1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont

Last updated

1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont
Flag of Vermont.svg
←  1986 November 8, 1988 1990  →
  Peter Plympton Smith.jpg Portrait of Bernie Sanders in c. 1986 (1).jpg 3x4.svg
Nominee Peter Plympton Smith Bernie Sanders Paul N. Poirier
Party Republican Independent Democratic
Popular vote98,93790,02645,330
Percentage41.20%37.49%18.88%
VermontHouseofRepresentivesElection1988.svg
1988 Vermont at-large congressional district election by municipality.svg
Smith     30–40%     40–50%     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%
Sanders     30–40%     40–50%     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
Poirier     30–40%     40–50%
Representative before election

Jim Jeffords
Republican

Elected Representative

Peter Plympton Smith
Republican

The 1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont was held on November 8, 1988. Republican nominee Peter Plympton Smith defeated Independent candidate Bernie Sanders and Democratic nominee Paul N. Poirier.

Contents

Incumbent Republican Representative Jim Jeffords chose to run for a seat in the United States Senate instead of seeking reelection to the United States House of Representatives. Former Lieutenant Governor Peter Plympton Smith won the Republican nomination against David Gates. State Representative Paul N. Poirier won the Democratic nomination against Peter Welch, James A. Guest and Dolores Sandoval. Sanders, the Mayor of Burlington, ran as an Independent candidate.

This is the most recent election in which a Republican was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Vermont's at-large congressional district.

Background

From 1854 to 1958, the Vermont Republican Party won every statewide election in Vermont. William H. Meyer became the first member of the Democratic Party to win a statewide election in Vermont since 1853, when he won election to the United States House of Representatives from Vermont's at-large congressional district in the 1958 election. [1]

Jim Jeffords, a member of the Republican Party, was elected from Vermont's at-large district in the 1974 election and served for fourteen years. [2] [3] In the 1986 election he faced no Democratic opponent and won with 89.12% of the popular vote against three other candidates. [4]

Republican primary

Candidates

Declined

Campaign

Senator Robert Stafford, who had been appointed to the United States Senate in 1971, announced on April 10, 1987, that he would not seek reelection in the 1988 election. [5] Representative Jeffords announced that he would seek the Republican nomination to succeed Stafford in the United States Senate instead of seeking reelection to the United States House of Representatives. [6]

Dennis Delaney, a member of the Vermont Senate, considered running in a congressional, gubernatorial, or lieutenant gubernatorial election. [7]

Smith had run in the 1986 gubernatorial election with the Republican nomination, but placed second to Democratic Governor Madeleine Kunin in the popular vote and in the Vermont General Assembly vote as no candidate had received more than 50% of the popular vote. [8] [9] David Dillon served as Smith's campaign manager. [10]

Smith defeated Gates in the primary with 77.60% of the popular vote. [11]

Results

1988 Vermont Republican congressional primary [11]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Peter Plympton Smith 37,230 77.60%
Republican David Gates9,96420.77%
Write-in 7841.63%
Total votes240,131 100.00%

Democratic primary

Candidates

Campaign

On April 8, 1987, Paul N. Poirier, the Majority Leader of the Vermont House of Representatives, announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for congressional election. [7] [12]

Results

Poirier defeated Welch, Guest, and Sandoval in the primary with 41.27% of the popular vote. [13]

1988 Vermont Democratic congressional primary [13]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic Paul N. Poirier 11,024 33.98%
Democratic Peter Welch 10,75833.16%
Democratic James A. Guest 8,30125.58%
Democratic Dolores Sandoval2,1316.57%
Write-in 2310.71%
Total votes32,445 100.00%

Minor parties and other candidates

Bernie Sanders

Bernie Sanders won election as Mayor of Burlington, Vermont, in the 1981 mayoral election as an independent and won reelection in the 1983, 1985, and 1987 elections. [14] [15] [16] [17] Sanders had run for governor in the 1986 election and had received 14.45% of the popular vote in the election and support from one member of the state legislature. [8] [9] During the 1987 campaign Sanders stated that he would not seek reelection in 1989, stating that "eight years is enough and I think it is time for new leadership, which does exist within the coalition, to come up". [18] Sanders announced on March 10, 1988, that he would run in the election as an independent candidate. [19] Terry Bouricius served as Sanders' campaign treasurer. [20] During the campaign he received the support of the Rainbow Coalition. [21]

