Jerome Powell

Last updated

Elissa Leonard
​
(m. 1985)​
Jerome Powell
Jerome H. Powell, Federal Reserve Chair.jpg
Official portrait, 2022
16th Chair of the Federal Reserve
Assumed office
February 5, 2018
Children3
Education Princeton University (BA)
Georgetown University (JD)
Signature Jerome Powell signature.svg
Jerome Powell's voice
Jerome Powell outlines the Fed's semiannual monetary policy report at a Senate Banking Committee hearing
Recorded February 26, 2019

Jerome Hayden "Jay" Powell (born February 4, 1953) is an American attorney and investment banker who has served since 2018 as the 16th chair of the Federal Reserve.

Contents

After earning a degree in politics from Princeton University in 1975 and a Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1979, [2] he moved to investment banking in 1984, and worked for several financial institutions, including as a partner of The Carlyle Group. [2] In 1992, Powell briefly served as under secretary of the Treasury for domestic finance under President George H. W. Bush. Powell left Carlyle Group in 2005 and founded Severn Capital Partners, a private investment firm. He was a visiting scholar at the Bipartisan Policy Center from 2010 to 2012, before returning to public service. [2]

He became a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors after being nominated to the post by President Barack Obama in 2012, he was subsequently elevated to chairman by President Donald Trump (succeeding Janet Yellen), and renominated to the position by President Joe Biden. [3] [4] [5] [6] Powell built his reputation in Washington during the Obama administration as a consensus-builder and problem-solver. [2]

Powell received bipartisan praise for the actions taken by the Federal Reserve in early 2020 to combat the financial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. [7] As the Federal Reserve continued to apply high levels of monetary stimulus to further raise asset prices and support growth, some observers perceived a disconnect between asset prices and the economy. [8] [9] [10] Powell has responded by arguing that supporting the Fed's dual mandate of stable prices and full employment outweighed concern over high asset prices. [11] Time said the scale and manner of Powell's actions had "changed the Fed forever" [12] and shared concerns that he had conditioned Wall Street to unsustainable levels of monetary stimulus to artificially support high asset prices. [9] In November 2020, Bloomberg News called Powell "Wall Street's Head of State", as a reflection of how dominant Powell's actions were on asset prices and how profitable his actions were for Wall Street. [13]

Nearing the end of his first year in the White House, President Biden nominated Powell for a second term as Federal Reserve Chair, and the Senate Banking Committee approved of his renomination with only one dissenting vote; he was confirmed to a second term in an 80–19 vote on May 12, 2022. [14] Following President Biden's renomination of Powell, the Fed Chairman retired his previous words "transitory inflation", and indicated a reduction in quantitative easing (QE) and mortgage-backed security (MBS) purchases due to high inflation, with the consumer price index (CPI) in November 2021 having reached 6.8% according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the highest level in 40 years. [15]

Early life and education

Powell was born on February 4, 1953, in Washington, D.C., as one of six children to Patricia (née Hayden; 1926–2010) [16] and Jerome Powell (1921–2007), [17] [18] a lawyer in private practice. [19] His maternal grandfather, James J. Hayden, was Dean of the Columbus School of Law at Catholic University of America and later a lecturer at Georgetown Law School. [20] He has five siblings: Susan, Matthew, Tia, Libby, and Monica. [21]

In 1972, Powell graduated from Georgetown Preparatory School, a Jesuit university-preparatory school. He received a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Princeton University in 1975, where his senior thesis was titled "South Africa: Forces for Change". [22] In 1975–76, he spent a year as a legislative assistant to U.S. Senator Richard Schweiker of Pennsylvania, a member of the Republican Party. [23] [24]

Powell earned a Juris Doctor degree from Georgetown University Law Center in 1979, where he was editor-in-chief of the Georgetown Law Journal . [25]

Career

In 1979, Powell moved to New York City and became a clerk to Judge Ellsworth Van Graafeiland of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. From 1981 to 1983, Powell was a lawyer with Davis Polk & Wardwell, and, from 1983 to 1984, he worked at the firm of Werbel & McMillen. [24]

From 1984 to 1990, Powell worked at Dillon, Read & Co., an investment bank, where he concentrated on financing, merchant banking, and mergers and acquisitions, rising to the position of vice president. [24] [26]

Between 1990 and 1993, Powell worked in the United States Department of the Treasury, at which time Nicholas F. Brady, the former chairman of Dillon, Read & Co., was the United States Secretary of the Treasury. In 1992, Powell became the Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance after being nominated by George H. W. Bush. [24] [26] [23] During his stint at the Treasury, Powell oversaw the investigation and sanctioning of Salomon Brothers after one of its traders submitted false bids for a United States Treasury security. [27] Powell was also involved in the negotiations that made Warren Buffett the chairman of Salomon. [28]

In 1993, Powell began working as a managing director for Bankers Trust. He left in 1995 after the bank suffered irreparable reputational damage when some complex derivative transactions caused large losses for major corporate clients. [29] [30] He then went back to work for Dillon, Read & Co. [26] From 1997 to 2005, Powell was a partner at The Carlyle Group, where he founded and led the Industrial Group within the Carlyle U.S. Buyout Fund. [25] [31] After leaving Carlyle, Powell founded Severn Capital Partners, a private investment firm focused on specialty finance and opportunistic investments in the industrial sector. [32] In 2008, Powell became a managing partner of the Global Environment Fund, a private equity and venture capital firm that invests in sustainable energy. [32]

Between 2010 and 2012, Powell was a visiting scholar at the Bipartisan Policy Center, a think tank in Washington, D.C., where he worked on getting Congress to raise the United States debt ceiling during the United States debt-ceiling crisis of 2011. Powell presented the implications to the economy and interest rates of a default or a delay in raising the debt ceiling. [31] He worked for a salary of $1 per year. [33]

