total votes2,099,303 100.00%
Majority761,74736.2%
Republican hold

Maine

Maine election
Flag of Maine.svg
  1982
1994  
  George John Mitchell.jpg No image.svg
Nominee George Mitchell Jasper Wyman
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote452,581104,164
Percentage81.3%18.7%

1988 United States Senate election in Maine results map by county.svg
County results
Mitchell:     70–80%     80–90%

U.S. senator before election

George J. Mitchell
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

George J. Mitchell
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat George J. Mitchell won re-election to a second full term over Republican Jasper Wyman, leader of Maine Christian Civic League and businessman. [24] As of 2020, this is the last Senate election in Maine won by a Democrat.

General election results [25]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic George Mitchell (Incumbent) 452,581 81.3%
Republican Jasper Wyman104,16418.7%
Total votes556,745 100.00%
Majority348,41762.6%
Democratic hold

Maryland

Maryland election
Flag of Maryland.svg
  1982
1994  
  Paul Sarbanes, official color photo.jpg Alan Keyes (1).jpg
Nominee Paul Sarbanes Alan Keyes
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote999,166617,537
Percentage61.8%38.2%

Maryland Senate Election Results by County, 1988.svg
County results
Sarbanes:     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Keyes:     50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Paul S. Sarbanes
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Paul S. Sarbanes
Democratic

Incumbent Democratic Paul Sarbanes was reelected to a third term over Republican Alan Keyes, former Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs.

General election results [26]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Paul Sarbanes (Incumbent) 999,166 61.8
Republican Alan Keyes 617,53738.2
Independent Imad A. Ahmad (Write In)3490.0
Independent Rashaad Ali (Write In)130.0
Majority381,62923.6
Turnout 1,617,065
Democratic hold

Massachusetts

Massachusetts election
Flag of Massachusetts.svg
  1982
1994  
  TedKennedy.png Joe Malone file photo (cropped).jpg
Nominee Ted Kennedy Joseph D. Malone
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote1,693,344884,267
Percentage65.0%33.9%

1988 United States Senate election in Massachusetts results map by county.svg
1988 United States Senate Election in Massachusetts by Town.svg
County results
Kennedy:     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%     90–100%
Malone:     40–50%     50–60%
Tie:     40–50%

U.S. senator before election

Ted Kennedy
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Ted Kennedy
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Ted Kennedy won re-election to his sixth (his fifth full) term over Republican Joseph D. Malone.

General Election results
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic Ted Kennedy (Incumbent) 1,693,344 64.97 +4.16
Republican Joseph D. Malone 884,26733.93-4.33
New Alliance Mary Fridley 15,2080.58+0.58
Libertarian Freda Lee Nason 13,1990.51-0.41
All others2070.01+0
Total votes2,606,225 87.77%
Democratic hold Swing

Michigan

Michigan election
Flag of Michigan.svg
  1982
1994  
  Riegle2.jpg James W Dunn (cropped).png
Nominee Don Riegle James Whitney Dunn
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote2,116,8651,348,216
Percentage60.4%38.5%

1988 United States Senate election in Michigan results map by county.svg
County results
Riegle:     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Dunn:     40–50%     50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Don Riegle
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Don Riegle
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Don Riegle won re-election to a third term over Republican U.S. Congressman James Whitney Dunn.

General election results [27]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Donald Riegle (incumbent) 2,116,865 60.4
Republican Jim Dunn1,348,21638.5
Libertarian Dick Jacobs27,1160.8
Workers Against ConcessionsSally Bier8,9080.3
Independent Mark Friedman4,8210.1
Total votes3,505,926 100.00%
Majority768,64921.9%
Democratic hold

Minnesota

Minnesota election
Flag of Minnesota.svg
  1982
1994  
  DavidDurenberger.jpg Hubert Humphrey III (cropped).jpg
Nominee David Durenberger Skip Humphrey
Party Ind.-Republican Democratic (DFL)
Popular vote1,176,210856,694
Percentage56.2%40.9%

1988 United States Senate election in Minnesota results map by county.svg
County results
Durenberger:     50–60%     60–70%
Humphrey:     50–60%

U.S. senator before election

David Durenberger
Ind.-Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

David Durenberger
Ind.-Republican

Incumbent Republican David Durenberger won re-election to his second full term, beating Democrat Skip Humphrey, the Minnesota Attorney General and former state senator.

