Father of the House (United Kingdom)

Last updated
Father of the House
Official portrait of Sir Peter Bottomley MP.jpg
Incumbent
Sir Peter Bottomley
since 13 December 2019
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
Member of House of Commons
Seat Westminster
First holder William Wither Bramston Beach
circa. 1899

The father of the House is a title that is bestowed on the senior member of the House of Commons who has the longest continuous service. If two or more members have the same length of current uninterrupted service, then whoever was sworn in earliest, as listed in Hansard , is named as Father of the House. [1]

Contents

The only formal duty of the father of the House is to preside over the election of the speaker of the House of Commons. However, the relevant Standing Order does not refer to this member by the title of "Father of the House", but instead to the longest-serving member of the House present who is not a minister of the Crown. Until 1971, the clerk of the House of Commons presided over the election of the Speaker. As the clerk is never a member, and therefore is not permitted to speak, he would silently stand and point at the Member who was to speak. However, this procedure broke down at the election of a new Speaker in 1971 and was changed upon the recommendation of a select committee. [2] [ failed verification ]

Since the 2019 general election, Sir Peter Bottomley, who has been an MP continuously since 1975, has been Father of the House. His grandmother's cousin Robin Turton was also Father. The previous father was Kenneth Clarke [3] who began his continuous service at the 1970 general election and became father in 2017 after the death of Sir Gerald Kaufman. Dennis Skinner also began continuous service at the 1970 general election, but was sworn in after Clarke. [4] [5] [1] Clarke declined to seek re-election in 2019 and retired from the Commons. Skinner contested the 2019 election, but was defeated.

History

Historically, the father of the House was not a clearly defined term, and it is not clear by what process it was used for individual Members. The first recorded usage of the term dates to 1788, in an obituary of Thomas Noel; it is also attested in an engraved portrait of Whitshed Keene by Charles Picart, from 1816. It may have been interpreted at various times as the oldest member, the member with the longest total service, the member with the longest unbroken service (the modern definition), or the member who entered the House longest ago. There is also some evidence that in the late 19th century, the position may have been elected. The modern definition was not settled upon until the late 1890s. [6]

After the Second World War, a convention arose that the father would normally be a member of the Select Committee on Privileges, but this lapsed following the establishment of the modern Standards and Privileges Committee in the 1990s. [6]

Among the twentieth-century fathers, there were several very prominent figures; four former Prime Ministers became Father of the House, and a fifth, Henry Campbell-Bannerman was simultaneously Father of the House and Prime Minister from May 1907 until soon before his death during April 1908. Almost all have been Privy Councillors. [6]

To date, all holders of the position have been men. [6] In 2015 Harriet Harman described herself as the 'Mother of the House' as she was the longest continuously serving woman MP. [7] David Cameron referred to her as the Mother the week after, [8] and Theresa May referred to Harriet Harman as the Mother of the House in 2017. [9] Harman had in fact been the longest serving female MP since at least 2010.

List of fathers of the House since 1899

This list covers all fathers of the House since W.W. Beach, the first to become Father after the modern approach (longest period of continuous service) was agreed in 1898. [6] Those who died as fathers are indicated by a †.

