Grammar book

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A grammar book is a book or treatise describing the grammar of one or more languages. In linguistics, such a book is itself frequently referred to as a grammar.

Contents

Etymology

Ancient Greek had the term τέκνή γραμματική (téchnē grammatikḗ, 'skill in the use of letters'), which was adapted into Latin as ars grammatica . This term was used in the title of works about writing and language, which came to be known in English as grammar-books or grammars. [1] : 72 

Definition

Although the style and content of grammar-books varies enormously, they generally aim for a fairly systematic and comprehensive survey of one language's phonetics, morphology, syntax and word-formation. Since languages vary across time, space, social groups, genres, and so forth, grammars inevitably cannot represent every single aspect of a language, but usually select a particular variety with a view to a particular readership. [1] : 73–74 

The readerships of grammars and their needs vary widely. Grammars may be intended for native-speakers of a language or for learners. Many grammars are written for use by children learning a language in a school environment. Many grammars are reference grammars, intended not to be read from beginning to end like a textbook, but to enable readers to check particular details as the need arises. Some grammars are prescriptive, aiming to tell readers how they ought to use language; others are descriptive, aiming to tell readers how language is used in reality. In either case, popular grammars can be enormously influential on language-use. [1] : 73–74 

History

The earliest known descriptive linguistic writing, leading to early grammar-books, took place in a Sanskrit community in northern India; the best known scholar of that linguistic tradition was Pāṇini, whose works are commonly dated to around the 5th century BCE. [2] The earliest known grammar of a Western language is the second-century BCE Art of Grammar attributed to Dionysius Thrax, a grammar of Greek.

Key stages in the history of English grammars include Ælfric of Eynsham's composition around 995 CE of a grammar in Old English based on a compilation of two Latin grammars, Aelius Donatus's Ars maior and Priscian's Institutiones grammaticae. This was intended for use by English-speaking students of Latin, and is the first known grammar of Latin written in a vernacular language, but was arguably also intended to use Latin as a basis for explaining English grammar. [3] A key step in the development of English grammars was the 1586 publication of William Bullokar's published his Pamphlet for Grammar, which used a framework derived from Latin grammars to show how English too had grammatical structures and rules. [1] : 74  Numerous grammars aimed at foreign learners of English, sometimes written in Latin, were published in the seventeenth century, while the eighteenth saw the emergence of English-language grammars aiming to instruct their Anglophone audiences in what the authors viewed as correct grammar, including an increasingly literate audience of women and children; this trend continued into the early twentieth century. [1] : 74–78  A key shift in grammar-writing is represented by Charles Carpenter Fries' 1952 The Structure of English, which aimed to give up-to-date, descriptive rather than prescriptive, information on English grammar, and drew on recordings of live speech to inform its claims. [1] : 74 

