Climate of China

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Koppen climate types of Mainland China Koppen-Geiger Map CHN present.svg
Köppen climate types of Mainland China

Owing to tremendous differences in latitude, longitude, and altitude, the climate of China is extremely diverse. It ranges from tropical in the far south to subarctic in the far north, and alpine in the higher elevations of the Tibetan Plateau. Monsoon winds, caused by differences in the heat-absorbing capacity of the continent and the ocean, dominate the climate. During the summer, the East Asian Monsoon carries warm and moist air from the south and delivers the vast majority of the annual precipitation in much of the country. Conversely, the Siberian anticyclone dominates during winter, bringing cold and comparatively dry conditions. The advance and retreat of the monsoons account, in large degree, for the timing of the rainy season throughout the country. Although most of the country lies in the temperate belt, its climatic patterns are complex.

Contents

Sanbao Township in Xinjiang currently holds the highest recorded temperature in China, at 52.2 °C (126.0 °F) on 16 July 2023. [1] [2] Mohe City, Heilongjiang, holds the record for the lowest temperature in China, at −53.0 °C (−63.4 °F) on 22 January 2023. [3] [4]

Overview

Temperature

Hardiness zones in China China Hardiness Map 1.jpg
Hardiness zones in China

The northern extremities of both Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia have a subarctic climate [5] with long, severe winters, and short, warm summers. [6] In contrast, most of Hainan Island and parts of the extreme southern fringes of Yunnan have a tropical climate. [5] Temperature differences in winter are considerable, but in summer, the variance is considerably less. For example, Mohe County, Heilongjiang, has a 24-hour average temperature in January approaching −30 °C (−22 °F), while the corresponding figure in July exceeds 18 °C (64 °F). [7] By contrast, most of Hainan, including the city of Haikou, has a January mean over 18 °C (64 °F), while the July mean there is generally around 29 °C (84 °F). [8]

In summer, temperatures can be very hot and humid, and the cities of Chongqing, Wuhan, and Nanjing are sometimes referred to as the Three Furnaces (simplified Chinese : 三 大 火炉 ; traditional Chinese : 三 大 火爐 ; pinyin :sān dà huǒlú). [9] Other cities are also known by this name. [10] Even so, the hottest temperatures nationwide are recorded in the Turpan Depression, where the climate is much drier and temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F). [11] [12]

Permafrost can be found at high elevations in the Tibetan Plateau and the Tian Shan mountains, [13] [14] as well as other mountainous areas in Northern China. [14]

Precipitation

The average annual precipitation in Mainland China China average annual precipitation (en).png
The average annual precipitation in Mainland China

In the winter, northern winds coming from high-latitude areas are cold and dry, while in summer, southern winds from coastal areas at lower latitudes are warm and moist. [15] Precipitation is almost always concentrated in the warmer months, though annual totals range from less than 20 millimetres (0.8 in) in northwestern Qinghai and the Turpan Depression of Xinjiang, to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in areas of southeast China, such as Hong Kong and Guangdong. Toksun County, located in the Turpan Depression, has an average rainfall of just 3.9 mm (0.15 in) annually, the lowest precipitation in any area in China. [16] High pressure cells create cold, dry conditions in the Gobi Desert in winter. [17] Only in some pockets of the Dzungaria region of Xinjiang is the conspicuous seasonal variation in precipitation that defines Chinese (and, to a large extent, East Asian) climate absent. The East Asian Monsoon, which controls the seasonal precipitation, varies from year to year. [18] It has historically been known as the plum rain. [19] [20] Scientists have used pollen and dust to track its movements. [21] [22]

Typhoons and flooding

Typhoons can affect China. In 1975, Typhoon Nina struck China, and may have killed up to 230,000 people as a result of the subsequent Banqiao Dam failure and famines. [23] [24] Other death estimates remain below 100,000. [25] In 2006, Typhoon Saomai became one of the strongest typhoons to hit China when it made landfall in Zhejiang. [26] [27] In 2013, Typhoon Haiyan caused extensive damage in China, [28] causing economic losses of ¥4.58 billion (US$752 million). [29] That same year, Typhoon Fitow became one of the costliest typhoons to strike China, [30] [31] with several places setting rainfall records. [32] [33] It was the costliest Chinese typhoon on record and caused several billion dollars in damage before it was beaten 10 years later by Typhoon Doksuri. [34] In 2018, Typhoon Mangkhut caused $1.99 billion in damage within China. [29] In 2021, Typhoon In-fa caused record-breaking rainfall in parts of China, [35] [36] and over 12,000 temporary shelters had to be set up in Zhejiang. [37] In 2022, Typhoon Muifa became the strongest typhoon to landfall in Shanghai. [38]

During the wet season, typhoons and heavy rainfall can cause rivers to flood. The 1931 China floods are considered to be the worst Chinese natural disaster of all time, with estimates of fatalities ranging widely but going up to as high as four million people. [39] [40] 15% of wheat and rice crops were destroyed in the Yangtze Valley, leading to famines. [41] Almost 800,000 in Wuhan were left homeless after a dike failure in July 1931. [42] : 270  The city was flooded under water for nearly three months. [42] : 269–270  The city of Nanjing was also severely affected, [43] and tens of thousands of people died in Gaoyou alone. [44] Other major floods include the 1954 Yangtze River Floods, which killed around 30,000 people, [45] the 1998 China floods, which caused significant damage and affected 180 million people, [45] [46] and the 2020 China floods, which caused US$32 billion in damage. [47] [48]

Tornadoes

Tornadoes occur frequently across China. Over 400 are recorded each year, with some reaching EF3 intensity. On 23 June 2016, a violent EF4 tornado ripped through the city of Yancheng in Jiangsu, killing 98 people and injuring 846, many of them critically. [49] [50] Tornadoes occur most frequently in the eastern regions of China, but activity is also prevalent in the southern and central regions. [51]

Sunshine

Annual sunshine duration ranges from less than 1,000 hours in parts of Sichuan and Chongqing [52] to over 3,000 hours in parts of Xinjiang and Qinghai, including Golmud. [53] Some areas of Tibet, including Lhasa, are also sunny. Seasonal patterns in sunshine vary considerably by region, but overall, the north and the Tibetan Plateau are sunnier than the south of the country. In some cities in southern China, such as Hong Kong, spring is the cloudiest season and autumn is the sunniest. [54]

Environmental issues

Air pollution caused by industrial plants (a factory at the Yangtze River) Factory in China.jpg
Air pollution caused by industrial plants (a factory at the Yangtze River)

In 2020, China ranked 120th out of 180 countries in the Environmental Performance Index. [55] The government has taken actions to mitigate environmental issues, but some media has criticized the actions as inadequate. [56]

A major environmental issue in China is the continued expansion of its deserts, particularly the Gobi Desert. [57] [58] Although barrier tree lines planted since the 1970s have reduced the frequency of sandstorms, prolonged drought and poor agricultural practices have resulted in dust storms plaguing northern China each spring, which then spread to other parts of East Asia, including Japan and Korea. China's environmental watchdog, SEPA, stated in 2007 that China is losing 4,000 km2 (1,500 sq mi) per year to desertification. [59] Water quality, erosion, and pollution control have become important issues in China's relations with other countries. Melting glaciers in the Himalayas could potentially lead to water shortages for hundreds of millions of people. [60] According to academics, in order to limit climate change in China to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), electricity generation from coal in China without carbon capture must be phased out by 2045. [61] Official government statistics about Chinese agricultural productivity are considered unreliable, due to exaggeration of production at subsidiary government levels. [62] [63]

Much of China has a climate very suitable for agriculture and the country has been the world's largest producer of rice, wheat, tomatoes, eggplant, grapes, watermelon, spinach, and many other crops. [64]

Examples

Northeast China

Climate data for Beijing (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)14.3
(57.7)		25.6
(78.1)		29.5
(85.1)		33.5
(92.3)		41.1
(106.0)		41.1
(106.0)		41.9
(107.4)		39.3
(102.7)		35.2
(95.4)		31.0
(87.8)		23.3
(73.9)		19.5
(67.1)		41.9
(107.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)2.3
(36.1)		6.1
(43.0)		13.2
(55.8)		21.0
(69.8)		27.2
(81.0)		30.8
(87.4)		31.8
(89.2)		30.7
(87.3)		26.5
(79.7)		19.3
(66.7)		10.3
(50.5)		3.7
(38.7)		18.6
(65.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)−2.7
(27.1)		0.6
(33.1)		7.5
(45.5)		15.1
(59.2)		21.3
(70.3)		25.3
(77.5)		27.2
(81.0)		26.1
(79.0)		21.2
(70.2)		13.8
(56.8)		5.2
(41.4)		−1.0
(30.2)		13.3
(55.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−6.9
(19.6)		−4.2
(24.4)		1.9
(35.4)		9.0
(48.2)		15.1
(59.2)		20.0
(68.0)		23.0
(73.4)		22.0
(71.6)		16.3
(61.3)		8.8
(47.8)		0.7
(33.3)		−5.0
(23.0)		8.4
(47.1)
Record low °C (°F)−22.8
(−9.0)		−27.4
(−17.3)		−15
(5)		−3.2
(26.2)		2.5
(36.5)		9.8
(49.6)		15.3
(59.5)		11.4
(52.5)		3.7
(38.7)		−3.5
(25.7)		−12.3
(9.9)		−18.3
(−0.9)		−27.4
(−17.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)2.2
(0.09)		5.8
(0.23)		8.6
(0.34)		21.7
(0.85)		36.1
(1.42)		72.4
(2.85)		169.7
(6.68)		113.4
(4.46)		53.7
(2.11)		28.7
(1.13)		13.5
(0.53)		2.2
(0.09)		528
(20.78)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)1.62.33.04.76.010.011.910.57.15.22.91.666.8
Average snowy days2.82.51.30.10.00.00.00.00.00.01.72.811.2
Average relative humidity (%)43424043475869716458544653
Mean monthly sunshine hours 188.1189.1231.1243.2265.1221.6190.5205.3206.1199.9173.4177.12,490.5
Percent possible sunshine 62626261595042495659596157
Average ultraviolet index 2346899864215
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration [65] [66]
Source 2: Extremes [lower-alpha 1] and Weather Atlas [71]