General election results [28]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican David Durenberger (incumbent) 1,176,210 56.2
Democratic Skip Humphrey856,69440.9
Minnesota Progressive PartyPolly Mann44,4742.1
Grassroots Derrick Grimmer9,0160.4
Libertarian Arlen Overvig4,0390.2
Socialist Workers Wendy Lyons3,1050.2
Total votes2,093,538 100.00%
Majority319,51615.3
Republican hold

Mississippi

Mississippi election
Flag of Mississippi (1894-1996).png
  1982
1994  
  Trent Lott 98th Congress.png Wayne Dowdy.png
Nominee Trent Lott Wayne Dowdy
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote510,380436,339
Percentage53.9%46.1%

1988 United States Senate election in Mississippi results map by county.svg
County results
Lott:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Dowdy:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%

U.S. senator before election

John C. Stennis
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Trent Lott
Republican

Incumbent Democrat John C. Stennis decided to retire instead of seeking an eighth term (and his seventh full term). Republican Trent Lott won the open seat, beating Democrat Wayne Dowdy, U.S. Congressman from the 4th district.

General election results [29]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Trent Lott 510,380 53.9
Democratic Wayne Dowdy436,33946.1
Total votes946,719 100.00%
Majority74,0417.8
Republican gain from Democratic

Missouri

Missouri election
Flag of Missouri.svg
  1982
1994  
  JohnDanforth.jpg JayNixon1987.jpg
Nominee John Danforth Jay Nixon
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote1,407,416660,045
Percentage67.7%31.8%

1988 United States Senate election in Missouri results map by county.svg
County results

Danforth:     50-60%     60-70%     70-80%     80-90%

Nixon:     50–60%

U.S. senator before election

John Danforth
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

John Danforth
Republican

Incumbent Republican John Danforth won re-election over Democratic state senator and future Governor Jay Nixon. [30]

1988 Missouri United States Senate election
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican John Danforth (Incumbent) 1,407,416 67.70
Democratic Jay Nixon 660,04531.75
Libertarian John Guze11,4100.55
Write-In Candidates40.00
Majority747,37135.95
Turnout 2,078,875
Republican hold

Montana

Montana election
Flag of Montana.svg
  1982
1994  
  Conrad Burns official portrait.jpg John Melcher.jpg
Nominee Conrad Burns John Melcher
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote189,445175,809
Percentage51.9%48.1%

1988 United States Senate election in Montana results map by county.svg
County results
Burns:     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Melcher:     50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

John Melcher
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Conrad Burns
Republican

Incumbent John Melcher, who was first elected to the Senate in 1976 and was re-elected in 1982, ran for re-election. After winning the Democratic primary, he faced Yellowstone County Commissioner Conrad Burns in the general election, and in the general election a grueling campaign followed. Ultimately, Melcher was narrowly defeated in his bid for re-election by Burns.

Democratic Party primary results [31]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jack Melcher (Incumbent) 88,457 74.54
Democratic Bob Kelleher 30,21225.46
Total votes118,669 100.00
Republican Primary results [31]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Conrad Burns 63,330 84.71
Republican Tom Faranda11,42715.29
Total votes74,757 100.00
1988 United States Senate election in Montana [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Republican Conrad Burns 189,445 51.87% +10.20%
Democratic John Melcher (Incumbent)175,80948.13%-6.33%
Majority13,6363.73%-9.06%
Turnout 365,254
Republican gain from Democratic Swing

Nebraska

Nebraska election
Flag of Nebraska.svg
  1982
1994  
  Bob Kerrey portrait.gif Davidkarnes.JPG
Nominee Bob Kerrey David Karnes
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote378,717278,250
Percentage56.71%41.66%