NameEntered ParliamentFather (Standing Order No 1)Left HousePartyConstituency
William Wither Bramston Beach 185718991901† Conservative North Hampshire (1857–85)
Andover (1885–1901)
Michael Hicks Beach 186419011906 Conservative Gloucestershire East (1864–85)
Bristol West (1885–1906)
George Finch 186719061907† Conservative Rutland
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman 186819071908† Liberal Stirling Burghs
Sir John Kennaway, 3rd Baronet 187019081910 Conservative East Devon (1870–85)
Honiton (1885–1910)
Thomas Burt 187419101918 Lib-Lab Morpeth
T. P. O'Connor 188019181929† Irish Nationalist Galway Borough (1880–85)
Liverpool Scotland (1885–1929)
David Lloyd George 189019291945 Liberal Caernarvon Boroughs
The Earl Winterton 190419451951 Conservative Horsham (1904–18, 1945–51)
Horsham and Worthing (1918–45)
Sir Hugh O'Neill 191519511952 Ulster Unionist Mid Antrim (1915–22)
Antrim (1922–50)
North Antrim (1950–52)
David Grenfell 192219521959 Labour Gower
Sir Winston Churchill 1900
continuous from 1924		19591964 Conservative Oldham (1900–04)
Liberal Oldham (1904–06)
Manchester North West (1906–08)
Dundee (1908–22)
Conservative Epping (1924–45)
Woodford (1945–64)
R. A. Butler 192919641965 Conservative Saffron Walden
Sir Robin Turton 192919651974 Conservative Thirsk and Malton
George Strauss 1929
continuous from 1934		19741979 Labour Lambeth North (1929–31, 1934–50)
Vauxhall (1950–79)
John Parker 193519791983 Labour Romford (1935–45)
Dagenham (1945–83)
James Callaghan 194519831987 Labour Cardiff South (1945–50)
Cardiff South East (1950–83)
Cardiff South and Penarth (1983–87)
Sir Bernard Braine 195019871992 Conservative Billericay (1950–55)
South East Essex (1955–83)
Castle Point (1983–92)
Sir Edward Heath 195019922001 Conservative Bexley (1950–74)
Sidcup (1974–83)
Old Bexley and Sidcup (1983–2001)
Sir Thomas Dalyell, 11th Baronet 196220012005 Labour West Lothian (1962–83)
Linlithgow (1983–2005)
Alan Williams 196420052010 Labour Swansea West
Sir Peter Tapsell 1959
continuous from 1966		20102015 Conservative Nottingham West (1959–64)
Horncastle (1966–83)
East Lindsey (1983–97)
Louth and Horncastle (1997–2015)
Sir Gerald Kaufman 197020152017† Labour Manchester Ardwick (1970–83)
Manchester Gorton (1983–2017)
Kenneth Clarke 197020172019 Conservative (1970–2019) Rushcliffe
Independent (2019)
Sir Peter Bottomley 19752019Incumbent Conservative Woolwich West (1975–83)
Eltham (1983–97)
Worthing West (1997–present)

Earlier "fathers"

This list covers all those who would have been considered Father of the House, by the modern definition, since an arbitrary date of 1701. Many of these will not have been considered "Father of the House" by contemporaries, and some men who were described as such are not listed here.