Note

  1. ↑ All-time record high; [67] February record high; [68] May record high; [69] June record high [70]
Climate data for Tianjin (Dongli District) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951-present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)14.3
(57.7)		20.8
(69.4)		30.5
(86.9)		33.1
(91.6)		40.5
(104.9)		40.6
(105.1)		40.5
(104.9)		37.4
(99.3)		34.9
(94.8)		30.8
(87.4)		23.1
(73.6)		14.4
(57.9)		40.6
(105.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)2.1
(35.8)		5.8
(42.4)		12.8
(55.0)		20.8
(69.4)		26.8
(80.2)		30.2
(86.4)		31.6
(88.9)		30.7
(87.3)		26.9
(80.4)		19.8
(67.6)		10.7
(51.3)		3.7
(38.7)		18.5
(65.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)−2.8
(27.0)		0.4
(32.7)		7.0
(44.6)		14.8
(58.6)		21.0
(69.8)		25.0
(77.0)		27.2
(81.0)		26.3
(79.3)		21.7
(71.1)		14.3
(57.7)		5.7
(42.3)		−0.9
(30.4)		13.3
(56.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−6.5
(20.3)		−3.7
(25.3)		2.4
(36.3)		9.6
(49.3)		15.8
(60.4)		20.6
(69.1)		23.6
(74.5)		22.7
(72.9)		17.4
(63.3)		9.9
(49.8)		1.8
(35.2)		−4.3
(24.3)		9.1
(48.4)
Record low °C (°F)−18.1
(−0.6)		−22.9
(−9.2)		−17.7
(0.1)		−2.8
(27.0)		4.5
(40.1)		10.1
(50.2)		16.2
(61.2)		13.7
(56.7)		6.2
(43.2)		−2.2
(28.0)		−11.7
(10.9)		−17.9
(−0.2)		−22.9
(−9.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)2.6
(0.10)		6.0
(0.24)		6.1
(0.24)		22.8
(0.90)		37.7
(1.48)		78.0
(3.07)		141.2
(5.56)		122.3
(4.81)		54.8
(2.16)		32.8
(1.29)		13.5
(0.53)		3.1
(0.12)		520.9
(20.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)1.32.32.54.56.29.011.19.86.44.83.02.062.9
Average relative humidity (%)54544948536473756762605660
Mean monthly sunshine hours 167.6175.9227.7243.8267.8233.9202.2203.3212.3199.8165.2160.92,460.4
Percent possible sunshine 55586161605345495859555556
Source: China Meteorological Administration [72] [73] [74]
Climate data for Shenyang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1905–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)8.6
(47.5)		17.2
(63.0)		22.6
(72.7)		30.0
(86.0)		35.7
(96.3)		39.3
(102.7)		38.3
(100.9)		38.4
(101.1)		32.9
(91.2)		29.4
(84.9)		21.7
(71.1)		14.1
(57.4)		39.3
(102.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)−4.8
(23.4)		0.1
(32.2)		7.5
(45.5)		17.1
(62.8)		23.9
(75.0)		27.6
(81.7)		29.5
(85.1)		28.8
(83.8)		24.4
(75.9)		16.3
(61.3)		5.8
(42.4)		−2.5
(27.5)		14.5
(58.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)−11.4
(11.5)		−6.3
(20.7)		1.7
(35.1)		10.8
(51.4)		17.8
(64.0)		22.3
(72.1)		24.9
(76.8)		23.8
(74.8)		17.9
(64.2)		9.8
(49.6)		0.3
(32.5)		−8.4
(16.9)		8.6
(47.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−17.0
(1.4)		−12.0
(10.4)		−3.9
(25.0)		4.3
(39.7)		11.5
(52.7)		16.9
(62.4)		20.6
(69.1)		19.4
(66.9)		12.1
(53.8)		4.0
(39.2)		−4.7
(23.5)		−13.5
(7.7)		3.1
(37.7)
Record low °C (°F)−33.1
(−27.6)		−28.4
(−19.1)		−25.0
(−13.0)		−12.8
(9.0)		0.2
(32.4)		3.9
(39.0)		12.0
(53.6)		5.7
(42.3)		−2.6
(27.3)		−8.3
(17.1)		−22.8
(−9.0)		−30.2
(−22.4)		−33.1
(−27.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)6.0
(0.24)		9.7
(0.38)		16.7
(0.66)		35.2
(1.39)		63.6
(2.50)		92.5
(3.64)		167.0
(6.57)		167.1
(6.58)		50.8
(2.00)		44.1
(1.74)		22.8
(0.90)		12.0
(0.47)		687.5
(27.07)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)3.73.44.86.69.011.712.210.66.57.05.84.886.1
Average snowy days4.84.54.31.1000000.64.35.825.4
Average relative humidity (%)63575249546777797266636464
Mean monthly sunshine hours 172.4192.0227.3228.7250.3218.4191.8204.3219.9204.8158.5153.02,421.4
Percent possible sunshine 58646157554842485960545455
Source: China Meteorological Administration [75] [76] [74] all-time extreme temperature [77]
Climate data for Harbin (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1961–2000)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)4.2
(39.6)		9.9
(49.8)		20.7
(69.3)		29.4
(84.9)		34.6
(94.3)		36.7
(98.1)		39.2
(102.6)		35.6
(96.1)		31.0
(87.8)		26.5
(79.7)		17.2
(63.0)		8.5
(47.3)		39.2
(102.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)−12.0
(10.4)		−6.3
(20.7)		2.8
(37.0)		14.0
(57.2)		21.5
(70.7)		26.5
(79.7)		27.8
(82.0)		26.5
(79.7)		21.2
(70.2)		12.3
(54.1)		−0.1
(31.8)		−9.2
(15.4)		10.4
(50.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)−17.6
(0.3)		−12.4
(9.7)		−2.8
(27.0)		7.8
(46.0)		15.3
(59.5)		21.0
(69.8)		23.1
(73.6)		21.6
(70.9)		15.1
(59.2)		6.4
(43.5)		−4.9
(23.2)		−14.3
(6.3)		4.9
(40.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−22.9
(−9.2)		−18.3
(−0.9)		−8.5
(16.7)		1.4
(34.5)		8.8
(47.8)		15.2
(59.4)		18.6
(65.5)		16.9
(62.4)		9.3
(48.7)		0.9
(33.6)		−9.5
(14.9)		−19.0
(−2.2)		−0.6
(30.9)
Record low °C (°F)−38.1
(−36.6)		−33.7
(−28.7)		−28.4
(−19.1)		−12.8
(9.0)		−3.8
(25.2)		4.6
(40.3)		9.5
(49.1)		6.6
(43.9)		−4.8
(23.4)		−16.2
(2.8)		−26.5
(−15.7)		−35.7
(−32.3)		−42.6
(−44.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)4.2
(0.17)		4.9
(0.19)		11.9
(0.47)		20.1
(0.79)		39.3
(1.55)		88.2
(3.47)		147.8
(5.82)		122.6
(4.83)		56.3
(2.22)		23.0
(0.91)		12.7
(0.50)		6.9
(0.27)		537.9
(21.19)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)5.85.75.76.710.313.514.212.39.97.16.07.2104.4
Average relative humidity (%)71665548516276786961636964
Mean monthly sunshine hours 155.9179.9230.9231.4264.1260.2254.2247.2230.5206.8170.2139.92,571.2
Percent possible sunshine 56626357585654576161605258
Average ultraviolet index 1234678753114
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration (sunshine data 1971–2000), [78] Weather China (precipitation days 1971–2000) [79]
Source 2: Weather Atlas [80]