1988 United States Senate election in Nebraska results map by county.svg
County results
Kerrey:      40–50%     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Karnes:      40–50%     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Tie:     40–50%

U.S. senator before election

David Karnes
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Bob Kerrey
Democratic

Republican David Karnes decided to seek election to his first complete term after being appointed to the seat of the late Edward Zorinsky in March 1987, but was soundly defeated by Democratic former governor Bob Kerrey in the November general election. [32]

Republican primary results
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican David Karnes 117,439 55
Republican Hal Daub 96,43645
1988 Nebraska United States Senate election
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Bob Kerrey 378,717 56.71
Republican David Karnes (Incumbent)278,25041.66
New Alliance Ernie Chambers 10,3721.55
Write-In Candidates5210.08
Majority100,46715.04
Turnout 667,860
Democratic gain from Republican

Nevada

Nevada election
Flag of Nevada (1929-1991).svg
  1982
1994  
  Richard Bryan (colorized).jpg Chic Hecht.JPG
Nominee Richard Bryan Chic Hecht
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote175,548161,336
Percentage50.2%46.1%

1988 United States Senate election in Nevada results map by county.svg
County results
Bryan:     40–50%     50–60%
Hecht:     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%

U.S. senator before election

Chic Hecht
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Richard Bryan
Democratic

Incumbent Republican Chic Hecht ran for re-election to a second term, but lost to Democratic governor Richard Bryan.

General election results [33]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Richard Bryan 175,548 50.21%
Republican Chic Hecht (Incumbent)161,33646.14%
NoneNone of These Candidates7,2422.07%
Libertarian James Frye5,5231.58%
Majority14,2124.06%
Turnout 349,649
Democratic gain from Republican

New Jersey

New Jersey election
Flag of New Jersey.svg
  1982
1994  
  Frank Lautenberg 1983 congressional photo.jpg BG Peter M Dawkins.jpg
Nominee Frank Lautenberg Pete Dawkins
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote1,599,9051,349,937
Percentage53.55%45.18%

1988 United States Senate election in New Jersey results map by county.svg
Lautenberg:     50–60%     60–70%
Dawkins:     40–50%     50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Frank Lautenberg
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Frank Lautenberg
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Frank Lautenberg won re-election to a second term with a margin of 8.37% over Republican Pete Dawkins, military veteran and CEO of Primerica Financial Services, Inc.

The campaign was full of political mudslinging, with Lautenberg accusing Dawkins of being a carpetbagger, noting his very brief residency in the state, [34] and also accusing Dawkins' campaign of lying about his war record. [35] Dawkins accused Lautenberg of running a smear campaign against, called him a "swamp dog", [36] and criticized him for saying he voted eight times against a senatorial pay raise without mentioning the fact that he did vote once for the pay raise. [35]

1988 United States Senate election in New Jersey [37]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Frank Lautenberg (Incumbent) 1,599,905 53.55%
Republican Pete Dawkins 1,349,93745.18%
Independent Joseph F. Job20,0910.67%
Libertarian Jerry Zeldin12,3540.41%
Socialist Thomas A. Fiske5,3470.18%
Majority249,9688.37%
Turnout 2,987,634100.00%
Democratic hold

New Mexico

New Mexico election
Flag of New Mexico.svg
  1982
1994  
  Jeff-Bingaman.jpg No image.svg
Nominee Jeff Bingaman Bill Valentine
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote321,983186,579
Percentage63.3%36.7%

1988 United States Senate election in New Mexico results map by county.svg
County results
Bingaman:     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%
Valentine:     50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Jeff Bingaman
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Jeff Bingaman
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Jeff Bingaman won re-election to a second term, beating Republican New Mexico State Senator Bill Valentine.