NameEntered ParliamentFather (Standing Order No 1)Left HousePartyConstituency
Sir John Fagg 1645
continuous from 1653		17011701† Steyning
Thomas Turgis 165917011704† Gatton
Sir Christopher Musgrave, 4th Baronet 166117041704† Westmorland
Thomas Strangways 167317041713 Dorset
Sir Richard Onslow 167917131715 Whig Guildford (1713–14)
Surrey (1714–15)
Thomas Erle 167917151718 Whig Wareham
Edward Vaughan 167917181718† Whig Cardiganshire
Richard Vaughan 1685
continuous from 1689		17181724† Whig Carmarthen
Lord William Powlett 168917241729† Tory Winchester (1689–1710, 1715–29)
Lymington (1710–15)
Sir Justinian Isham, 4th Baronet 1685
continuous from 1694		17291730† Tory Northampton (1685–90, 1694–98)
Northamptonshire (1698–30)
Sir Charles Turner, 1st Baronet 169517301738† Tory King's Lynn
Sir Roger Bradshaigh 169517381747† Tory Wigan
Sir Edward Ashe 169517471747 Tory Heytesbury
Sir Thomas Cartwright 1695
continuous from 1701		17471748† Tory Northamptonshire
Sir Richard Shuttleworth 170517481749† Tory Lancashire
Phillips Gybbon 170717491762† Whig Rye
Sir John Rushout, 4th Baronet 171317621768 Tory Malmesbury (1713–22)
Evesham (1722–68)
William Aislabie 172117681781† Whig Ripon
Charles FitzRoy-Scudamore 173317811782† Whig Thetford (1733–54, 1774–82)
Hereford (1754–68)
Heytesbury (1768–74)
The Earl Nugent 174117821784 Tory St Mawes (1741–54, 1774–84)
Bristol (1754–74)
Sir Charles Frederick 174117841784 Tory New Shoreham (1741–54)
Queenborough (1754–84)
The Lord Mendip 174117841790 Tory Cricklade (1741–47)
Weymouth and Melcombe Regis (1747–61, 1774–90)
Aylesbury (1761–68)
Petersfield (1768–74, 1791–95)
William Drake 174617901796† Amersham
Sir Philip Stephens, 1st Baronet 175917961806 Tory Liskeard (1759–68)
Sandwich (1768–1801)
Clement Tudway 176118061815† Tory Wells
Sir John Aubrey, 6th Baronet 176818151826† Tory Wallingford (1768–74, 1780–84)
Aylesbury (1774–1780)
Buckinghamshire (1780–90)
Clitheroe (1790–96)
Aldeburgh (1796–1812)
Steyning (1812–20)
Horsham (1820–26)
Sir Samuel Smith 178818261832 Tory St Germans (1788–90)
Leicester (1790–1818)
Midhurst (1818–20)
Wendover (1820–32)
George Byng 179018321847† Whig Middlesex
Charles Williams-Wynn 179718471850† Tory (1797–1834) Old Sarum (1797–99)
Montgomeryshire (1797–1850)
Conservative (1834–50)
George Harcourt 180618501861† Whig (1806–35) Lichfield (1806–31)
Oxfordshire (1831–61)
Conservative (1835–57)
Peelite (1857–59)
Liberal (1859–61)
Sir Charles Burrell, 3rd Baronet 180618611862† Tory (1806–34) New Shoreham
Conservative (1834–62)
Henry Cecil Lowther 181218621867† Tory (1812–34) Westmorland
Conservative (1834–67)
Thomas Peers Williams 182018671868 Tory (1820–34) Marlow
Conservative (1834–68)
Henry Lowry-Corry 182518681873† Tory (1825–34) Tyrone
Irish Conservative
(1834–73)
George Weld-Forester 182818731874 Tory (1828–34) Wenlock
Conservative (1834–74)
Christopher Rice Mansel Talbot 183018741890† Whig (1830–59) Glamorganshire (1830–85)
Mid Glamorganshire (1885–90)
Liberal (1859–90)
Charles Pelham Villiers 183518901898† Liberal (1835–86) Wolverhampton (1835–85)
Wolverhampton South (1885–98)
Liberal Unionist (1886–98)
Sir John Mowbray, 1st Baronet 185318981899† Conservative Durham City (1853–85)
Oxford University (1885–99)

Longest-serving member of the House of Lords

The title 'Father of the House' is not used in the House of Lords. [6] The longest-serving member is recorded on the House website, though no duties or special distinctions are associated with the position. [10] As of 2023, the longest-serving member is The Lord Trefgarne (Conservative), who first took his seat on 3 July 1962 [11] (having succeeded his father in the peerage in 1960 while still a minor). The House of Lords Act 1999 repealed the automatic right of hereditary peers to be members of the House of Lords; Trefgarne was one of those elected to continue as a member under section 2 of the Act.

As of 2024, the longest-serving life peer is The Baroness Cox (Crossbencher), who is also the longest-serving female member of the House. She first took her seat on 2 March 1983. [12]

The below table lists the longest continuously serving members of the Lords, in the order they achieved that status.