List of first printed grammars

YearLanguageAuthorNotes
1451 Latin Aelius Donatus Donatus' Ars Minor was the first printed book by Johannes Gutenberg. [4]
1471 Ancient Greek Manuel Chrysoloras Chrysoloras' Erotemata was the first printed book in greek language. [5]
1489 Hebrew Moses Kimhi [6]
1492 Spanish Antonio de Nebrija Nebrija's Gramática de la lengua castellana is the first printed grammar of a vernacular language. [7]
1505 Arabic Pedro de Alcalá
1516 Italian Giovanni Francesco Fortunio
1527 Aramaic Sebastian Münster
1530 French John Palsgrave
1533 Czech Beneš Optát
1534 German Valentin Ickelsamer
1536 Portuguese Fernão de Oliveira
1539 Hungarian János Sylvester
1552 Geʽez Mariano Vittoriowritten in collaboration with the ethiopian monk Täsfa Ṣǝyon. [8]
1558 Tarascan Maturino Gilberti
1560 Quechua Domingo de Santo Tomás
1568 Polish Pierre Statorius [9]
1571 Nahuatl Alonso de Molina
1578 Zapotec Juan de Córdova
1584 Dutch Hendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel
1584 Slovene Adam Bohorič
1586 Church Slavonic anonymous
1586 English William Bullokar
1592 Welsh Siôn Dafydd Rhys
1593 Mixtec Antonio de los Reyes
1595 Tupi José de Anchieta
1603 Aymara Ludovico Bertonio
1604 Japanese João Rodrigues Tçuzu
1604 Croatian Bartol Kašić
1606 Mapuche Luis de Valdivia
1610 Tagalog Francisco Blancas de San José
1612 Malay Albert Cornelius Ruyl
1612 Turkish Hieronymus Megiser based on manuscript written by Hector von Ernau. [10]
1614 Timucua Francisco Pareja
1617 Ilocano Francisco Lopez
1619 Chibcha Bernardo de Lugo
1620 Maya Juan Coronel [11]
1624 Armenian Francesco Rivola [12]
1636 Coptic Athanasius Kircher based on manuscript written by Yuhanna al-Samannudi. [13]
1637 Estonian Heinrich Stahl
1638 Modern Greek Simone Porzio
1639 Persian Louis de Dieu
1640 Guarani Antonio Ruiz de Montoya
1640 Konkani Thomas Stephens
1643 Georgian Francesco Maria Maggio
1643 Old English Abraham Wheelocke [14]
1644 Mam Diego de Reynoso
1644 Mochica Fernando de la Carrera
1644 Latvian Johans Georgs Rēhehūzens
1649 Finnish Eskil Petraeus
1651 Vietnamese Alexandre de Rhodes [15]
1651 Icelandic Runolf Jonsson [16]
1653 Lithuanian Daniel Klein
1659 Kongo Giacinto Brusciotto
1659 Breton Julien Maunoir
1666 Massachusett John Eliot
1668 Danish Erik Pontoppidan
1677 Irish Froinsias Ó Maolmhuaidh
1679 Sorbian Xaver Jakub Ticin
1680 Cumanagoto Francisco de Tauste
1681 Frisian Simon Abbes Gabbema [17]
1683 Tarahumara Tomas de Guadalajara
1684 Swedish Erik Aurivillius
1686 Manchu Ferdinand Verbiest [18]
1689 Gothic George Hickes
1696 Russian Heinrich Wilhelm Ludolf
1696 Chinese Martino Martini [19]
1697 Kimbundu Pedro Dias
1698 Amharic Hiob Ludolf written in collaboration with Abba Gorgoryos.
1699 Cariri Luiz Vincencio Mamiani
1707 Cornish Edward Lhuyd
1707 Sinhala Johannes Ruell [20]
1716 Tamil Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg [21]
1716 Albanian Francesco Maria da Lecce
1729 Romansh Flaminio da Sale [22]
1729 Basque Manuel Larramendi [23]
1731 Otomi Francisco Haedo
1743 Hindi David Millsbased on manuscript written by Joan Josua Kettler. [24]
1743 Bengali Manuel da Assumpção
1747 Huastec Carlos de Tapia Zenteno
1750 Maltese Agius de Soldanis
1752 Totonac José Zambrano Bonilla
1753 Kaqchikel Ildefonso Joseph Flores
1778 Scottish Gaelic William Shaw
1778 Marathi anonymous [25]
1780 Romanian Samuil Micu-Klein [26]
1783 Piedmontese Maurizio Pipino
1787 Kurdish Maurizio Garzoni [27]
1790 Sanskrit Paulinus of St. Bartholomew based on manuscript written by Johann Ernst Hanxleden. [28]
1790 Slovak Anton Bernolák [29]
1799 Malayalam Robert Drummond [30]
1814 Serbian Vuk Stefanović Karadžić