General election results [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic Jeff Bingaman (Incumbent) 321,983 63.31% +9.53%
Republican Bill Valentine186,57936.68%-9.54%
Write-ins360.01%
Majority135,40426.62%+19.08%
Turnout 508,598
Democratic hold Swing

New York

New York election
Flag of New York.svg
  1982
1994  
  DanielPatrickMoynihan.jpg No image.svg
Nominee Pat Moynihan Robert McMillan
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote4,048,6491,875,784
Percentage67.0%31.1%

1988 United States Senate election in New York results map by county.svg
County results
Moynihan:      40–50%     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%
McMillan:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Pat Moynihan
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Pat Moynihan
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Daniel Patrick Moynihan won re-election to a third term, over Republican Robert R. McMillan, business executive of Avon Products and Reagan Administration advisor. [38]

General election results [39]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Incumbent) 4,048,649 67.0
Republican Robert R. McMillan1,875,78431.1
Right to Life Adelle R. Nathanson64,8451.1
Independent Progressive Charlene Mitchell 14,7700.2
Workers World Lydia Bayoneta13,5730.2
Libertarian William P. McMillen12,0640.2
Socialist Workers James E. Harris11,2390.2
Total votes6,040,924 100.00%
Majority2,172,86535.9%
Democratic hold

North Dakota

North Dakota election
Flag of North Dakota.svg
  1982
  BurdickQN (D-ND) (cropped 2).jpg No image.svg
Nominee Quentin Burdick Earl Strinden
Party Democratic–NPL Republican
Popular vote171,899112,937
Percentage59.45%39.06%

1988 United States Senate election in North Dakota results map by county.svg
County results
Burdick:     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Strinden:     40–50%     50–60%

U.S. Senator before election

Quentin Burdick
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Quentin Burdick
Democratic

The incumbent, Quentin Burdick of the North Dakota Democratic NPL Party, sought and received re-election to his sixth term, defeating Republican candidate Earl Strinden. [1]

Only Burdick filed as a Dem-NPLer, and the endorsed Republican candidate was Earl Strinden of Grand Forks, North Dakota, who was President of the University of North Dakota Alumni Association. As in the Burdick's previous re-election campaign, the senator's age became an issue for voters as he was 80 years old during the campaign. However, challenger Strinden commented that he did not want to raise the age issue. Burdick and Strinden won the primary elections for their respective parties.

The Burdick campaign hired high-profile Washington, D.C. campaign consultant Bob Squire of Squire Eskew Communications. To counter the potential age issue, Burdick successfully focused the message on the "clout" he had earned over decades in the Senate, as well as his Chairmanship of Senate Agricultural Appropriations sub-committee and his Chairmanship of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee.

One independent candidate, Kenneth C. Gardner, also filed before the deadline, officially calling himself a libertarian. Gardner had previously run for North Dakota's other United States Senate seat an independent in 1974, challenging Milton Young. He only received 853 votes in that election.

1988 United States Senate election, North Dakota
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic–NPL Quentin Burdick (incumbent) 171,899 59.45
Republican Earl Strinden 112,93739.06
Independent Kenneth C. Gardner 4,3341.50
Majority58,96220.39
Turnout 289,170
Democratic–NPL hold

Ohio

Ohio election
Flag of Ohio.svg
  1982
1994  
  Howard Metzenbaum.jpg George Voinovich.jpg
Nominee Howard Metzenbaum George Voinovich
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote2,480,0381,872,716
Percentage56.97%42.31%

1988 United States Senate election in Ohio results map by county.svg
County results
Metzenbaum:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Voinovich:      50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Howard Metzenbaum
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Howard Metzenbaum
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Howard Metzenbaum won re-election over George Voinovich, Mayor of Cleveland and former Lieutenant Governor of Ohio. [40]

1988 Ohio United States Senate election
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Howard Morton Metzenbaum (Incumbent) 2,480,038 56.97%
Republican George Victor Voinovich 1,872,71642.31%
Independent David Marshall1510.00%
Majority607,3228.68%
Turnout 4,352,905100.00%
Democratic hold

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania election
Flag of Pennsylvania.svg
  1982
  John Heinz.jpg No image.svg
Nominee John Heinz Joseph Vignola
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote2,901,7151,416,764
Percentage66.5%32.5%

1988 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania results map by county.svg
County results

Heinz:     50-60%     60-70%     70-80%     80-90%

Vignola:     70–80%

U.S. senator before election

H. John Heinz III
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

H. John Heinz III
Republican

Incumbent Republican H. John Heinz III successfully sought re-election to another term, defeating Democratic nominee Joe Vignola, Philadelphia City Controller.