PeerMost senior title
in the peerage of		Entitled to seat in Lords as
(if with a different peerage or as an elected peer)		Party affiliationTime served
(from when first taking seat)		TenureBecame
longest-serving
member		Tenure as
longest-serving
member
Thomas Hay-Drummond, 11th Earl of Kinnoull Scotland 4th Baron Hay of Pedwardine (Great Britain) [lower-alpha 1] Conservative 11 March 1807 – 18 February 1866 [13] 58 years, 344 days
Augustus FitzGerald, 3rd Duke of Leinster Ireland 3rd Viscount Leinster
(Great Britain)		-3 February 1813 – 10 October 1874 [14] 61 years, 249 days18 February 18668 years, 234 days
Henry Gage, 4th Viscount Gage Ireland 3rd Baron Gage
(Great Britain)		-18 February 1813 – 20 January 1877 [15] 63 years, 337 days10 October 18742 years, 102 days
Thomas Egerton, 2nd Earl of Wilton United Kingdom Conservative 22 June 1821 – 7 March 1882 [16] 60 years, 258 days20 January 18775 years, 46 days
Stephen Moore, 3rd Earl Mount Cashell Ireland Irish Representative Peer -19 February 1827 – 10 October 1883 [17] 56 years, 233 days7 March 18821 year, 217 days
Henry Pelham, 3rd Earl of Chichester United Kingdom -26 February 1827 – 15 March 1886 [18] 59 years, 17 days10 October 18832 years, 156 days
John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Earl of Redesdale United Kingdom 2nd Baron Redesdale (United Kingdom, from 1830)

1st Earl of Redesdale (United Kingdom, from 1877)

-22 February 1830 – 2 May 1886 [19] 56 years, 69 days15 March 188648 days
John Townshend, 1st Earl Sydney United Kingdom 3rd Viscount Sydney (Great Britain, from 1831)

1st Earl Sydney (United Kingdom, from 1874)

 Liberal 25 February 1831 – 14 February 1890 [20] 58 years, 354 days2 May 18863 years, 288 days
William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace United Kingdom 8th Baron King (Great Britain, from 1833)

1st Earl of Lovelace (United Kingdom, from 1838)

-26 July 1833 – 29 December 1893 [20] 60 years, 156 days14 February 18903 years, 318 days
Hungerford Crewe, 3rd Baron Crewe United Kingdom --15 February 1836 – 3 January 1894 [20] 57 years, 322 days29 December 18935 days
William Murray, 4th and 3rd Earl of Mansfield Great Britain - Conservative 12 May 1840 – 1 August 1898 [20] 58 years, 81 days3 January 18944 years, 210 days
Harry Chichester, 2nd Baron Templemore United Kingdom --15 June 1842 – 10 June 1906 [20] 63 years, 360 days1 August 18987 years, 313 days
Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester United Kingdom --29 April 1844 – 24 January 1909 [20] 64 years, 270 days10 June 19062 years, 228 days
Horatio Nelson, 3rd Earl Nelson United Kingdom - Conservative 4 February 1845 – 25 February 1913 [21] 68 years, 21 days24 January 19094 years, 32 days
Henry Reynolds-Moreton, 3rd Earl of Ducie United Kingdom - Liberal 22 July 1853 – 28 October 1921 [20] 68 years, 98 days25 February 19138 years, 245 days
George Coventry, 9th Earl of Coventry England - Conservative 6 June 1859 – 13 March 1930 [22] 70 years, 280 days28 October 19218 years, 136 days
Robert Devereux, 16th Viscount Hereford England --13 June 1864 – 27 March 1930 [23] 65 years, 287 days13 March 193014 days
Charles Gordon, 11th Marquess of Huntly Scotland 3rd Baron Meldrum (United Kingdom) [lower-alpha 1] Liberal 3 May 1869 – 20 February 1937 [24] 67 years, 293 days27 March 19306 years, 330 days
Archibald Kennedy, 3rd Marquess of Ailsa United Kingdom --4 June 1872 – 9 April 1938 [25] 65 years, 309 days20 February 19371 year, 48 days
Prince Arthur, 1st Duke of Connaught and Strathearn United Kingdom --8 June 1874 – 16 January 1942 [26] 67 years, 222 days9 April 19383 years, 282 days
John Norton, 5th Baron Grantley Great Britain --24 May 1878 – 5 August 1943 [27] 65 years, 73 days16 January 19421 year, 201 days
Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale United Kingdom --31 May 1883 – 13 April 1944 [28] 60 years, 318 days5 August 1943252 days
Aldred Lumley, 10th Earl of Scarbrough England --19 February 1885 – 4 March 1945 [29] 60 years, 13 days13 April 1944325 days
Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe United Kingdom 2nd Baron Houghton (United Kingdom, from 1885)