Northwest China and Tibet

Climate data for Lanzhou, elevation 1,517 m (4,977 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)17.1
(62.8)		21.0
(69.8)		26.0
(78.8)		34.6
(94.3)		35.5
(95.9)		36.8
(98.2)		39.8
(103.6)		37.3
(99.1)		34.4
(93.9)		30.5
(86.9)		20.3
(68.5)		16.5
(61.7)		39.8
(103.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)2.3
(36.1)		7.6
(45.7)		14.1
(57.4)		20.7
(69.3)		24.9
(76.8)		28.6
(83.5)		30.2
(86.4)		28.8
(83.8)		23.6
(74.5)		17.5
(63.5)		10.3
(50.5)		3.5
(38.3)		17.7
(63.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)−4.1
(24.6)		0.6
(33.1)		7.0
(44.6)		13.2
(55.8)		17.7
(63.9)		21.7
(71.1)		23.4
(74.1)		22.2
(72.0)		17.2
(63.0)		10.7
(51.3)		3.5
(38.3)		−2.9
(26.8)		10.9
(51.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−8.4
(16.9)		−4.3
(24.3)		1.6
(34.9)		7.2
(45.0)		11.5
(52.7)		15.8
(60.4)		17.9
(64.2)		16.9
(62.4)		12.6
(54.7)		6.1
(43.0)		−0.9
(30.4)		−7.0
(19.4)		5.7
(42.4)
Record low °C (°F)−21.1
(−6.0)		−17.6
(0.3)		−11.6
(11.1)		−5.7
(21.7)		−0.1
(31.8)		5.7
(42.3)		9.8
(49.6)		8.6
(47.5)		1.6
(34.9)		−7.1
(19.2)		−12.3
(9.9)		−19.7
(−3.5)		−21.1
(−6.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)1.7
(0.07)		3.0
(0.12)		6.7
(0.26)		16.3
(0.64)		39.0
(1.54)		44.0
(1.73)		63.5
(2.50)		66.0
(2.60)		43.7
(1.72)		21.7
(0.85)		2.7
(0.11)		0.7
(0.03)		309
(12.17)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)2.42.43.75.87.88.910.710.19.96.52.11.071.3
Average snowy days4.94.43.30.90.100001.03.12.920.6
Average relative humidity (%)51464240444855586363585452
Mean monthly sunshine hours 149.7173.1210.3226.0245.1234.0239.6226.6173.2173.6155.5143.12,349.8
Percent possible sunshine 48565657565454554751514853
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration [81] [82] [83]
Source 2: Weather China [84]
Climate data for Xining, elevation 2,295 m (7,530 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)13.9
(57.0)		20.8
(69.4)		26.2
(79.2)		31.8
(89.2)		31.2
(88.2)		31.9
(89.4)		36.5
(97.7)		34.0
(93.2)		29.9
(85.8)		25.2
(77.4)		19.3
(66.7)		13.3
(55.9)		36.5
(97.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)2.1
(35.8)		5.8
(42.4)		11.0
(51.8)		16.6
(61.9)		20.2
(68.4)		23.2
(73.8)		25.1
(77.2)		24.2
(75.6)		19.6
(67.3)		14.5
(58.1)		8.6
(47.5)		3.4
(38.1)		14.5
(58.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)−7.9
(17.8)		−3.6
(25.5)		2.2
(36.0)		8.3
(46.9)		12.3
(54.1)		15.6
(60.1)		17.5
(63.5)		16.6
(61.9)		12.2
(54.0)		6.2
(43.2)		−0.7
(30.7)		−6.3
(20.7)		6.0
(42.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−14.6
(5.7)		−10.4
(13.3)		−4.4
(24.1)		1.4
(34.5)		5.7
(42.3)		9.2
(48.6)		11.6
(52.9)		11.1
(52.0)		7.4
(45.3)		0.9
(33.6)		−6.5
(20.3)		−12.6
(9.3)		−0.1
(31.8)
Record low °C (°F)−24.9
(−12.8)		−20.7
(−5.3)		−16.9
(1.6)		−12.5
(9.5)		−2.3
(27.9)		0.2
(32.4)		4.2
(39.6)		3.7
(38.7)		−1.1
(30.0)		−12.5
(9.5)		−19.0
(−2.2)		−26.6
(−15.9)		−26.6
(−15.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)1.8
(0.07)		1.9
(0.07)		8.8
(0.35)		20.7
(0.81)		53.8
(2.12)		64.5
(2.54)		81.5
(3.21)		87.0
(3.43)		68.0
(2.68)		23.3
(0.92)		5.2
(0.20)		1.2
(0.05)		417.7
(16.45)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)3.22.94.97.111.714.415.414.514.47.73.22.1101.5
Average snowy days5.15.87.03.40.40000.11.54.24.031.5
Average relative humidity (%)48454647556166697267585257
Mean monthly sunshine hours 196.7200.3223.9232.8240.5230.1223.8215.8181.4200.0201.8192.62,539.7
Percent possible sunshine 63656059555351524958676458
Source: China Meteorological Administration [74] [76] [85]
Climate data for Ürümqi, elevation 935 m (3,068 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)9.9
(49.8)		13.5
(56.3)		25.6
(78.1)		32.5
(90.5)		37.0
(98.6)		40.9
(105.6)		41.0
(105.8)		42.1
(107.8)		37.0
(98.6)		30.5
(86.9)		22.0
(71.6)		15.6
(60.1)		42.1
(107.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)−7.4
(18.7)		−4.3
(24.3)		5.3
(41.5)		17.4
(63.3)		23.4
(74.1)		28.2
(82.8)		30.1
(86.2)		29.0
(84.2)		23.1
(73.6)		14.2
(57.6)		3.3
(37.9)		−4.8
(23.4)		13.1
(55.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)−12.2
(10.0)		−8.9
(16.0)		0.4
(32.7)		11.5
(52.7)		17.3
(63.1)		22.4
(72.3)		24.2
(75.6)		22.9
(73.2)		17.2
(63.0)		8.8
(47.8)		−0.9
(30.4)		−9.2
(15.4)		7.8
(46.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−15.7
(3.7)		−12.3
(9.9)		−3.2
(26.2)		6.6
(43.9)		12.2
(54.0)		17.4
(63.3)		19.3
(66.7)		17.9
(64.2)		12.3
(54.1)		4.6
(40.3)		−4
(25)		−12.6
(9.3)		3.5
(38.4)
Record low °C (°F)−34.1
(−29.4)		−41.5
(−42.7)		−33.4
(−28.1)		−14.9
(5.2)		−2.4
(27.7)		4.6
(40.3)		8.8
(47.8)		5.0
(41.0)		−5.0
(23.0)		−12.4
(9.7)		−36.6
(−33.9)		−38.3
(−36.9)		−41.5
(−42.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)19.0
(0.75)		13.6
(0.54)		18.8
(0.74)		38.3
(1.51)		41.3
(1.63)		48.8
(1.92)		35.4
(1.39)		30.4
(1.20)		29.8
(1.17)		23.8
(0.94)		23.7
(0.93)		25.3
(1.00)		348.2
(13.72)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)8.17.35.56.76.87.28.06.34.44.86.69.681.3
Average snowy days13.612.67.62.80.30000.12.18.414.862.3
Average relative humidity (%)77776845414143424354727857
Mean monthly sunshine hours 101.8129.7203.2261.4301.9300.8306.1301.1275.2234.5137.090.52,643.2
Percent possible sunshine 35435464666566717571483358
Source: China Meteorological Administration [81] [86] [87]
Climate data for Lhasa, elevation 3,649 m (11,972 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)20.5
(68.9)		21.3
(70.3)		25.1
(77.2)		25.9
(78.6)		29.4
(84.9)		30.8
(87.4)		30.4
(86.7)		27.2
(81.0)		26.5
(79.7)		24.8
(76.6)		22.8
(73.0)		20.1
(68.2)		30.8
(87.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)8.3
(46.9)		10.4
(50.7)		13.4
(56.1)		16.5
(61.7)		20.5
(68.9)		23.9
(75.0)		23.3
(73.9)		22.3
(72.1)		21.1
(70.0)		17.9
(64.2)		13.3
(55.9)		9.7
(49.5)		16.7
(62.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)0.6
(33.1)		3.1
(37.6)		6.5
(43.7)		9.8
(49.6)		13.8
(56.8)		17.5
(63.5)		17.5
(63.5)		16.7
(62.1)		15.2
(59.4)		10.8
(51.4)		5.4
(41.7)		1.7
(35.1)		9.9
(49.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−7.1
(19.2)		−4.2
(24.4)		−0.5
(31.1)		3.1
(37.6)		7.1
(44.8)		11.1
(52.0)		11.7
(53.1)		11.1
(52.0)		9.3
(48.7)		3.7
(38.7)		−2.5
(27.5)		−6.3
(20.7)		3.0
(37.5)
Record low °C (°F)−16.5
(2.3)		−15.4
(4.3)		−13.6
(7.5)		−8.1
(17.4)		−2.7
(27.1)		2.0
(35.6)		4.5
(40.1)		3.3
(37.9)		0.3
(32.5)		−7.2
(19.0)		−11.2
(11.8)		−16.1
(3.0)		−16.5
(2.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)0.9
(0.04)		1.9
(0.07)		3.5
(0.14)		8.3
(0.33)		31.1
(1.22)		84.0
(3.31)		140.5
(5.53)		129.8
(5.11)		64.8
(2.55)		6.5
(0.26)		0.9
(0.04)		0.7
(0.03)		472.9
(18.63)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)0.61.22.45.29.514.419.819.113.53.50.60.590.3
Average snowy days1.32.25.55.60.90000.11.11.30.718.7
Average relative humidity (%)25242736414859615743322740
Mean monthly sunshine hours 250.0234.4256.0254.3279.8260.4227.5223.5238.4280.6266.2256.53,027.6
Percent possible sunshine 77746865666254556580848169
Source: China Meteorological Administration [74] [88] [76] all-time extreme temperature [77] [89]
Climate data for Turpan, elevation 39 m (128 ft), (1991–2020 normals)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)8.5
(47.3)		19.5
(67.1)		31.7
(89.1)		40.5
(104.9)		43.6
(110.5)		47.6
(117.7)		49.1
(120.4)		47.8
(118.0)		43.4
(110.1)		34.3
(93.7)		23.0
(73.4)		9.6
(49.3)		49.1
(120.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)−2.3
(27.9)		7.0
(44.6)		17.9
(64.2)		27.8
(82.0)		33.9
(93.0)		38.8
(101.8)		40.5
(104.9)		39.0
(102.2)		32.6
(90.7)		22.5
(72.5)		10.3
(50.5)		−0.4
(31.3)		22.3
(72.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)−6.7
(19.9)		1.3
(34.3)		11.6
(52.9)		20.7
(69.3)		26.6
(79.9)		31.6
(88.9)		33.1
(91.6)		31.2
(88.2)		24.6
(76.3)		14.5
(58.1)		4.4
(39.9)		−4.4
(24.1)		15.7
(60.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−10.3
(13.5)		−3.5
(25.7)		5.9
(42.6)		14.2
(57.6)		19.8
(67.6)		24.7
(76.5)		26.5
(79.7)		24.6
(76.3)		18.4
(65.1)		9.1
(48.4)		0.3
(32.5)		−7.6
(18.3)		10.2
(50.3)
Record low °C (°F)−28.9
(−20.0)		−24.5
(−12.1)		−10.4
(13.3)		−1.8
(28.8)		4.7
(40.5)		11.5
(52.7)		15.5
(59.9)		11.6
(52.9)		1.3
(34.3)		−5.7
(21.7)		−17.8
(0.0)		−26.1
(−15.0)		−28.9
(−20.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)0.9
(0.04)		0.5
(0.02)		0.7
(0.03)		0.9
(0.04)		1.0
(0.04)		2.6
(0.10)		2.0
(0.08)		2.0
(0.08)		1.4
(0.06)		1.2
(0.05)		0.6
(0.02)		0.9
(0.04)		14.7
(0.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)1.00.30.30.71.12.02.31.90.90.80.51.112.9
Average snowy days2.50.9000000000.22.66.2
Average relative humidity (%)56402523252730313545505637
Mean monthly sunshine hours 121.8172.0234.2263.7308.4301.6303.3299.6273.5238.6163.7108.22,788.6
Percent possible sunshine 41576265676666717471573961
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration [90] [91] [92]
Source 2: [93]
Climate data for Turpan (Dongkan Station), elevation −49 m (−161 ft), (1991–2020 normals)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)−1.9
(28.6)		7.6
(45.7)		18.6
(65.5)		28.5
(83.3)		34.5
(94.1)		39.3
(102.7)		40.8
(105.4)		39.3
(102.7)		33.2
(91.8)		23.2
(73.8)		10.9
(51.6)		0.0
(32.0)		22.8
(73.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)−8.0
(17.6)		0.5
(32.9)		11.1
(52.0)		20.7
(69.3)		26.8
(80.2)		31.9
(89.4)		33.3
(91.9)		31.4
(88.5)		24.8
(76.6)		14.8
(58.6)		3.8
(38.8)		−5.7
(21.7)		15.5
(59.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−12.8
(9.0)		−5.5
(22.1)		4.5
(40.1)		13.8
(56.8)		19.7
(67.5)		24.9
(76.8)		26.6
(79.9)		24.7
(76.5)		18.3
(64.9)		8.6
(47.5)		−1.3
(29.7)		−9.9
(14.2)		9.3
(48.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)0.8
(0.03)		0.4
(0.02)		0.6
(0.02)		1.0
(0.04)		1.0
(0.04)		2.5
(0.10)		2.0
(0.08)		1.9
(0.07)		1.3
(0.05)		0.9
(0.04)		0.4
(0.02)		0.6
(0.02)		13.4
(0.53)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)1.00.30.30.81.02.12.42.11.00.60.40.812.8
Average snowy days2.20.6000000000.12.04.9
Average relative humidity (%)56412624252832333441485737
Mean monthly sunshine hours 161.9193.2246.9267.1307.9304.8306.1302.3282.0254.7186.0140.02,952.9
Percent possible sunshine 55646666676767717776655066
Source: China Meteorological Administration [90] [94]