Joe Vignola was not expected by Democratic Party leaders to have a substantial chance at defeating the popular incumbent John Heinz, even predicting that Vignola would become "Heinz's 58th variety," [41] referring to an advertising slogan of the H. J. Heinz Company. Heinz, knowing this, ran a low-profile re-election campaign and was safely ahead in polling. Vignola traveled across Pennsylvania promoting an increase in domestic spending, including education and healthcare, while decreasing the defense budget to compensate. Vignola ran a positive campaign, in contrast with Cyril Wecht six years previously, although many Democratic ward leaders and committee members had given up on the campaign and had stopped campaigning for Vignola. [41]

Heinz easily defeated Vignola to win the election and another term in the Senate, carrying every Pennsylvania county except Philadelphia, Vignola's home town, and by a comfortable 1.49 million vote margin. Heinz performed well in suburban areas, as well as the central, southwestern and northeastern portions of the state. Outside of Philadelphia, Vignola's best county-wide showing was in Mercer County, where he won 36% of the vote, and his poorest county-wide performance was in Snyder County, where he won 12% of the vote. Although Heinz's landslide victory was largely expected among Democratic leaders, Heinz won by a wide margin despite the Democrats' 551,000-voter registration advantage statewide. [41]

Heinz died in an airplane crash on April 4, 1991, in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania. [42] Democrat Harris Wofford was appointed on May 8 to fill the vacancy caused by Heinz's death, and subsequently won a special election in November 1991. In the 1994 election, however, Wofford was defeated by Republican Rick Santorum. [43] [44]

General election results [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Republican H. John Heinz III (Incumbent) 2,901,715 66.45% +7.17%
Democratic Joseph Vignola1,416,76432.45%-6.75%
ConsumerDarcy Richardson25,2730.58%+0.12%
Libertarian Henry E. Haller II11,8220.27%-0.26%
Populist Samuel Cross6,4550.15%+0.15%
New Alliance Sam Blancato4,5690.11%+0.11%
Majority1,484,95134.00%+13.92%
Total votes4,366,598 100.00%
Republican hold Swing

Rhode Island

Rhode Island election
Flag of Rhode Island.svg
  1982
1994  
  U.S. Senator John Chafee.jpg No image.svg
Nominee John Chafee Richard Licht
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote217,273180,717
Percentage55%45%

1988 United States Senate election in Rhode Island results map by county.svg
1988 United States Senate election in Rhode Island results map by municipality.svg
Chafee:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Licht:      50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

John Chafee
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

John Chafee
Republican

Incumbent Republican John Chafee won re-election to a third term, beating Democratic lieutenant governor and former state senator Richard Licht.

General election results [1]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Republican John Chafee (Incumbent) 217,273 54.59% +3.39%
Democratic Richard Licht 180,71745.41%-3.39%
Majority36,5569.19%+6.79%
Turnout 397,990
Republican hold Swing

Tennessee

Tennessee election
Flag of Tennessee.svg
  1982
1994  
  Jim sasser (cropped).jpg No image.svg
Nominee Jim Sasser Bill Anderson
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote1,020,061541,033
Percentage65.09%34.52%

1988 United States Senate election in Tennessee results map by county.svg
County results
Sasser:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%
Andersen:      50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Jim Sasser
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Jim Sasser
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Jim Sasser won re-election to a third term over Republican Bill Anderson.