Other parties

Jim Hedbor announced that he would run in the election with the Libertarian nomination on February 25, 1988, at a press conference in Montpelier, Vermont. [22] Hedbor won the Libertarian primary without opposition. [23]

Peter Diamondstone, who had unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives five times, announced on June 3, 1988, that he would run in the election with the nomination of the Liberty Union Party. [24] Diamondstone faced no opposition in the party's primary. [25] Diamondstone also sought the position of Vermont Attorney General during the 1988 election. During the campaign he accused his opponents of excluding the candidates of smaller parties from debates and forums. [10]

Morris Earle, who had unsuccessfully ran in five elections including for Vermont's at-large congressional district in 1986, announced that he would run and appeared on the Small Is Beautiful ballot line. [26]

1988 Vermont at-large congressional district Libertarian primary [23]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Libertarian Jim Hedbor8084.21%
Libertarian Write-ins1515.79%
Total votes95 100.00%
1988 Vermont at-large congressional district Liberty Union primary [25]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberty Union Peter Diamondstone 12492.54%
Liberty Union Write-ins107.46%
Total votes134 100.00%

General election

Campaign

Three debates was held during the campaign which were attended by all of the candidates. [27] [28] [29] [30] Two candidates forums were held with one on foreign policy and the other on elderly issues. [31] [32] Smith accused Poirier of conducting a negative campaign while Poirier questioned Smith's statements that he had founded and served as president of the Community College of Vermont. [33]

A straw poll of the six candidates was conducted during one of the debates in which they were asked who they would support if they were not on the ballot. Smith and Earle stated that they would support Poirier, Sanders stated that he would support Earle, Poirier stated that he would support Sanders, and Diamondstone refused to vote. [34]

Smith won in the general election with 41.20% of the popular vote against Sanders' 37.49% and Poirier's 18.88%. [35] [36] Smith won the popular vote in eight counties while Sanders won the popular vote in five counties. [37] Smith's victory was the last time that a member of the Republican Party was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Vermont. [38]

Polling

Poll sourceDate(s)Sample sizeMargin of Error Smith Sanders Poirier Hedbor Diamondstone EarleUndecided
Terry Bouricius (internal Sanders poll) [39] April 11–12, 1988424 voters± 5%32%'30%7%2%N/AN/A29%
Rutland Herald
Barre Montpelier Times Argus
University of Vermont [40] 		October 6–9, 1988502 registered voters± 4.5%40%'25%17%0%0%0%16%

Endorsements

Paul N. Poirier (D)

Organizations

Bernie Sanders (I)

Organizations

Peter Plympton Smith (R)

Organizations

Results

1988 Vermont at-large congressional district election [35]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Republican Peter Plympton Smith 98,93741.20%−47.92%
Independent Bernie Sanders 90,02637.49%+37.49%
Democratic Paul N. Poirier 45,33018.88%+18.88%
Libertarian Jim Hedbor3,1101.30%+1.30%
Liberty Union Peter Diamondstone 1,4550.61%−3.13%
Small is BeautifulMorris Earle1,0700.45%−2.65%
Independent Write-in2030.08%−0.05%
Total votes240,131 100.00%