Central China

Climate data for Wuhan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)25.4
(77.7)		29.1
(84.4)		32.4
(90.3)		35.1
(95.2)		36.1
(97.0)		37.8
(100.0)		39.7
(103.5)		39.7
(103.5)		38.6
(101.5)		37.9
(100.2)		30.4
(86.7)		24.2
(75.6)		39.7
(103.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)8.3
(46.9)		11.4
(52.5)		16.3
(61.3)		22.7
(72.9)		27.3
(81.1)		30.4
(86.7)		33.2
(91.8)		32.8
(91.0)		28.9
(84.0)		23.3
(73.9)		17.1
(62.8)		10.8
(51.4)		21.9
(71.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)4.1
(39.4)		7.0
(44.6)		11.6
(52.9)		17.8
(64.0)		22.7
(72.9)		26.3
(79.3)		29.3
(84.7)		28.6
(83.5)		24.3
(75.7)		18.3
(64.9)		12.0
(53.6)		6.2
(43.2)		17.4
(63.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)1.0
(33.8)		3.6
(38.5)		7.9
(46.2)		13.7
(56.7)		18.8
(65.8)		23.0
(73.4)		26.2
(79.2)		25.4
(77.7)		20.8
(69.4)		14.8
(58.6)		8.4
(47.1)		2.8
(37.0)		13.9
(57.0)
Record low °C (°F)−18.1
(−0.6)		−14.8
(5.4)		−5.0
(23.0)		−0.3
(31.5)		7.2
(45.0)		13.0
(55.4)		17.3
(63.1)		16.4
(61.5)		10.1
(50.2)		1.3
(34.3)		−7.1
(19.2)		−10.1
(13.8)		−18.1
(−0.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)52.5
(2.07)		66.4
(2.61)		91.0
(3.58)		137.5
(5.41)		160.6
(6.32)		212.9
(8.38)		255.5
(10.06)		106.3
(4.19)		72.2
(2.84)		66.4
(2.61)		58.2
(2.29)		30.7
(1.21)		1,310.2
(51.57)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)9.79.912.611.612.512.011.19.77.78.59.17.2121.6
Average snowy days4.32.40.900000000.41.49.4
Average relative humidity (%)76767574747876777576777476
Mean monthly sunshine hours 95.497.8126.4152.5165.9155.8210.9214.8166.0149.1132.1116.71,783.4
Percent possible sunshine 30313439393749534543374040
Source: China Meteorological Administration [74] [95] [76]
Climate data for Changsha (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)26.9
(80.4)		30.6
(87.1)		32.8
(91.0)		36.1
(97.0)		36.3
(97.3)		38.2
(100.8)		40.4
(104.7)		40.6
(105.1)		39.5
(103.1)		38.5
(101.3)		33.4
(92.1)		24.9
(76.8)		40.6
(105.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)8.5
(47.3)		11.5
(52.7)		15.8
(60.4)		22.4
(72.3)		27.1
(80.8)		30.3
(86.5)		33.8
(92.8)		32.7
(90.9)		28.6
(83.5)		23.6
(74.5)		17.7
(63.9)		11.5
(52.7)		22.0
(71.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)5.1
(41.2)		7.8
(46.0)		11.7
(53.1)		17.9
(64.2)		22.6
(72.7)		26.2
(79.2)		29.6
(85.3)		28.4
(83.1)		24.2
(75.6)		18.9
(66.0)		13.2
(55.8)		7.5
(45.5)		17.8
(64.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)2.7
(36.9)		5.2
(41.4)		8.9
(48.0)		14.7
(58.5)		19.3
(66.7)		23.1
(73.6)		26.2
(79.2)		25.4
(77.7)		21.1
(70.0)		15.7
(60.3)		10.0
(50.0)		4.7
(40.5)		14.7
(58.6)
Record low °C (°F)−9.5
(14.9)		−12.0
(10.4)		−2.3
(27.9)		1.9
(35.4)		8.9
(48.0)		13.1
(55.6)		19.7
(67.5)		16.7
(62.1)		11.8
(53.2)		2.4
(36.3)		−2.8
(27.0)		−10.3
(13.5)		−12.0
(10.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)74.5
(2.93)		85.0
(3.35)		149.2
(5.87)		173.1
(6.81)		201.7
(7.94)		224.3
(8.83)		162.8
(6.41)		107.5
(4.23)		86.6
(3.41)		60.5
(2.38)		77.7
(3.06)		53.5
(2.11)		1,456.4
(57.33)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)13.413.917.416.415.914.410.410.88.89.79.810.8151.7
Average snowy days4.92.90.400000000.11.910.2
Average relative humidity (%)79797978788074767877777578
Mean monthly sunshine hours 64.766.583.5110.0137.1141.4226.7208.5151.2134.0112.496.81,532.8
Percent possible sunshine 20212228333454524138353034
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration [96] [74] [97]
Source 2: NOAA [98]
Climate data for Xi'an (normals 1981–2010, extremes 1951–2013)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)17.0
(62.6)		24.1
(75.4)		31.3
(88.3)		34.9
(94.8)		38.6
(101.5)		41.8
(107.2)		41.0
(105.8)		40.0
(104.0)		38.5
(101.3)		34.1
(93.4)		24.5
(76.1)		21.6
(70.9)		41.8
(107.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)5.1
(41.2)		8.9
(48.0)		14.4
(57.9)		21.5
(70.7)		26.6
(79.9)		31.4
(88.5)		32.4
(90.3)		30.3
(86.5)		25.6
(78.1)		19.3
(66.7)		12.4
(54.3)		6.3
(43.3)		19.5
(67.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)0.3
(32.5)		3.6
(38.5)		8.7
(47.7)		15.4
(59.7)		20.5
(68.9)		25.3
(77.5)		27.0
(80.6)		25.1
(77.2)		20.3
(68.5)		14.1
(57.4)		7.2
(45.0)		1.5
(34.7)		14.1
(57.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−3.3
(26.1)		−0.4
(31.3)		4.1
(39.4)		10.3
(50.5)		15.1
(59.2)		19.9
(67.8)		22.3
(72.1)		21.0
(69.8)		16.5
(61.7)		10.2
(50.4)		3.2
(37.8)		−2.2
(28.0)		9.7
(49.5)
Record low °C (°F)−20.6
(−5.1)		−18.7
(−1.7)		−7.6
(18.3)		−4
(25)		3.5
(38.3)		9.2
(48.6)		15.1
(59.2)		12.1
(53.8)		4.8
(40.6)		−1.9
(28.6)		−16.8
(1.8)		−19.3
(−2.7)		−20.6
(−5.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)6.7
(0.26)		9.8
(0.39)		27.1
(1.07)		37.5
(1.48)		54.9
(2.16)		64.5
(2.54)		97.5
(3.84)		78.6
(3.09)		94.1
(3.70)		61.7
(2.43)		21.5
(0.85)		7.3
(0.29)		561.2
(22.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)3.44.06.47.88.28.89.910.011.69.95.53.689.1
Average relative humidity (%)65626464656168757776736868
Mean monthly sunshine hours 88.496.1116.6142.8169.5179.7181.1168.1121.098.992.481.01,535.6
Percent possible sunshine 32343338404344473432323137
Source: China Meteorological Administration, [99] all-time extreme temperature [100]

