Ground tyrant

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Ground tyrants
Perched Spot-billed Ground-tyrant (Muscisaxicola maculirostris) side view.jpg
Spot-billed ground tyrant (Muscisaxicola maculirostris)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Tyrannidae
Genus: Muscisaxicola
d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837
Type species
Muscisaxicola rufivertex [1]
d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837

The ground tyrants (Muscisaxicola) are a genus of passerine birds belonging to the tyrant flycatcher family Tyrannidae. There are about 13 different species. They are ground-dwelling birds which inhabit open country in South America, particularly the Andes and Patagonia. Several southern species are migratory, moving northward for the winter. Ground tyrants feed on insects and other invertebrates, mainly by picking them from the ground.

Contents

A flight display is performed during the breeding season. The nest is a cup of twigs or grass which, in most species, is built in a burrow, crevice or under rocks.

Ground tyrants are fairly small (13–20 cm in length) with longish legs, a slender bill and an erect posture. The plumage is dull and mainly grey or brown with paler underparts. The head is variably patterned with several species having rufous patches on the crown or white between the bill and eye. The birds have simple calls and are often silent.

Systematics and taxonomy

A study of mitochondrial DNA by Chesser (2000) has shown that the little ground tyrant (M. fluviatilis) is highly divergent and not closely related to the other ground tyrants. All the remaining species are related and form a monophyletic group, although the spot-billed ground tyrant (M. maculirostris) is somewhat divergent from the others. The little and spot-billed ground tyrants are smaller and browner than the other species and the little ground tyrant also differs in its habitat, occurring near rivers in the Amazon rainforest. [2]

The paramo ground tyrant (M. alpinus) and Taczanowski's ground tyrant (M. griseus) were previously treated as a single species but are genetically divergent with the paramo ground tyrant belonging to a southern Andean and Patagonian clade within the genus and Taczanowski's ground tyrant belonging to a central Andean clade. [2] The name plain-capped ground tyrant is used by some authors to refer to M. griseus with paramo ground tyrant used for M. alpinus.

The genus name Muscisaxicola is masculine, therefore the species names griseus, cinereus, maclovianus, alpinus and capistratus are correct rather than grisea, cinerea, macloviana, alpina and capistrata. The names flavinucha and albilora are invariable. [3]

Species list

The genus contains 12 species: [4]

ImageScientific nameCommon NameDistribution
- Spot-billed ground tyrant Muscisaxicola maculirostrisAndes
- White-fronted ground tyrant Muscisaxicola albifrons Puna grassland
Muscisaxicola flavinucha 186917461.jpg Ochre-naped ground tyrant Muscisaxicola flavinuchasouthern Andes ; winters to northern Peru
Plain-capped Ground-Tyrant - Ecuador S4E4993 (16732084219).jpg Paramo ground tyrant Muscisaxicola alpinusAndes of Colombia and Ecuador
Dormilona Taczanowski 01 (cropped).JPG Taczanowski's ground tyrant Muscisaxicola griseusPuna grassland
Cinereous Ground-Tyrant (Muscisaxicola cinereus) (8077602464).jpg Cinereous ground tyrant Muscisaxicola cinereusPuna grassland
Muscisaxicola rufivertex Rufous-naped Ground-Tyrant.jpg Rufous-naped ground tyrant Muscisaxicola rufivertexPuna grassland,
southern Andes and Sierras Pampeanas
Dark-faced ground tyrant (51051127618).jpg Dark-faced ground tyrant Muscisaxicola maclovianussouthern Andes ;
winters to coastal Peru and throughout southern cone
White-browed Ground-Tyrant (Muscisaxicola albilora) (15774926697) (cropped).jpg White-browed ground tyrant Muscisaxicola albilorasouthern Andes ; winters north to Ecuador
Muscisaxicola capistratus Cinnamon-bellied Ground-Tyrant; Tierra del Fuego, Argentina.jpg Cinnamon-bellied ground tyrant Muscisaxicola capistratussouthern Patagonia ;
winters north to southeastern Peru
Puna Ground-tyrant.JPG Puna ground tyrant Muscisaxicola juninensisPuna grassland
Black-fronted Ground-tyrant.jpg Black-fronted ground tyrant Muscisaxicola frontalissouthern Andes ;
winters in Puna grassland

The little ground tyrant was formerly placed in Muscisaxicola but was moved to the monotypic genus Syrtidicola following the publication of a phylogenetic study in 2020. [4] [5]

References

  1. ↑ "Tyrannidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
  2. 1 2 Chesser, R. Terry (2000). "Evolution in the High Andes: the Phylogenetics of Muscisaxicola Ground-Tyrants" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 15 (3): 369–380. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.533.7935 . doi:10.1006/mpev.1999.0774. PMID   10860646. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
  3. ↑ South American Classification Committee (2007) A classification of the bird species of South America, part 8 Archived 2007-06-25 at the Wayback Machine . citing David N. & Gosselin M. (2002). "The grammatical gender of avian genera". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 122: 257–282.
  4. 1 2 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  5. ↑ Chesser, R.T.; Harvey, M.H.; Brumfield, R.T.; Derryberry, E.P. (2020). "A revised classification of the Xolmiini (Aves: Tyrannidae: Fluvicolinae), including a new genus for Muscisaxicola fluviatilis". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 133 (1): 35–48. doi:10.2988/20-00005.

Further reading

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