Results by county

CountyPeter Plympton SmithVotesBernie SandersVotesPaul N. PoirierVotesJim HedborVotesPeter DiamondstoneVotesMorris EarleVotesScatteringVotesTotal
RepublicanIndependentDemocraticLibertarianLiberty UnionSmall is BeautifulWrite-in
Addison 39.53%5,43044.33%6,08912.57%1,7261.53%2100.39%531.63%2240.02%313,735
Bennington 48.33%7,34121.89%3,32526.78%4,0670.74%1131.35%2050.87%1320.03%515,188
Caledonia 49.96%5,55235.95%3,99612.37%1,3751.01%1120.49%551.01%1120.04%511,114
Chittenden 38.09%21,67542.12%23,96817.61%10,0231.60%9080.39%1510.27%1140.12%6756,906
Essex 54.59%1,27223.86%55619.66%4580.47%110.69%160.73%170.00%02,330
Franklin 34.90%5,14039.53%5,82323.45%3,4541.61%2370.29%430.17%250.05%714,729
Grand Isle 37.91%1,09438.57%1,11317.12%4946.03%1740.10%30.28%80.00%02,886
Lamoille 42.78%3,45643.69%3,52911.09%8961.63%1320.41%330.40%320.00%08,078
Orange 42.97%4,77638.20%4,24616.72%1,8581.44%1600.34%380.30%330.03%311,114
Orleans 42.29%4,02638.90%3,70316.65%1,5851.27%1210.57%540.27%260.05%59,520
Rutland 41.99%10,83840.35%10,41515.35%3,9611.30%3360.49%1270.42%1090.09%2425,810
Washington 38.31%9,97236.51%9,50323.44%6,1011.11%2890.34%880.27%690.03%826,030
Windham 42.83%7,78228.58%5,19324.87%4,5190.51%932.47%4480.68%1240.06%1118,170
Windsor 43.29%10,58335.05%8,56719.69%4,8130.87%2130.58%1410.44%1080.08%1924,444
Total41.20%98,93737.49%90,02618.88%45,3301.29%3,1090.61%1,4550.47%1,1330.07%157240,147 [37]

Results by municipality

MunicipalityPeter Plympton SmithVotesBernie SandersVotesPaul N. PoirierVotesJim HedborVotesPeter DiamondstoneVotesMorris EarleVotesScatteringVotesTotalReference
RepublicanIndependentDemocraticLibertarianLiberty UnionSmall is BeautifulWrite-in
Addison 56.94%28730.16%1527.14%364.17%210.20%11.39%70.00%0504 [36]
Albany 42.31%14343.20%14611.24%382.37%80.30%10.59%20.00%0338 [36]

Related Research Articles

The Vermont Progressive Party, formerly the Progressive Coalition and Independent Coalition, is a political party in the United States that is active in Vermont. It is the third-largest political party in Vermont behind the Democratic and Republican parties. As of 2023, the party has one member in the Vermont Senate and five members in the Vermont House of Representatives, as well as several more affiliated legislators who caucus with the Democratic Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 United States Senate election in Vermont</span>

The 2006 United States Senate election in Vermont was held November 7, 2006. Incumbent independent Senator Jim Jeffords decided to retire rather than seek reelection to a fourth term, and Bernie Sanders was elected to succeed him.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terry Bouricius</span> American politician

Terrill G. Bouricius is an American politician who served in the Vermont House of Representatives from the Chittenden-7-4 district from 1991 to 2001, as a member of the Vermont Progressive Party. Prior to his tenure in the state house, he served on the city council in Burlington, Vermont, from 1981 to 1991, from the 2nd district, and served as president of the city council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1990 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont</span>

The 1990 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1990, to elect the U.S. representative from the state's at-large congressional district. The election coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1988 United States Senate election in Vermont</span>

The 1988 United States Senate election in Vermont took place on November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican Robert Stafford did not run for re-election to another term in the United States Senate. Republican candidate Jim Jeffords defeated Democratic candidate Bill Gray to succeed him.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont</span>

The 1992 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont was held on Tuesday, November 3, 1992, to elect the U.S. representative from the state's at-large congressional district. The election coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including a quadrennial presidential election and an election to the U.S. Senate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1996 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont</span>

The 1996 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont was held on Tuesday, November 5, 1996, to elect the U.S. representative from the state's at-large congressional district. The election coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including a quadrennial presidential election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2000 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont</span>

The 2000 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont was held on Tuesday, November 7, 2000, to elect the U.S. representative from the state's at-large congressional district. The election coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices, including a quadrennial presidential election and an election to the U.S. Senate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2002 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont</span>

The 2002 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont was held on Tuesday, November 5, 2002, to elect the U.S. representative from the state's at-large congressional district. The election coincided with the elections of other federal and state offices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Becca Balint</span> American politician (born 1968)