East China

Climate data for Shanghai (Baoshan District), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)23.0
(73.4)		27.0
(80.6)		30.9
(87.6)		34.3
(93.7)		36.4
(97.5)		37.5
(99.5)		39.7
(103.5)		40.0
(104.0)		38.2
(100.8)		36.7
(98.1)		29.2
(84.6)		24.4
(75.9)		40.0
(104.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)8.2
(46.8)		10.1
(50.2)		14.3
(57.7)		20.1
(68.2)		25.1
(77.2)		27.8
(82.0)		32.4
(90.3)		31.9
(89.4)		27.9
(82.2)		22.9
(73.2)		17.5
(63.5)		11.0
(51.8)		20.8
(69.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)4.9
(40.8)		6.5
(43.7)		10.3
(50.5)		15.7
(60.3)		20.9
(69.6)		24.4
(75.9)		28.8
(83.8)		28.5
(83.3)		24.7
(76.5)		19.7
(67.5)		13.9
(57.0)		7.5
(45.5)		17.2
(62.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)2.2
(36.0)		3.6
(38.5)		6.9
(44.4)		12.0
(53.6)		17.5
(63.5)		21.7
(71.1)		25.9
(78.6)		25.9
(78.6)		22.2
(72.0)		16.7
(62.1)		10.7
(51.3)		4.4
(39.9)		14.1
(57.5)
Record low °C (°F)−10.1
(13.8)		−7.9
(17.8)		−5.4
(22.3)		−0.5
(31.1)		6.9
(44.4)		12.3
(54.1)		16.3
(61.3)		18.3
(64.9)		10.8
(51.4)		1.7
(35.1)		−4.2
(24.4)		−8.5
(16.7)		−10.1
(13.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)69.8
(2.75)		64.0
(2.52)		86.5
(3.41)		77.1
(3.04)		90.2
(3.55)		196.7
(7.74)		146.9
(5.78)		210.1
(8.27)		116.5
(4.59)		71.4
(2.81)		57.5
(2.26)		49.3
(1.94)		1,236
(48.66)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)10.09.712.210.610.813.711.912.59.97.08.68.1125
Average snowy days1.91.40.40.10.1000000.10.74.7
Average relative humidity (%)73737270717976777571727173
Mean monthly sunshine hours 110.4115.4136.6157.0169.7120.7184.7186.5161.2157.6127.1127.11,754
Percent possible sunshine 34373740402843464445404140
Source: China Meteorological Administration [74] [101]
Climate data for Nanjing (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)21.0
(69.8)		27.7
(81.9)		31.7
(89.1)		34.2
(93.6)		37.5
(99.5)		38.1
(100.6)		40.0
(104.0)		40.7
(105.3)		39.0
(102.2)		38.1
(100.6)		29.2
(84.6)		23.1
(73.6)		40.7
(105.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)7.4
(45.3)		10.1
(50.2)		15.1
(59.2)		21.4
(70.5)		26.6
(79.9)		29.2
(84.6)		32.4
(90.3)		31.9
(89.4)		27.9
(82.2)		22.8
(73.0)		16.6
(61.9)		10.0
(50.0)		21.0
(69.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)3.1
(37.6)		5.6
(42.1)		10.1
(50.2)		16.2
(61.2)		21.5
(70.7)		25.0
(77.0)		28.4
(83.1)		27.9
(82.2)		23.7
(74.7)		18.0
(64.4)		11.5
(52.7)		5.4
(41.7)		16.4
(61.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)0.0
(32.0)		2.0
(35.6)		6.0
(42.8)		11.6
(52.9)		17.1
(62.8)		21.4
(70.5)		25.1
(77.2)		24.8
(76.6)		20.3
(68.5)		14.2
(57.6)		7.7
(45.9)		1.9
(35.4)		12.7
(54.8)
Record low °C (°F)−14.0
(6.8)		−13.0
(8.6)		−7.1
(19.2)		−0.2
(31.6)		5.0
(41.0)		11.8
(53.2)		16.8
(62.2)		16.9
(62.4)		7.7
(45.9)		0.2
(32.4)		−6.3
(20.7)		−13.1
(8.4)		−14.0
(6.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)50.2
(1.98)		53.5
(2.11)		79.7
(3.14)		82.4
(3.24)		83.8
(3.30)		193.4
(7.61)		226.8
(8.93)		158.5
(6.24)		72.9
(2.87)		55.5
(2.19)		52.3
(2.06)		35.0
(1.38)		1,144
(45.05)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)9.28.910.99.69.910.611.712.17.87.37.77.2112.9
Average snowy days3.73.01.000000000.41.29.3
Average relative humidity (%)73716968697678797673717373
Mean monthly sunshine hours 121.2124.5153.2180.6190.4155.4195.4197.6165.0168.6145.4135.11,932.4
Percent possible sunshine 38404146453745484548474344
Source: China Meteorological Administration [102] [103] [74]
Climate data for Hangzhou (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)25.4
(77.7)		28.5
(83.3)		32.8
(91.0)		35.1
(95.2)		37.6
(99.7)		39.7
(103.5)		41.3
(106.3)		41.9
(107.4)		38.8
(101.8)		38.4
(101.1)		31.2
(88.2)		26.5
(79.7)		41.9
(107.4)
Mean maximum °C (°F)17.4
(63.3)		21.3
(70.3)		25.7
(78.3)		30.6
(87.1)		33.8
(92.8)		35.3
(95.5)		37.9
(100.2)		37.3
(99.1)		34.4
(93.9)		30.3
(86.5)		25.1
(77.2)		19.5
(67.1)		38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)8.6
(47.5)		11.1
(52.0)		15.9
(60.6)		22.1
(71.8)		26.9
(80.4)		29.2
(84.6)		34.0
(93.2)		33.4
(92.1)		28.7
(83.7)		23.6
(74.5)		17.7
(63.9)		11.3
(52.3)		21.9
(71.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)5.0
(41.0)		7.0
(44.6)		11.1
(52.0)		17.0
(62.6)		22.0
(71.6)		25.0
(77.0)		29.3
(84.7)		28.7
(83.7)		24.5
(76.1)		19.3
(66.7)		13.3
(55.9)		7.4
(45.3)		17.5
(63.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)2.2
(36.0)		4.0
(39.2)		7.6
(45.7)		13.0
(55.4)		18.0
(64.4)		21.8
(71.2)		25.6
(78.1)		25.4
(77.7)		21.4
(70.5)		15.8
(60.4)		10.0
(50.0)		4.3
(39.7)		14.1
(57.4)
Mean minimum °C (°F)−3.9
(25.0)		−2.3
(27.9)		0.8
(33.4)		5.8
(42.4)		12.1
(53.8)		16.9
(62.4)		21.5
(70.7)		21.4
(70.5)		16.0
(60.8)		9.0
(48.2)		2.5
(36.5)		−2.8
(27.0)		−4.6
(23.7)
Record low °C (°F)−8.6
(16.5)		−9.6
(14.7)		−3.5
(25.7)		0.2
(32.4)		7.3
(45.1)		12.8
(55.0)		17.3
(63.1)		18.2
(64.8)		12.0
(53.6)		1.0
(33.8)		−3.6
(25.5)		−8.4
(16.9)		−9.6
(14.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)93.3
(3.67)		89.9
(3.54)		135.7
(5.34)		116.8
(4.60)		126.8
(4.99)		258.2
(10.17)		167.5
(6.59)		176.8
(6.96)		113.3
(4.46)		74.1
(2.92)		75.2
(2.96)		64.2
(2.53)		1,491.8
(58.73)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)12.411.714.913.813.315.412.213.711.28.110.69.7147
Average snowy days4.22.80.80.10000000.21.49.5
Average relative humidity (%)74737270717973757673757274
Mean monthly sunshine hours 95.697.7120.4144.7158.9120.0204.6187.9139.9141.6118.9112.61,642.8
Percent possible sunshine 30313237382848463840383637
Source: China Meteorological Administration [74] [104] [76]
Climate data for Qingdao (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951-2010)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)12.9
(55.2)		19.6
(67.3)		21.5
(70.7)		25.2
(77.4)		34.2
(93.6)		34.4
(93.9)		38.9
(102.0)		34.3
(93.7)		33.2
(91.8)		28.4
(83.1)		22.1
(71.8)		16.2
(61.2)		38.9
(102.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)3.4
(38.1)		5.6
(42.1)		10.0
(50.0)		15.7
(60.3)		21.1
(70.0)		24.3
(75.7)		27.6
(81.7)		28.7
(83.7)		25.8
(78.4)		20.2
(68.4)		12.8
(55.0)		5.9
(42.6)		16.8
(62.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)0.2
(32.4)		2.1
(35.8)		6.2
(43.2)		11.6
(52.9)		17.1
(62.8)		20.8
(69.4)		24.7
(76.5)		25.6
(78.1)		22.3
(72.1)		16.6
(61.9)		9.5
(49.1)		2.7
(36.9)		13.3
(55.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−2.4
(27.7)		−0.6
(30.9)		3.4
(38.1)		8.7
(47.7)		14.1
(57.4)		18.5
(65.3)		22.7
(72.9)		23.4
(74.1)		19.5
(67.1)		13.7
(56.7)		6.7
(44.1)		0.1
(32.2)		10.7
(51.2)
Record low °C (°F)−15.5
(4.1)		−12.1
(10.2)		−6.2
(20.8)		−1.6
(29.1)		6.1
(43.0)		12.0
(53.6)		13.6
(56.5)		16.3
(61.3)		10.1
(50.2)		1.9
(35.4)		−7.2
(19.0)		−11.3
(11.7)		−15.5
(4.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)10.3
(0.41)		15.7
(0.62)		18.0
(0.71)		34.0
(1.34)		64.1
(2.52)		70.7
(2.78)		159.1
(6.26)		159.6
(6.28)		69.4
(2.73)		35.5
(1.40)		35.2
(1.39)		14.8
(0.58)		686.4
(27.02)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)2.84.04.66.57.78.711.610.97.25.35.23.678.1
Average snowy days3.83.31.60.20000000.72.712.3
Average relative humidity (%)63656567718286827164646370
Mean monthly sunshine hours 160.4164.9208.6219.1234.3186.0168.3194.5201.1202.1163.4158.52,261.2
Percent possible sunshine 52535656544338475559545352
Average ultraviolet index 23579910975316
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration [74] [105]
Source 2: Weather China [106] Weather Atlas (UV index) [107]
Climate data for Hefei (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)20.7
(69.3)		27.5
(81.5)		30.9
(87.6)		34.7
(94.5)		36.4
(97.5)		37.8
(100.0)		41.1
(106.0)		41.0
(105.8)		38.6
(101.5)		39.9
(103.8)		30.1
(86.2)		24.0
(75.2)		41.1
(106.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)7.2
(45.0)		10.2
(50.4)		15.5
(59.9)		21.9
(71.4)		27.1
(80.8)		29.7
(85.5)		32.6
(90.7)		32.1
(89.8)		28.2
(82.8)		22.9
(73.2)		16.4
(61.5)		9.9
(49.8)		21.1
(70.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)3.1
(37.6)		5.7
(42.3)		10.6
(51.1)		16.8
(62.2)		22.2
(72.0)		25.6
(78.1)		28.6
(83.5)		27.9
(82.2)		23.6
(74.5)		17.9
(64.2)		11.4
(52.5)		5.3
(41.5)		16.6
(61.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)−0.1
(31.8)		2.2
(36.0)		6.6
(43.9)		12.4
(54.3)		17.8
(64.0)		21.9
(71.4)		25.4
(77.7)		24.7
(76.5)		20.1
(68.2)		13.9
(57.0)		7.4
(45.3)		1.7
(35.1)		12.8
(55.1)
Record low °C (°F)−20.6
(−5.1)		−14.1
(6.6)		−7.3
(18.9)		−0.4
(31.3)		6.2
(43.2)		12.2
(54.0)		17.9
(64.2)		15.8
(60.4)		10.8
(51.4)		1.5
(34.7)		−5.1
(22.8)		−13.5
(7.7)		−20.6
(−5.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)47.4
(1.87)		52.8
(2.08)		76.3
(3.00)		83.7
(3.30)		90.1
(3.55)		158.5
(6.24)		185.1
(7.29)		138.7
(5.46)		70.3
(2.77)		51.6
(2.03)		54.6
(2.15)		33.7
(1.33)		1,042.8
(41.07)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)9.08.810.39.810.410.511.811.98.18.38.26.8113.9
Average snowy days4.32.61.100000000.51.510
Average relative humidity (%)75747170717780817774757375
Mean monthly sunshine hours 109.2113.7143.2173.9182.9155.9186.2176.8150.0151.3140.4126.91,810.4
Percent possible sunshine 34363845433743434143454141
Source: China Meteorological Administration [74] [76] [108]