1st Earl of Crewe (United Kingdom, from 1895)

1st Marquess of Crewe (United Kingdom, from 1911)

 Liberal 28 January 1886 – 20 June 1945 [30] 59 years, 143 days4 March 1945108 days
George Rous, 3rd Earl of Stradbroke United Kingdom - Conservative 4 March 1886 – 20 December 1947 [31] 61 years, 291 days20 June 19452 years, 183 days
Charles FitzRoy, 4th Baron Southampton Great Britain --23 January 1891 – 7 December 1958 [32] 67 years, 287 days20 December 194710 years, 352 days
Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury England --4 June 1891 – 25 March 1961 [33] 69 years, 294 days7 December 19582 years, 108 days
Henry Paulet, 16th Marquess of Winchester England --18 June 1900 – 28 June 1962 [34] 62 years, 10 days25 March 19611 year, 95 days
Bertram Gurdon, 2nd Baron Cranworth United Kingdom --12 June 1903 – 4 January 1964 [35] 60 years, 206 days28 June 19621 year, 190 days
Ralph Stonor, 5th Baron Camoys England --13 February 1906 – 3 August 1968 [36] 62 years, 172 days4 January 19644 years, 212 days
George Parker, 7th Earl of Macclesfield Great Britain --28 February 1910 – 20 September 1975 [37] 65 years, 204 days3 August 19687 years, 48 days
Roger Grey, 10th Earl of Stamford England --15 January 1918 – 18 August 1976 [38] 58 years, 216 days20 September 1975333 days
William Compton, 6th Marquess of Northampton United Kingdom - Liberal 11 March 1919 – 30 January 1978 [39] 58 years, 325 days18 August 19761 year, 165 days
Randolph Stewart, 12th Earl of Galloway Scotland 6th Baron Stewart of Garlies
(Great Britain, from 1920)

12th Earl of Galloway
(Scotland, from 1963) [lower-alpha 1]

-28 April 1920 – 13 June 1978 [40] 58 years, 46 days30 January 1978134 days
Arthur Hill, 7th Marquess of Downshire Ireland 7th Earl of Hillsborough
(Great Britain)		-18 May 1920 – 28 March 1989 [41] 68 years, 314 days13 June 197810 years, 288 days
Jeffery Amherst, 5th Earl Amherst United Kingdom - Liberal Democrat 17 May 1927 – 4 March 1993 [42] [43] 65 years, 291 days28 March 19893 years, 341 days
Dominick Browne, 4th Baron Oranmore and Browne Ireland 2nd Baron Mereworth
(United Kingdom)		-26 July 1927 – 11 November 1999 [44] [45] 72 years, 108 days4 March 19936 years, 252 days
Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu United Kingdom Conservative 7 November 1947 – 31 August 2015 [46] 67 years, 297 days11 November 1999 [lower-alpha 2] 15 years, 293 days
Bertram Bowyer, 2nd Baron Denham United Kingdom - Conservative 13 December 1949 – 26 April 2021 [49] 71 years, 134 days31 August 20155 years, 238 days
David Trefgarne, 2nd Baron Trefgarne United Kingdom - Conservative 3 July 1962 [50] 61 years, 295 days26 April 20212 years, 363 days