Tennessee United States Senate election 1988
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic Jim Sasser (Incumbent) 1,020,061 65.09%
Republican Bill Anderson541,03334.52%-30.57%
Independent Khalil-Ullah Al-Muhaymin6,0420.39%-64.70%
Others(W) Others450.00-65.09%
Majority479,02830.57%
Turnout 1,561,094
Democratic hold Swing

Texas

Texas election
Flag of Texas.svg
  1982
  Lloyd Bentsen, bw photo as senator.jpg Beau Boulter.jpg
Nominee Lloyd Bentsen Beau Boulter
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote3,149,8062,129,228
Percentage59.2%40.0%

1988 United States Senate election in Texas results map by county.svg
Bentsen:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
     80–90%     >90%
Boulter:      50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Lloyd Bentsen
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Lloyd Bentsen
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Lloyd Bentsen won re-election to a fourth term defeating Republican Representative Beau Boulter.

Bentsen easily won the Democratic nomination for another term, while Boulter came through a run-off in the Republican primary defeating Wes Gilbreath. After being nominated for the senate Bentsen was chosen by Michael Dukakis as his vice-presidential running mate and therefore ran for both the Senate and the vice-presidency at the same time. Bentsen was always the favorite for the senate election and won with 59.2% of the vote, compared to 40% for Boulter.

As of 2020, this was the last time a Democrat won a United States Senate election in Texas. [45] [46]

In the Democratic primary Democratic senator Lloyd Bentsen defeated the same opponent he had beaten in 1982, Joe Sullivan, a psychology professor from San Antonio. [47]

Bentsen had been senator from Texas since first winning election in 1970 and had been re-elected in 1976 and 1982. He was also Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the clear favourite for re-election in 1988. [48] Sullivan stood on a platform calling for reduced spending by the federal government, but had been easily defeated by Bentsen in the 1982 Democratic primary. [48] This was repeated in 1988 with Bentsen winning the primary with over 80% of the vote. [47]

March 8 Democratic primary results [49]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic Lloyd Bentsen 1,365,736 84.8
Democratic Joe Sullivan244,80515.2
Total votes1,610,541 100

Four candidates competed for the Republican nomination; U.S. representative Beau Boulter, former state representative Milton Fox, millionaire Houston businessman Wes Gilbreath and businessman Ned Snead. [50] Boulter was a two-term representative for the 13th district, while Gilbreath was competing in his first election, but spent $500,000 on the primary. [51]

Wes Gilbreath led in the March primary with 36.7%, but as no candidate won a majority, went into a run-off election against Beau Boulter who came second with 30.5%. [49]

March 8 Republican primary results [49]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Wes Gilbreath 275,080 36.7
Republican Beau Boulter 228,676 30.5
Republican Milton Fox138,03118.4
Republican Ned Snead107,56014.4
Total votes749,347 100

There were few policy differences between Boulter and Gilbreath, with both candidates being conservatives who opposed abortion and called for reduced government spending. [52] Gilbreath spent about one million dollars of his money in his contest for the primary, [53] while Boulter spent about $250,000. [52] However Boulter won endorsements from many Texas Republican leaders, [53] including the candidates who had come third and fourth in the March primary, as well as from anti-abortion groups. [52]

Boulter won the April run-off for the Republican nomination with just over 60% of the vote. [52]

April 12 Republican run-off results [49]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Beau Boulter 111,134 60.2
Republican Wes Gilbreath73,57339.8
Total votes184,707 100

In July 1988 the Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis chose Lloyd Bentsen to be the Democratic vice-presidential candidate. [54] As the Texas Democrats had already had their primary for senate candidate, Bentsen could not be replaced on the ballot. [54] Bentsen was however able to run both for the Senate and for vice-president as Lyndon Johnson had gotten Texas law changed in 1960 to allow Johnson to do the same at the 1960 election. [55]

Lloyd Bentsen won the senate election by a clear margin over Beau Boulter, at the same time as he and Michael Dukakis lost the presidential race, [56] with George Bush winning Texas with 56% of the vote compared to 43% for Dukakis. [57] Bentsen's vote total in the senate election was reported to be at the time the highest vote total in any Texas statewide election. [58] Bentsen then returned to the Senate and remained until the next four years when he was appointed the Secretary of the Treasury under President Bill Clinton. Had the Dukakis–Bentsen ticket won, Bentsen would have become U.S. Vice President and forced to resign his Senate seat, which would have led to a 1990 special election. It would also have led Republican Governor Bill Clements to temporarily appoint an interim replacement.