South China

Climate data for Hong Kong, normals 1991–2020, [lower-alpha 1] extremes 1884–1939 and 1947–present
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)26.9
(80.4)		28.3
(82.9)		30.1
(86.2)		33.4
(92.1)		36.1
(97.0)		35.6
(96.1)		35.7
(96.3)		36.6
(97.9)		35.2
(95.4)		34.3
(93.7)		31.8
(89.2)		28.7
(83.7)		36.6
(97.9)
Mean maximum °C (°F)24.0
(75.2)		25.1
(77.2)		27.5
(81.5)		30.2
(86.4)		32.3
(90.1)		33.6
(92.5)		34.1
(93.4)		34.2
(93.6)		33.4
(92.1)		31.3
(88.3)		28.4
(83.1)		25.1
(77.2)		34.7
(94.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)18.7
(65.7)		19.4
(66.9)		21.9
(71.4)		25.6
(78.1)		28.8
(83.8)		30.7
(87.3)		31.6
(88.9)		31.3
(88.3)		30.5
(86.9)		28.1
(82.6)		24.5
(76.1)		20.4
(68.7)		26.0
(78.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)16.5
(61.7)		17.1
(62.8)		19.5
(67.1)		23.0
(73.4)		26.3
(79.3)		28.3
(82.9)		28.9
(84.0)		28.7
(83.7)		27.9
(82.2)		25.7
(78.3)		22.2
(72.0)		18.2
(64.8)		23.5
(74.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)14.6
(58.3)		15.3
(59.5)		17.6
(63.7)		21.1
(70.0)		24.5
(76.1)		26.5
(79.7)		26.9
(80.4)		26.7
(80.1)		26.1
(79.0)		23.9
(75.0)		20.3
(68.5)		16.2
(61.2)		21.6
(70.9)
Mean minimum °C (°F)9.1
(48.4)		10.2
(50.4)		12.2
(54.0)		16.3
(61.3)		20.7
(69.3)		23.6
(74.5)		24.2
(75.6)		24.3
(75.7)		23.5
(74.3)		20.1
(68.2)		15.3
(59.5)		10.1
(50.2)		7.8
(46.0)
Record low °C (°F)0.0
(32.0)		2.4
(36.3)		4.8
(40.6)		9.9
(49.8)		15.4
(59.7)		19.2
(66.6)		21.7
(71.1)		21.6
(70.9)		18.4
(65.1)		13.5
(56.3)		6.5
(43.7)		4.3
(39.7)		0.0
(32.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)33.2
(1.31)		38.9
(1.53)		75.3
(2.96)		153.0
(6.02)		290.6
(11.44)		491.5
(19.35)		385.8
(15.19)		453.2
(17.84)		321.4
(12.65)		120.3
(4.74)		39.3
(1.55)		28.8
(1.13)		2,431.2
(95.72)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)5.707.9710.5011.3715.3719.3318.4317.5014.907.835.705.30139.90
Average relative humidity (%)74798283838281817873727078
Mean monthly sunshine hours 145.8101.7100.0113.2138.8144.3197.3182.1174.4197.8172.3161.61,829.3
Percent possible sunshine 43322730343648464755524841
Source: Hong Kong Observatory [109] [110] [111]
Climate data for Guangzhou (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)28.4
(83.1)		29.4
(84.9)		32.1
(89.8)		33.3
(91.9)		39.0
(102.2)		38.9
(102.0)		39.1
(102.4)		38.3
(100.9)		37.6
(99.7)		36.2
(97.2)		33.4
(92.1)		29.9
(85.8)		39.1
(102.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)18.7
(65.7)		20.0
(68.0)		22.3
(72.1)		26.4
(79.5)		30.0
(86.0)		32.0
(89.6)		33.3
(91.9)		33.2
(91.8)		32.0
(89.6)		29.3
(84.7)		25.3
(77.5)		20.7
(69.3)		26.9
(80.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)13.8
(56.8)		15.5
(59.9)		18.3
(64.9)		22.5
(72.5)		26.0
(78.8)		27.9
(82.2)		28.9
(84.0)		28.6
(83.5)		27.4
(81.3)		24.4
(75.9)		20.2
(68.4)		15.4
(59.7)		22.4
(72.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)10.6
(51.1)		12.5
(54.5)		15.5
(59.9)		19.6
(67.3)		23.1
(73.6)		25.1
(77.2)		25.8
(78.4)		25.5
(77.9)		24.2
(75.6)		20.9
(69.6)		16.7
(62.1)		11.9
(53.4)		19.3
(66.7)
Record low °C (°F)0.1
(32.2)		0.0
(32.0)		3.2
(37.8)		7.7
(45.9)		13.7
(56.7)		18.8
(65.8)		21.6
(70.9)		20.9
(69.6)		15.5
(59.9)		9.5
(49.1)		4.9
(40.8)		0.0
(32.0)		0.0
(32.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)51.1
(2.01)		56.1
(2.21)		101.0
(3.98)		193.8
(7.63)		329.0
(12.95)		364.9
(14.37)		242.6
(9.55)		270.3
(10.64)		203.2
(8.00)		67.3
(2.65)		37.4
(1.47)		33.4
(1.31)		1,950.1
(76.77)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)7.29.413.815.317.419.417.016.812.05.75.75.7145.4
Average relative humidity (%)72768082818279807770696776
Mean monthly sunshine hours 112.977.561.669.1103.4127.5179.0166.4167.0182.2159.7152.71,559
Percent possible sunshine 33241718253243424651494636
Source: China Meteorological Data Service Center [112] [113] [82] all-time extreme temperature [77]
Climate data for Haikou (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1951–2015)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)33.5
(92.3)		37.2
(99.0)		38.1
(100.6)		39.6
(103.3)		38.8
(101.8)		38.4
(101.1)		38.7
(101.7)		37.3
(99.1)		36.0
(96.8)		34.5
(94.1)		34.7
(94.5)		31.5
(88.7)		39.6
(103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)21.8
(71.2)		22.9
(73.2)		26.3
(79.3)		30.7
(87.3)		32.3
(90.1)		33.7
(92.7)		33.5
(92.3)		32.6
(90.7)		30.7
(87.3)		29.1
(84.4)		26.2
(79.2)		22.4
(72.3)		28.5
(83.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)18.4
(65.1)		19.4
(66.9)		22.2
(72.0)		26.0
(78.8)		27.9
(82.2)		29.0
(84.2)		29.1
(84.4)		28.6
(83.5)		27.4
(81.3)		26.0
(78.8)		23.3
(73.9)		19.8
(67.6)		24.8
(76.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)16.1
(61.0)		17.2
(63.0)		19.6
(67.3)		23.2
(73.8)		25.1
(77.2)		25.9
(78.6)		26.0
(78.8)		25.9
(78.6)		25.0
(77.0)		23.7
(74.7)		21.0
(69.8)		17.8
(64.0)		22.2
(72.0)
Record low °C (°F)2.8
(37.0)		6.5
(43.7)		6.4
(43.5)		9.8
(49.6)		16.3
(61.3)		21.2
(70.2)		21.0
(69.8)		21.7
(71.1)		17.5
(63.5)		14.1
(57.4)		10.0
(50.0)		5.3
(41.5)		2.8
(37.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)20.3
(0.80)		38.2
(1.50)		50.4
(1.98)		90.1
(3.55)		175.6
(6.91)		220.5
(8.68)		214.7
(8.45)		262.1
(10.32)		255.8
(10.07)		221.9
(8.74)		72.4
(2.85)		34.3
(1.35)		1,656.3
(65.2)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)8.410.610.111.516.516.015.014.914.312.57.97.3145.0
Average relative humidity (%)85878582818180828379798082
Mean monthly sunshine hours 109.198.7137.3167.9218.1222.8251.3217.7193.8176.7144.8131.32,069.5
Percent possible sunshine 32313745545661555349433947
Source: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days and sunshine 1971–2000), [8] [114] [82] all-time extreme temperature [115]
Climate data for Sanya (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2000)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)30.4
(86.7)		31.0
(87.8)		33.2
(91.8)		34.5
(94.1)		35.4
(95.7)		35.9
(96.6)		34.5
(94.1)		34.3
(93.7)		35.5
(95.9)		33.7
(92.7)		32.6
(90.7)		31.9
(89.4)		35.9
(96.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)26.6
(79.9)		27.3
(81.1)		29.1
(84.4)		31.1
(88.0)		32.4
(90.3)		32.5
(90.5)		32.0
(89.6)		31.9
(89.4)		31.7
(89.1)		30.9
(87.6)		29.6
(85.3)		27.3
(81.1)		30.2
(86.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)22.3
(72.1)		23.1
(73.6)		25.2
(77.4)		27.4
(81.3)		29.1
(84.4)		29.5
(85.1)		28.9
(84.0)		28.6
(83.5)		28.0
(82.4)		27.0
(80.6)		25.4
(77.7)		23.1
(73.6)		26.5
(79.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)19.6
(67.3)		20.6
(69.1)		22.8
(73.0)		25.0
(77.0)		26.5
(79.7)		26.5
(79.7)		26.9
(80.4)		26.2
(79.2)		25.4
(77.7)		24.2
(75.6)		22.7
(72.9)		20.4
(68.7)		23.9
(75.0)
Record low °C (°F)5.1
(41.2)		11.0
(51.8)		10.5
(50.9)		19.1
(66.4)		19.8
(67.6)		21.3
(70.3)		22.1
(71.8)		21.8
(71.2)		20.1
(68.2)		14.7
(58.5)		7.9
(46.2)		7.1
(44.8)		5.1
(41.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)6.5
(0.26)		13.0
(0.51)		21.4
(0.84)		52.3
(2.06)		132.8
(5.23)		173.5
(6.83)		212.6
(8.37)		234.9
(9.25)		251.0
(9.88)		268.6
(10.57)		71.0
(2.80)		15.6
(0.61)		1,453.2
(57.21)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)3.43.63.95.610.014.013.816.017.013.56.63.7111.1
Average relative humidity (%)84.385.883.980.476.073.872.073.579.581.882.082.879.6
Average ultraviolet index 91112121212121212109811
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration [81] [116]
Source 2: Weather China (extremes) [117] Weather Atlas [118]
Climate data for Nanning (Yongning District) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2010)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)32.6
(90.7)		36.2
(97.2)		35.5
(95.9)		38.3
(100.9)		40.4
(104.7)		37.9
(100.2)		39.0
(102.2)		39.1
(102.4)		38.2
(100.8)		35.2
(95.4)		33.7
(92.7)		30.5
(86.9)		40.4
(104.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)17.3
(63.1)		19.2
(66.6)		21.8
(71.2)		27.2
(81.0)		30.9
(87.6)		32.3
(90.1)		32.9
(91.2)		33.1
(91.6)		32.1
(89.8)		29.1
(84.4)		24.9
(76.8)		20.0
(68.0)		26.7
(80.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)13.3
(55.9)		15.1
(59.2)		18.0
(64.4)		23.0
(73.4)		26.4
(79.5)		28.1
(82.6)		28.5
(83.3)		28.4
(83.1)		27.2
(81.0)		24.1
(75.4)		19.8
(67.6)		15.2
(59.4)		22.3
(72.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)10.7
(51.3)		12.5
(54.5)		15.4
(59.7)		20.0
(68.0)		23.3
(73.9)		25.3
(77.5)		25.7
(78.3)		25.5
(77.9)		24.0
(75.2)		20.7
(69.3)		16.4
(61.5)		12.0
(53.6)		19.3
(66.7)
Record low °C (°F)−2.1
(28.2)		0.2
(32.4)		3.7
(38.7)		9.2
(48.6)		13.5
(56.3)		18.2
(64.8)		19.7
(67.5)		19.9
(67.8)		15.4
(59.7)		6.9
(44.4)		0.7
(33.3)		−1.9
(28.6)		−2.1
(28.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)40.9
(1.61)		31.0
(1.22)		61.0
(2.40)		75.5
(2.97)		174.8
(6.88)		216.8
(8.54)		222.4
(8.76)		193.5
(7.62)		111.2
(4.38)		65.3
(2.57)		42.2
(1.66)		34.6
(1.36)		1,269.2
(49.97)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)9.69.613.812.213.916.416.615.49.76.86.97.2138.1
Average relative humidity (%)76788279798382827874747278
Mean monthly sunshine hours 64.360.057.6103.3152.7155.4187.9193.3187.2175.5132.6108.71,578.5
Percent possible sunshine 19191527373845495149403335
Source: China Meteorological Administration [119] [74] [120] all-time extreme temperature [77]