Rebecca A. Balint is an American politician who is a member of the United States House of Representatives from Vermont's at-large congressional district as a member of the Democratic Party. She served as a member of the Vermont Senate from Windham County from 2015 to 2023, as majority leader from 2017 to 2021, and as president pro tempore from 2021 to 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1981 Burlington mayoral election</span>

The 1981 Burlington mayoral election was held March 3, 1981. Bernie Sanders, who ran as an independent candidate, defeated incumbent Democratic Mayor Gordon Paquette, who was seeking a sixth term as Mayor of Burlington, Vermont, and Richard Bove.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1983 Burlington mayoral election</span>

The 1983 Burlington mayoral election was held March 1, 1983. Incumbent Mayor Bernie Sanders won with 52.12% of the popular vote against Democratic nominee Judith Stephany and Republican nominee James Gilson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1985 Burlington mayoral election</span>

The 1985 Burlington mayoral election was held March 5, 1985. Incumbent Mayor Bernie Sanders won with 56.09% of the popular vote against Democratic nominee Brian D. Burns, independent Diane Gallagher, and various other minor candidates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1989 Burlington mayoral election</span>

The 1989 Burlington mayoral election was held on March 3, 1989. Incumbent Independent Mayor Bernie Sanders did not seek reelection to a fifth term. Peter Clavelle ran as an independent candidate, with the support of the Progressive Coalition, and defeated Democratic nominee Nancy Chioffi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carina Driscoll</span> American politician

Carina Nicole Driscoll is an American politician who served in the Vermont House of Representatives from Chittenden County from 2001 to 2003, as a member of the Vermont Progressive Party. She also served on the city council in Burlington, Vermont, and unsuccessfully sought the city's mayoralty in the 2018 election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mayoralty of Bernie Sanders</span> 1981–1989 mayoralty of Burlington, Vermont

Bernie Sanders served as the 37th Mayor of Burlington, Vermont, from April 6, 1981, to April 4, 1989. Sanders' administration was the first socialist one in New England since the mayoralty of Jasper McLevy. He was regarded as a successful mayor that instituted multiple economic policies in Burlington, and was selected as one of the twenty best mayors in the United States by U.S. News & World Report in 1987. He was active in foreign affairs, primarily in Latin America in which he criticized the policy of the United States and visited Cuba, Nicaragua, and the Soviet Union, and was criticized for it by his opponents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mollie Burke</span> American politician

Mollie S. Burke is an American politician who serves in the Vermont House of Representatives from the Windham-2-2 district as a member of the Vermont Progressive Party. Prior to her tenure in the state house she was active in local politics in Brattleboro, Vermont.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1993 Burlington mayoral election</span>

The 1993 Burlington mayoral election was held on March 2, 1993. Republican nominee Peter Brownell defeated incumbent Progressive Coalition Mayor Peter Clavelle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 Burlington mayoral election</span>

On March 7, 2006, a mayoral election was held in Burlington, Vermont, United States. Incumbent Mayor Peter Clavelle declined to seek reelection and Progressive nominee Bob Kiss was elected to succeed him.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Judy Stephany</span> American politician

Judith B. Stephany Ahearn is an American politician who served as a member of the Vermont State Senate and the Vermont House of Representatives, and was the Democratic nominee for Mayor of Burlington in 1983, losing to independent Bernie Sanders.