General election results [49]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic Lloyd Bentsen (Incumbent) 3,149,806 59.2 +0.6
Republican Beau Boulter 2,129,22840.0-0.5
Libertarian Jeff Daiell44,5720.8
Majority1,020,57819.2+1.1
Turnout 5,323,606
Democratic hold Swing

Utah

Utah election
Flag of Utah.svg
  1982
1994  
  Orrin Hatch official photo.jpg 3x4.svg
Nominee Orrin Hatch Brian Moss
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote430,084203,364
Percentage67.13%31.74%

1988 United States Senate election in Utah results map by county.svg
County results

Hatch:     50-60%     60-70%     70-80%     80-90%

Moss:     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

Orrin Hatch
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Orrin Hatch
Republican

Incumbent Orrin Hatch easily won re-election to a third term over Democrat Brian Moss.

1988 United States Senate election in Utah [59]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Orrin Hatch (Incumbent) 430,084 67.13%
Democratic Brian H. Moss203,36431.74%
AmericanRobert J. Smith6,0160.94%
Socialist Workers William M. Arth1,2330.19%
Majority227,72035.39%
Total votes640,697 100.00%
Republican hold

Vermont

Vermont election
Flag of Vermont.svg
  1982
1994  
  Jim Jeffords (cropped).jpg BillGray.png
Nominee Jim Jeffords Bill Gray
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote163,20371,469
Percentage68.0%29.8%

1988 United States Senate election in Vermont results map by county.svg
1988 United States Senate election in Vermont results map by municipality.svg
Jeffords:     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%
Gray:     40–50%

U.S. senator before election

Robert Stafford
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Jim Jeffords
Republican

Incumbent Republican Robert Stafford did not run for re-election to another term in the United States Senate. Republican candidate Jim Jeffords defeated Democratic candidate Bill Gray to succeed him.

Republican primary results [60]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Jim Jeffords 30,555 60.8
Republican Mike Griffes 19,59338.9
Republican Other1280.3
Total votes'50,276''100'
Democratic primary results [60]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Bill Gray 23,138 91.5
Democratic Other2,1498.5
Total votes'25,287''100'
1988 United States Senate election in Vermont [61]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Jim Jeffords 163,203 63.2
Democratic Bill Gray71,46929.8
Liberty Union Jerry Levy2,5061.0
Independent King Milne2,4241.0
N/AOther5090.2
Majority91,73633.4
Total votes240,111 100.0
Republican hold

Virginia

Virginia election
Flag of Virginia.svg
  1982
1994  
Turnout49.8% (voting eligible) [62]
  Charles Robb 1980.jpg Maurice Dawkins crop.png
Nominee Chuck Robb Maurice A. Dawkins
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote1,474,086593,652
Percentage71.3%28.7%

1988 United States Senate election in Virginia results map by county.svg
County and independent city results
Robb:     50-60%     60-70%     70-80%     80-90%

U.S. senator before election

Paul S. Trible
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Chuck Robb
Democratic

Former Democratic governor Chuck Robb replaced Republican Senator Paul S. Trible Jr., who opted not to run for re-election. Robb beat Republican Maurice A. Dawkins, minister and black activist.