Southwest China

Climate data for Chongqing (Shapingba District), elevation 259 m (850 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)18.8
(65.8)		27.6
(81.7)		34.0
(93.2)		36.5
(97.7)		38.9
(102.0)		39.8
(103.6)		42.0
(107.6)		43.7
(110.7)		42.0
(107.6)		37.4
(99.3)		29.6
(85.3)		21.5
(70.7)		43.7
(110.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)10.4
(50.7)		13.6
(56.5)		18.6
(65.5)		23.9
(75.0)		27.4
(81.3)		29.8
(85.6)		33.7
(92.7)		33.9
(93.0)		28.5
(83.3)		22.0
(71.6)		17.3
(63.1)		11.7
(53.1)		22.6
(72.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)8.1
(46.6)		10.4
(50.7)		14.5
(58.1)		19.2
(66.6)		22.6
(72.7)		25.4
(77.7)		28.9
(84.0)		28.9
(84.0)		24.4
(75.9)		18.9
(66.0)		14.5
(58.1)		9.5
(49.1)		18.8
(65.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)6.4
(43.5)		8.3
(46.9)		11.7
(53.1)		16.0
(60.8)		19.4
(66.9)		22.4
(72.3)		25.4
(77.7)		25.3
(77.5)		21.5
(70.7)		16.8
(62.2)		12.5
(54.5)		8.0
(46.4)		16.1
(61.0)
Record low °C (°F)−1.8
(28.8)		−0.8
(30.6)		1.2
(34.2)		2.8
(37.0)		10.8
(51.4)		15.5
(59.9)		19.2
(66.6)		17.8
(64.0)		14.3
(57.7)		6.9
(44.4)		0.7
(33.3)		−1.7
(28.9)		−1.8
(28.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)20.7
(0.81)		22.4
(0.88)		55.6
(2.19)		103.4
(4.07)		142.5
(5.61)		212.1
(8.35)		174.2
(6.86)		125.7
(4.95)		124.7
(4.91)		95.3
(3.75)		50.4
(1.98)		24.7
(0.97)		1,151.7
(45.33)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)10.08.911.513.616.016.011.311.512.615.811.310.6149.1
Average snowy days0.20.10000000000.10.4
Average relative humidity (%)82787575767973707784838478
Mean monthly sunshine hours 16.632.972.8105.8109.798.7169.3175.2102.646.635.018.0983.2
Percent possible sunshine 510192726244043281311621
Average ultraviolet index 4681011121211107548
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration [121] [122] [123]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (uv) [124]
Climate data for Chongqing (Yubei District), elevation 465 m (1,526 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)16.8
(62.2)		23.7
(74.7)		32.3
(90.1)		34.1
(93.4)		36.1
(97.0)		35.6
(96.1)		38.7
(101.7)		41.7
(107.1)		40.9
(105.6)		33.1
(91.6)		27.7
(81.9)		17.9
(64.2)		41.7
(107.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)8.9
(48.0)		12.0
(53.6)		16.9
(62.4)		22.2
(72.0)		25.6
(78.1)		28.0
(82.4)		32.0
(89.6)		32.3
(90.1)		27.0
(80.6)		20.6
(69.1)		16.0
(60.8)		10.2
(50.4)		21.0
(69.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)6.7
(44.1)		9.0
(48.2)		13.2
(55.8)		18.0
(64.4)		21.4
(70.5)		24.1
(75.4)		27.6
(81.7)		27.6
(81.7)		23.1
(73.6)		17.7
(63.9)		13.2
(55.8)		8.0
(46.4)		17.5
(63.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)5.1
(41.2)		7.1
(44.8)		10.6
(51.1)		15.0
(59.0)		18.4
(65.1)		21.3
(70.3)		24.2
(75.6)		24.1
(75.4)		20.4
(68.7)		15.7
(60.3)		11.4
(52.5)		6.5
(43.7)		15.0
(59.0)
Record low °C (°F)−7.4
(18.7)		0.2
(32.4)		0.0
(32.0)		4.9
(40.8)		9.6
(49.3)		14.0
(57.2)		18.2
(64.8)		17.4
(63.3)		13.2
(55.8)		6.2
(43.2)		2.6
(36.7)		−2.8
(27.0)		−7.4
(18.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)19.6
(0.77)		22.6
(0.89)		55.2
(2.17)		101.2
(3.98)		154.8
(6.09)		205.6
(8.09)		167.4
(6.59)		130.9
(5.15)		129.3
(5.09)		104.8
(4.13)		52.4
(2.06)		24.4
(0.96)		1,168.2
(45.97)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)9.99.412.014.116.516.212.310.913.016.711.911.2154.1
Average snowy days1.00.40000000000.21.6
Average relative humidity (%)83797576827572798584857980
Mean monthly sunshine hours 35.945.585.8116.9126112195.8208.4127.770.459.434.91,218.7
Percent possible sunshine 11142330302746513520191126
Source: China Meteorological Administration [125] [126]
Climate data for NE Chongqing (Wushan County), elevation 276 m (906 ft), (1991–2014 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)21.8
(71.2)		27.5
(81.5)		34.3
(93.7)		37.5
(99.5)		40.8
(105.4)		41.9
(107.4)		42.1
(107.8)		42.8
(109.0)		42.2
(108.0)		35.5
(95.9)		26.4
(79.5)		20.7
(69.3)		42.8
(109.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)10.9
(51.6)		13.6
(56.5)		18.6
(65.5)		24.3
(75.7)		27.9
(82.2)		31.3
(88.3)		34.1
(93.4)		34.3
(93.7)		29.7
(85.5)		23.6
(74.5)		18.3
(64.9)		12.4
(54.3)		23.2
(73.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)7.5
(45.5)		9.7
(49.5)		13.6
(56.5)		18.8
(65.8)		22.5
(72.5)		26
(79)		28.6
(83.5)		28.5
(83.3)		24.6
(76.3)		19.1
(66.4)		14.3
(57.7)		9.2
(48.6)		18.5
(65.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)5.0
(41.0)		7.0
(44.6)		10.0
(50.0)		14.8
(58.6)		18.7
(65.7)		22.2
(72.0)		24.7
(76.5)		24.5
(76.1)		21.1
(70.0)		16.1
(61.0)		11.5
(52.7)		6.9
(44.4)		15.2
(59.4)
Record low °C (°F)−2.1
(28.2)		−0.2
(31.6)		1.6
(34.9)		3.4
(38.1)		11.4
(52.5)		15.5
(59.9)		18.6
(65.5)		17.2
(63.0)		13.1
(55.6)		5.8
(42.4)		3.1
(37.6)		−3.4
(25.9)		−3.4
(25.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)10.9
(0.43)		24.9
(0.98)		42.6
(1.68)		87.5
(3.44)		142.2
(5.60)		143.4
(5.65)		166.7
(6.56)		132.4
(5.21)		108
(4.3)		86.2
(3.39)		46.9
(1.85)		14.9
(0.59)		1,006.6
(39.68)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)5.46.410.313.414.412.913.011.010.712.39.16.9125.8
Average snowy days1.50.50.2000000000.32.5
Average relative humidity (%)65636366707171676872716968
Mean monthly sunshine hours 74.171.9111.9133.7144.4156.7194.1202.6147.8117.1101.776.51,532.5
Percent possible sunshine 23233034343745504034322434
Source: China Meteorological Administration [127] [128]
Climate data for Chengdu (Shuangliu District), elevation 495 m (1,624 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)18.9
(66.0)		24.0
(75.2)		31.8
(89.2)		32.5
(90.5)		35.2
(95.4)		37.5
(99.5)		37.7
(99.9)		39.4
(102.9)		36.2
(97.2)		30.1
(86.2)		26.2
(79.2)		18.4
(65.1)		39.4
(102.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)9.8
(49.6)		12.7
(54.9)		17.5
(63.5)		23.3
(73.9)		27.0
(80.6)		28.9
(84.0)		30.6
(87.1)		30.6
(87.1)		26.2
(79.2)		21.3
(70.3)		16.7
(62.1)		11.2
(52.2)		21.3
(70.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)6.0
(42.8)		8.5
(47.3)		12.6
(54.7)		17.6
(63.7)		21.6
(70.9)		24.2
(75.6)		25.8
(78.4)		25.5
(77.9)		21.9
(71.4)		17.5
(63.5)		12.8
(55.0)		7.5
(45.5)		16.8
(62.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)3.3
(37.9)		5.5
(41.9)		9.0
(48.2)		13.6
(56.5)		17.6
(63.7)		20.8
(69.4)		22.5
(72.5)		22.1
(71.8)		19.2
(66.6)		15.1
(59.2)		10.2
(50.4)		4.9
(40.8)		13.7
(56.6)
Record low °C (°F)−6.5
(20.3)		−2.6
(27.3)		−1.8
(28.8)		4.0
(39.2)		6.3
(43.3)		14.2
(57.6)		16.6
(61.9)		16.0
(60.8)		12.2
(54.0)		3.1
(37.6)		0.2
(32.4)		−5.9
(21.4)		−6.5
(20.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)8.9
(0.35)		12.4
(0.49)		23.6
(0.93)		47.5
(1.87)		76.8
(3.02)		122.5
(4.82)		238.2
(9.38)		198.8
(7.83)		116.5
(4.59)		43.1
(1.70)		15.9
(0.63)		7.0
(0.28)		911.2
(35.89)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)7.68.010.513.513.815.717.315.715.114.77.56.6146
Average snowy days1.10.40000000000.21.7
Average relative humidity (%)82797776737883838483828280
Mean monthly sunshine hours 38.354.785.2116.0122.1110.7122.1132.970.554.947.737.7992.8
Percent possible sunshine 12172330292629331916151222
Source: China Meteorological Administration [74] [129] [76] all-time extreme temperature [77] [130]
Climate data for Guiyang (Wudang District), elevation 1,104 m (3,622 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)25.8
(78.4)		29.7
(85.5)		31.8
(89.2)		35.3
(95.5)		34.6
(94.3)		35.6
(96.1)		37.5
(99.5)		35.9
(96.6)		34.4
(93.9)		32.1
(89.8)		28.6
(83.5)		26.1
(79.0)		37.5
(99.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)8.2
(46.8)		11.7
(53.1)		16.2
(61.2)		21.5
(70.7)		24.4
(75.9)		26.2
(79.2)		28.4
(83.1)		28.7
(83.7)		25.7
(78.3)		20.2
(68.4)		16.2
(61.2)		10.6
(51.1)		19.8
(67.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)4.6
(40.3)		7.3
(45.1)		11.2
(52.2)		16.2
(61.2)		19.5
(67.1)		21.9
(71.4)		23.8
(74.8)		23.5
(74.3)		20.6
(69.1)		16.0
(60.8)		11.7
(53.1)		6.6
(43.9)		15.2
(59.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)2.4
(36.3)		4.5
(40.1)		8.0
(46.4)		12.7
(54.9)		15.9
(60.6)		18.9
(66.0)		20.7
(69.3)		20.0
(68.0)		17.2
(63.0)		13.2
(55.8)		8.7
(47.7)		4.0
(39.2)		12.2
(53.9)
Record low °C (°F)−7.8
(18.0)		−6.6
(20.1)		−3.5
(25.7)		0.1
(32.2)		6.3
(43.3)		10.4
(50.7)		12.1
(53.8)		13.1
(55.6)		8.1
(46.6)		3.3
(37.9)		−2.4
(27.7)		−6.6
(20.1)		−7.8
(18.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)28.7
(1.13)		22.9
(0.90)		44.8
(1.76)		82.3
(3.24)		172.6
(6.80)		227.7
(8.96)		201.1
(7.92)		125.6
(4.94)		85.3
(3.36)		94.2
(3.71)		41.1
(1.62)		22.1
(0.87)		1,148.4
(45.21)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)15.412.715.415.216.616.815.614.110.815.011.012.9171.5
Average snowy days4.22.40.600000000.11.58.8
Average relative humidity (%)83787876778279777781807879
Mean monthly sunshine hours 35.055.481.6107.7120.098.8156.1171.3131.582.077.153.61,170.1
Percent possible sunshine 11172228292437433623241726
Source: China Meteorological Administration [74] [131] [76]
Climate data for Kunming, elevation 1,888 m (6,194 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)24.0
(75.2)		26.0
(78.8)		28.8
(83.8)		32.1
(89.8)		32.9
(91.2)		32.5
(90.5)		31.0
(87.8)		30.9
(87.6)		30.4
(86.7)		29.1
(84.4)		26.4
(79.5)		25.1
(77.2)		32.9
(91.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)16.3
(61.3)		18.5
(65.3)		21.8
(71.2)		24.3
(75.7)		25.2
(77.4)		25.4
(77.7)		24.8
(76.6)		25.0
(77.0)		23.5
(74.3)		21.1
(70.0)		18.7
(65.7)		16.0
(60.8)		23.5
(74.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)9.3
(48.7)		11.5
(52.7)		14.8
(58.6)		17.8
(64.0)		19.6
(67.3)		20.7
(69.3)		20.5
(68.9)		20.2
(68.4)		18.8
(65.8)		16.2
(61.2)		12.5
(54.5)		9.5
(49.1)		16.0
(60.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)4.0
(39.2)		5.8
(42.4)		8.9
(48.0)		12.0
(53.6)		14.9
(58.8)		17.3
(63.1)		17.6
(63.7)		17.2
(63.0)		15.7
(60.3)		12.9
(55.2)		8.2
(46.8)		4.8
(40.6)		11.6
(52.9)
Record low °C (°F)−5.7
(21.7)		−2.6
(27.3)		−5.2
(22.6)		−0.2
(31.6)		5.1
(41.2)		8.8
(47.8)		10.1
(50.2)		10.4
(50.7)		5.4
(41.7)		0.1
(32.2)		−2.4
(27.7)		−7.8
(18.0)		−7.8
(18.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)23.8
(0.94)		11.9
(0.47)		19.6
(0.77)		25.4
(1.00)		80.1
(3.15)		173.1
(6.81)		215.7
(8.49)		195.9
(7.71)		119.3
(4.70)		82.4
(3.24)		30.1
(1.19)		13.7
(0.54)		991.0
(39.02)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)4.33.75.46.511.116.519.718.913.912.05.33.7121.0
Average snowy days1.00.40.200000000.10.42.1
Average relative humidity (%)66585455647579787878747169
Mean monthly sunshine hours 223.6223.9253.3252.2217.2148.0122.6142.9127.1143.2191.5195.42,240.9
Percent possible sunshine 67706866523629363540596052
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration [74] [132]
Source 2: The Yearbook of Indochina (1937-1938, extremes 1907-1938) [133]