References

  1. ↑ "Green Old Party". Seven Days . July 2, 2003. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  2. ↑ "1974 election results" (PDF). Clerk of the United States House of Representatives . November 4, 1974. p. 38. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2021.
  3. ↑ "Jim Jeffords, Who Altered Power in Senate, Dies at 80". The New York Times . August 18, 2014. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  4. ↑ "1986 election results" (PDF). Clerk of the United States House of Representatives . November 4, 1986. p. 40. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2021.
  5. ↑ "Stafford will not seek re-election". Brattleboro Reformer . April 11, 1987. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  6. ↑ "Jeffords takes aim at vacant Senate seat". Brattleboro Reformer . April 23, 1987. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  7. 1 2 "Rep. Poirier Says He'll Run for U.S. House". The Burlington Free Press . April 9, 1987. p. 19. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  8. 1 2 "1986 Governor General Election". Secretary of State of Vermont . Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
  9. 1 2 "Kunin's Legislative Election First in 74 Years". The Burlington Free Press . January 9, 1987. p. 15. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  10. 1 2 "Small parties are left out, Liberty candidate says". The Burlington Free Press . August 31, 1988. p. 22. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  11. 1 2 "1988 Republican primary". Secretary of State of Vermont . Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  12. ↑ "Rep. Poirer to run for U.S. House". Bennington Banner . April 9, 1987. p. 14. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  13. 1 2 "1988 Democratic primary". Secretary of State of Vermont . Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  14. ↑ "Recount Puts Sanders Up By 10 Votes". The Burlington Free Press . March 14, 1981. p. 4. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  15. ↑ "1983 election results". The Burlington Free Press . March 2, 1983. p. 17. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ↑ "City Elections At-a-glance". The Burlington Free Press . March 6, 1985. p. 2. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  17. ↑ "1987 election results". The Burlington Free Press . March 4, 1985. p. 11. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  18. ↑ "Sanders Proclaims '87 Race Will Be His Last Mayoral Bid". The Burlington Free Press . December 7, 1986. p. 21. Archived from the original on June 9, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  19. ↑ "Bernie Sanders to run for congressional seat". Brattleboro Reformer . March 11, 1988. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  20. ↑ "Progressives criticize plan for aid to Nicaraguan opposition". The Burlington Free Press . September 19, 1989. p. 14. Archived from the original on June 19, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  21. 1 2 "Rainbow Coalition backs Sanders". Bennington Banner . July 14, 1988. p. 6. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  22. ↑ "Libertarian". Brattleboro Reformer . February 26, 1988. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  23. 1 2 "1988 Libertarian primary". Secretary of State of Vermont . p. 9. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021.
  24. ↑ "Sixth Bid From Diamonstone". Rutland Herald . June 4, 1988. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  25. 1 2 "1988 Liberty Union primary". Secretary of State of Vermont . p. 9. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021.
  26. ↑ "Earle seeks House seat". The Burlington Free Press . October 10, 1987. p. 15. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  27. ↑ "Candidates attack ads and issues". The Burlington Free Press . September 29, 1988. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  28. ↑ "Candidates for U.S. House hold first debate". The Burlington Free Press . September 29, 1988. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  29. ↑ "How Media Treat Fringe Candidates". Rutland Herald . October 9, 1988. p. 18. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  30. ↑ "Manchester candidate returns campaign contribution". The Burlington Free Press . October 21, 1988. p. 11. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  31. ↑ "Candidates forum set in Weston". Brattleboro Reformer . October 13, 1988. p. 10. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  32. ↑ "State house Candidates Forum to discuss issues on elderly". Bennington Banner . October 18, 1988. p. 5. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  33. ↑ "Smith knocks Poirier on 'negative' campaigning". Brattleboro Reformer . September 27, 1988. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  34. ↑ "Poirier wins grudging nod from candidates". The Burlington Free Press . October 23, 1988. p. 11. Archived from the original on June 20, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  35. 1 2 "1988 election results" (PDF). Clerk of the United States House of Representatives . November 8, 1988. p. 50. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 14, 2021.
  36. 1 2 3 "1988 election results by municipality". Secretary of State of Vermont . Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021.
  37. 1 2 "Detailed 1988 election results". Secretary of State of Vermont . November 8, 1988. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021.
  38. ↑ "Last Republican". The Burlington Free Press . December 8, 2019. p. A7. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  39. ↑ "Sanders' Poll Puts Him Close Second". Rutland Herald . April 22, 1988. p. 11. Archived from the original on June 19, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  40. ↑ "Poll: Smith, Kunin, Jeffords lead". Bennington Banner . October 17, 1988. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  41. ↑ "Vermont teachers' union backs Jeffords, Poirier". Brattleboro Reformer . June 14, 1988. p. 3. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2021– via Newspapers.com.
  42. ↑ Lee, Michelle Ye Hee (January 21, 2016). "The role Sanders's anti-assault weapons stance played in his first major loss" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.