1988 United States Senate election in Virginia [63]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic Chuck Robb 1,474,086 71.25% +22.45%
Republican Maurice A. Dawkins593,65228.69%-22.51%
Write-ins1,1590.06%
Majority880,43442.56%+40.18%
Turnout 2,068,897
Democratic gain from Republican Swing

Washington

Washington election
Flag of Washington.svg
1994  
  Slade Gorton, official Senate photo portrait.jpg MikeLowry.png
Nominee Slade Gorton Mike Lowry
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote944,359904,183
Percentage51.1%48.9%

Washington Senate Election Results by County, 1988.svg
County results

Gorton:     50-60%     60-70%     70-80%     80-90%

Lowry:     50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Daniel J. Evans
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Slade Gorton
Republican

Incumbent Republican Daniel J. Evans decided to retire instead of running for re-election to a full term, after being appointed to the seat in 1983, and won election to a partial term that same year. Republican former U.S. Senator Slade Gorton, who had just lost a re-election bid in 1986, won the open seat over congressman Mike Lowry. [64]

General election results
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Slade Gorton 944,359 51.09
Democratic Mike Lowry 904,18348.91
Majority40,1762.17
Turnout 1,848,542
Republican hold

West Virginia

West Virginia election
Flag of West Virginia.svg
  1982
1994  
  Robert Byrd official portrait (cropped).jpg Jay Wolfe cropped.jpg
Nominee Robert Byrd Jay Wolfe
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote410,983223,564
Percentage64.8%31.0%

1988 United States Senate election in West Virginia results map by county.svg
County results
Byrd:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Wolfe:     50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Robert Byrd
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Robert Byrd
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat Robert Byrd won re-election to a sixth term over Republican, State Senator Jay Wolfe. [65]

General election results [66]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Robert Byrd (Incumbent) 410,983 64.8%
Republican Jay Wolfe223,56435.2%
Total votes634,547 100.00%
Majority187,31929.6%
Democratic hold

Wisconsin

Wisconsin election
Flag of Wisconsin.svg
  1982
1994  
  Herbert Kohl, official photo.jpg Susan Engeleiter (cropped).jpg
Nominee Herb Kohl Susan Engeleiter
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote1,128,6251,030,440
Percentage52.1%47.6%

1988 United States Senate election in Wisconsin results map by county.svg
County results
Kohl:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Engeleiter:      40–50%     50–60%     60–70%

U.S. senator before election

William Proxmire
Democratic

Elected U.S. Senator

Herb Kohl
Democratic

Incumbent Democrat William Proxmire decided to retire, instead of running for re-election to a sixth full term. Democratic businessman Herb Kohl won the open seat, beating Republican state senator Susan Engeleiter.

General election results [67]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Herb Kohl 1,128,625 52.1%
Republican Susan Engeleiter1,030,44047.6%
Independent George W. Zaehringer3,9650.2%
Socialist Workers Patricia Grogan3,0290.1%
Independent Arlyn F. Wollenburg1,1980.1%
Total votes2,167,257 100.00%
Majority98,1854.5%
Democratic hold

Wyoming

Wyoming election
Flag of Wyoming.svg
  1982
1994  
  Malcolmwallop.JPG 3x4.svg
Nominee Malcolm Wallop John P. Vinich
Party Republican Democratic
Popular vote91,14389,821
Percentage50.37%49.64%

1988 United States Senate election in Wyoming results map by county.svg
County results

Wallop:     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%

Vinich:     50–60%

U.S. senator before election

Malcolm Wallop
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Malcolm Wallop
Republican

Incumbent Republican Malcolm Wallop ran for re-election to a fourth term, and was narrowly re-elected, defeating the Democratic state senator John Vinich by a margin of a little over 1,300 votes. [68]

Despite being a reliably Republican state, Vinich, a Democrat, was able to impressively compete with Wallop. During the campaign, Wallop attacked Vinich as being a tax-and-spend liberal who was beholden to labor and anti-business. [68] Vinich, in turn, cited his "A" score he got from the National Rifle Association of America due to his votes in the Wyoming Legislature to counter Wallop's attacks, and possibly attract conservative voters. [68]

General election results [69]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Malcolm Wallop (Incumbent) 91,143 50.37%
Democratic John P. Vinich89,82149.64%
Total votes180,964 100.00%
Majority1,3220.73%
Republican hold

See also

Notes

  1. Angus King, who was elected in 2012 and re-elected in 2018, is an independent who caucuses with the Democrats, but is not actually a member of the party.
  2. Includes the interim appointee who ran for election.
  3. Appointee defeated

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