Climate change

This section is an excerpt from Climate change in China.[ edit ]
Warming stripes of China between 1901 and 2019 Stripes ASIA-China- All of China -1901-2019-BK-withlabels.png
Warming stripes of China between 1901 and 2019

Climate change is having major effects on the Chinese economy, society and the environment. [134] [135] China is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide, through an energy infrastructure heavily focused on coal. Other industries, such as a burgeoning construction industry and industrial manufacturing, contribute heavily to carbon emissions. However, China's per capita emissions are greater than the world and European Union averages but less than Australia, Canada, and the U.S. [136] It has also been noted that higher-income countries have outsourced emissions-intensive industries to China. [137] [138] China is now the world's largest polluter and in 2023 recorded its hottest year on record with an average temperature of 10.7 °C. [139] On the basis of cumulative CO2 emissions measured from 1751 through to 2017, China is responsible for 13% globally and about half of the United States' cumulative emissions. [140] [141]

China is suffering from the negative effects of global warming in agriculture, forestry and water resources, and is expected to continue to see increased impacts. China's government is taking some measures to increase renewable energy, and other decarbonization efforts, vowing to hit peak emissions before 2030 and be carbon neutral by 2060 by adopting "more vigorous policies and measures." [142] China's GHG emissions will likely peak in 2025 and return to 2022 levels by 2030. However, such pathway will still lead to a 3 degrees Celsius temperature rise. [143]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data in Hong Kong from 1991 to 2020.

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References

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  2. ↑ Salam, Erum; Abdul, Geneva; Jones, Sam; Ratcliffe, Rebecca; Wind, Emily (17 July 2023). "China confirms a record temperature of 52.5C [sic] over weekend". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 17 July 2023.
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  5. 1 2 "The 6 climate zones of China". ClimateList. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
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  8. 1 2 中国气象数据网 - WeatherBk Data (in Chinese (China)). China Meteorological Administration . Retrieved 15 April 2020.
  9. ↑ 为什么重庆、武汉、南京有"三大火炉"之称？ (in Chinese). Guangzhou Popular Science News Net (广州科普资讯网). 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
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  19. ↑ Lu Dian's Piya (published in the Song dynasty). Cited in Sargent, Stuart Howard (2007). The Poetry of He Zhu (1052-1125): Genres, Contexts, and Creativity . Brill. p.  18. ISBN   978-90-04-15711-8.
  20. ↑ Owen, Stephen [translator & editor], Warner, Ding Xiang [editor], Kroll, Paul [editor] (2016). The Poetry of Du Fu Archived 2019-05-20 at the Wayback Machine Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg , Volume 2. De Gruyter Mouton. Pages 298–299. ISBN   978-1-5015-0189-0
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  22. ↑ Weijian, Zhou; Donahue, Douglas J.; Porter, Stephen C.; Jull, Timothy A.; Xiaoqiang, Li; Stuiver, Minze; Zhisheng, An; Matsumoto, Eiji; Guangrong, Dong (1996). "Variability of Monsoon Climate in East Asia at the End of the Last Glaciation". Quaternary Research. 46 (3): 219–229. Bibcode:1996QuRes..46..219W. doi:10.1006/qres.1996.0062. ISSN   0033-5894. S2CID   129650707.
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