See also

Further reading

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Andrew Linn, 'English Grammar Writing', in The Handbook of English Linguistics, ed. by Bas Aarts and April McMahon (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), pp. 72–92.
  2. ↑ François & Ponsonnet (2013).
  3. ↑ Melinda J. Menzer, 'Ælfric's English Grammar', The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 103 (2004), 106-24.
  4. ↑ Ingelhart, Louis E. (1998). Press and Speech Freedoms in the World, from Antiquity until 1998: A Chronology. Greenwood. p. 12. ISBN   978-0-313-30851-2.
  5. ↑ Dondi, Cristina (2020). Printing R-evolution and Society 1450-1500: Fifty Years that Changed Europe. Edizioni Ca' Foscari - Digital Publishing. pp. 279–297. ISBN   978-88-6969-333-5.
  6. ↑ Waltke, Bruce K.; O'Connor, Michael Patrick (1990). An introduction to biblical Hebrew syntax. Winona Lake, Ind: Eisenbrauns. p. 39. ISBN   0931464315.
  7. ↑ Hymes, Dell H. (1974). Studies in the history of linguistics: traditions and paradigms. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 361–379. ISBN   0253355591.
  8. ↑ Kelly, Samantha (2024). Translating faith: Ethiopian pilgrims in Renaissance Rome. Harvard University Press. p. 243. ISBN   9780674294172.
  9. ↑ "Old orthographies, grammars and handbooks of Polish language". gramatyki.uw.edu.pl.
  10. ↑ Palabıyık, Nil Ö (2023). Silent teachers: Turkish books and oriental learning in early modern Europe, 1544-1669. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN   0367359782.
  11. ↑ McQuown, Norman A. (1968). Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volume 5: Linguistics. University of Texas Press. p. 203. ISBN   978-1-4773-0663-5.
  12. ↑ Considine, John P. (2017). Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-medieval Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 244. ISBN   978-0-19-878501-9.
  13. ↑ Hamilton, Alastair (2006). The Copts and the West, 1439-1822: The European Discovery of the Egyptian Church. OUP Oxford. p. 199-206. ISBN   978-0-19-928877-9.
  14. ↑ Auroux, Sylvain; Koerner, E. F. K.; Niederehe, Hans-Josef; Versteegh, Kees (2008). History of the Language Sciences / Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften / Histoire des sciences du langage. 2. Teilband. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1132. ISBN   978-3-11-019421-0.
  15. ↑ Zwartjes, Otto; Troia, Paolo De (2021). Missionary Linguistics VI: Missionary Linguistics in Asia. Selected papers from the Tenth International Conference on Missionary Linguistics, Rome, 21–24 March 2018. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 202. ISBN   978-90-272-5843-4.
  16. ↑ Koerner, E. F. K.; Asher, R. E. (28 June 2014). Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists. Elsevier. p. 181. ISBN   978-1-4832-9754-5.
  17. ↑ Ahlqvist, Anders (1992). Diversions of Galway: Papers on the History of Linguistics from ICHoLS V, Galway, Ireland, 1-6 September 1990. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 59. ISBN   978-90-272-4555-7.
  18. ↑ Saarela, Marten Soderblom (2020). The Early Modern Travels of Manchu: A Script and Its Study in East Asia and Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 175. ISBN   978-0-8122-5207-1.
  19. ↑ Knight, Sarah; Tilg, Stefan (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Neo-Latin. Oxford University Press. p. 567. ISBN   978-0-19-994818-5.
  20. ↑ Wickremasuriya, Sarathchandra (1978). "The beginnings of the Sinhalese Printing Press". Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume. Brill. pp. 283–300. ISBN   978-90-04-64647-6.
  21. ↑ Sharma, Ghanshyam; Lowe, John J. (8 November 2021). Trends in South Asian Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 273. ISBN   978-3-11-075306-6.
  22. ↑ Miodunka, Władysław (1987). Language and Nation: Material from a Symposium. Jagiellonian University. p. 41. ISBN   978-83-01-07840-9.
  23. ↑ Hualde, José Ignacio; Urbina, Jon Ortiz de (2011). A Grammar of Basque. Walter de Gruyter. p. 10. ISBN   978-3-11-089528-5.
  24. ↑ Zwartjes, Otto (2011). Portuguese Missionary Grammars in Asia, Africa and Brazil, 1550-1800. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 75. ISBN   978-90-272-4608-0.
  25. ↑ Offredi, Mariola (2000). The Banyan Tree: Essays in Early Literature in New Indo-Aryan Languages. Manohar. p. 324. ISBN   978-81-7304-277-5.
  26. ↑ Lebsanft, Franz; Tacke, Felix (2020). Manual of Standardization in the Romance Languages. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 276. ISBN   978-3-11-045606-6.
  27. ↑ Bajalan, Djene Rhys; Karimi, Sara Zandi (2017). Studies in Kurdish History: Empire, Ethnicity and Identity. Taylor & Francis. p. 34. ISBN   978-1-317-50216-6.
  28. ↑ Kochhar, Rajesh (2021). Sanskrit and the British Empire. Taylor & Francis. pp. 13–14. ISBN   978-1-000-43553-5.
  29. ↑ Lepschy, Giulio C. (2014). History of Linguistics Vol III: Renaissance and Early Modern Linguistics. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN   978-1-317-89524-4.
  30. ↑ Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich (1996). A Grammar of the Malayalam Language in Historical Treatment. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 18. ISBN   978-3-447-03811-9.
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