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Until 31 July 1963, when the Peerage Act 1963 came into effect, peers in the Peerage of Scotland did not have the automatic right to sit in the House of Lords unless they were also peers in the peerages of England, Great Britain or the United Kingdom.
  2. ↑ Though at their deaths (in 2007 and in 2018, respectively) the Earl Jellicoe and the Lord Carrington were the longest-serving peers, neither had had an unbroken tenure as both had automatically lost their seats on 11 November 1999, and had returned to the Lords the following week as life peers. [47] [48]

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References

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  2. ↑ "The Speaker" (PDF). Westminster, United Kingdom: House of Commons Information Office. September 2003. pp. 4–5.
  3. ↑ "Boris Johnson to seek election after rebel Tories deliver Commons defeat" . Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  4. ↑ "Members Sworn". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . Hansard Digitisation Project. 30 June 1970. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
  5. ↑ "Members Sworn". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . Hansard Digitisation Project. 1 July 1970. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
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  7. ↑ Hansard, Volume 596. "debated on Monday 18 May 2015, Column 6". UK Parliament. Retrieved 15 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Hansard, Volume 596. "debated on Monday 27 May 2015, Column 43". UK Parliament. Retrieved 15 October 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  12. ↑ "Baroness Cox (Hansard, 2 March 1983)". api.parliament.uk.
  13. ↑ "Die Mercurii, 11 March 1807". Journal of the House of Lords. 46. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office: 104. 1807 [11 March 1807]. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  14. ↑ "Die Mercurii, 3 February 1813". Journal of the House of Lords. 49. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office: 47. 1813 [3 February 1813]. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  15. ↑ "Die Jovis, 18 February 1813". Journal of the House of Lords. 49. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office: 93. 1813 [18 February 1813]. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
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  24. ↑ "Minutes". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 3 May 1869. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  25. ↑ "Minutes". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 4 June 1872. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  26. ↑ "New Peer". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 8 June 1874. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  27. ↑ "Minutes". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 24 May 1878. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  28. ↑ "Minutes". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 31 May 1883. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  29. ↑ "Minutes". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 19 February 1885. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  30. ↑ "Sat First". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 28 January 1886. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  31. ↑ "Minutes". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 4 March 1886. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  32. ↑ "Sat First". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 23 February 1891. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  33. ↑ "Sat First". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 4 June 1891. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  34. ↑ "Sat First". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 18 June 1900. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  35. ↑ "The Lord Cranworth". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 12 June 1903. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  36. ↑ "Sat First". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 13 February 1906. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  37. ↑ "Preamble". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 28 February 1910. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  38. ↑ "Preamble". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 15 January 1918. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  39. ↑ "Preamble". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 11 March 1919. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  40. ↑ "From Minutes of April 28". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 29 April 1920. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  41. ↑ "Marquess of Downshire". UK Parliament. 18 May 1920. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  42. ↑ "Preamble". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 17 May 1927. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  43. ↑ "Earl of Amherst". UK Parliament. House of Lords. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  44. ↑ "Preamble". Hansard Archive 1803–2005. 26 July 1927. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  45. ↑ "Lord Oranmore and Browne". UK Parliament. House of Lords. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  46. ↑ "Lord Montagu of Beaulieu". UK Parliament. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  47. ↑ "Lord Jellicoe Of Southampton, Volume 607: debated on Tuesday 23 November 1999". Hansard. UK Parliament. 23 November 1999. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  48. ↑ "Lord Carington Of Upton, Volume 607: debated on Wednesday 17 November 1999". Hansard. UK Parliament. 17 November 1999. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  49. ↑ "Lord Denham (Hansard, 13 December 1949)". UK Parliament. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  50. ↑ "House Of Lords, Volume 241". Hansard. 3 July 1962. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
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