Federal Reserve Board of Governors (2012–2018)

Powell speaks at the Columbus School of Law in February 2015 Governor Powell 150209 (cropped).jpg
Powell speaks at the Columbus School of Law in February 2015

In December 2011, along with Jeremy C. Stein, Powell was nominated to the Federal Reserve Board of Governors by President Barack Obama. The nomination included two people to help garner bipartisan support for both nominees since Stein's nomination had previously been filibustered. Powell's nomination was the first time that a president nominated a member of the opposition party for such a position since 1988. [1] He took office on May 25, 2012, to fill the unexpired term of Frederic Mishkin, who resigned. In January 2014, he was nominated for another term, and, in June 2014, he was confirmed by the United States Senate in a 67–24 vote for a 14-year term ending January 31, 2028. [34]

Powell was a skeptic of round 3 of quantitative easing (or QE3), initiated in September 2012, although he eventually voted for it. [35]

In 2013 Powell endorsed financial regulation to end the problem of institutions that are too big to fail, while urging that it should be implemented carefully. [36] In April 2017, he was assigned to head the bank oversight committee [37]

In a July 2017 speech, Powell said that in regard to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac the status quo is "unacceptable" and that the current situation "may feel comfortable, but it is also unsustainable". He warned that "the next few years may present our last best chance" to "address the ultimate status of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac" and avoid "repeating the mistakes of the past". Powell expressed concerns that, in the current situation, the government is responsible for mortgage defaults and that lending standards were too rigid, noting that these can be solved by encouraging "ample amounts of private capital to support housing finance activities". [38]

In an October 2017 speech, Powell stated that higher capital and liquidity requirements and stress tests from the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act have made the financial system safer and must be preserved. However, he also stated that the Volcker Rule should be re-written to exclude smaller banks. [35]

Federal Reserve Chairman (2018–present)

President Donald Trump nominates Powell in November 2017 Donald Trump nominates Jerome Powell on November 2, 2017 (24291164288).jpg
President Donald Trump nominates Powell in November 2017
Powell takes the oath of office, administered by Randal Quarles, as chair in February 2018 Powell Sworn In (26224196568).jpg
Powell takes the oath of office, administered by Randal Quarles, as chair in February 2018
Powell testifies before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs in 2018 Powell Testimony 2018 (42753534974).jpg
Powell testifies before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs in 2018

On November 2, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Powell to serve as the chair of the Federal Reserve, replacing Janet Yellen at the helm of the central bank. [39] On December 5, the Senate Banking Committee approved Powell's nomination to be chair in a 22–1 vote, with Senator Elizabeth Warren casting the lone dissenting vote. [40] His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on January 23, 2018, by an 84–13 vote. [4] Powell assumed office as chair on February 5, 2018. [41]

Trump administration (2018–2021)

One of Powell's first actions was to continue to raise US interest rates, as a response to the increasing strength of the US economy. [41] [42] He also announced that the Fed would reduce its asset portfolio from US$4.5 trillion to a range of US$2.5–3 trillion over four years in a process called quantitative tightening. [43] [44] This tight policy drew public criticism from President Trump, who expressed second thoughts about nominating Powell and said that the chair was too enthusiastic about raising rates. [45] Financial assets of all classes declined over 2018 and markets erupted in volatility in December. Powell abandoned quantitative tightening in early 2019, leading to a recovery in asset prices. [46] Trump continued to state, with increasing hostility, that Powell was not reacting quickly enough. As a trade war with China escalated over the summer of 2019, Trump called the Fed's policies "insane" and labelled Powell an "enemy." [47] [48] He privately discussed with White House counsel the possibility of firing Powell, which Powell dismissed. [49] In an August interview, Trump said that he completely disagreed with Powell's approach and called for a sharp cut in interest rates. [50]

In October 2019, as asset prices waned, Powell announced the Fed would return to expanding its balance sheet, which led to a global rally in assets. [51] Powell said the Fed's actions were not quantitative easing, but some dubbed them as being QE4. [52] Where Bernanke-era quantitative was conducted through outright purchases of assets, Powell's expansion operates through overnight repurchase agreements (repos) where the seller has the option to reverse the transaction. The Fed's primary dealers and other banks use the repo facilities to sell Treasury and agency securities in exchange for credit to supplement their cash on hand. [53] [54] [55] [56]

COVID-19 recession response
Powell speaks with the Federal Open Market Committee via videotelephony in June 2020 June 10, 2020 FOMC Meeting NZ73153CP FOMC remote -20200610- DSC1254 (49992489062).jpg
Powell speaks with the Federal Open Market Committee via videotelephony in June 2020

In early 2020, Powell launched an unprecedented series of actions to counter the financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which included a dramatic expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and introduction of new tools, including the direct purchase of corporate bonds and direct lending programs. [12] [57] Powell emphasized monetary policy alone without an equivalent fiscal policy response from Congress would widen income inequality. [58] Powell's actions earned him bi-partisan praise, [59] [7] including from Trump, who told Fox News that he was "very happy with his performance" and that "over the last period of six months, he's really stepped up to the plate". [60]

CPI inflation reaching 7% as of 2021. Inflation data.webp
CPI inflation reaching 7% as of 2021.

On November 19, 2020, after disagreeing with Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin, Powell agreed to return unused crisis funds to the United States Treasury. [61] [62] Both he and Mnuchin then urged Congress to approve more stimulus. [63]

Asset price inflation

To mitigate the financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, Powell accepted asset price inflation as a consequence of Fed policy actions. [11] [64] [65] Powell was criticized for using high levels of direct and indirect quantitative easing as valuations hit levels last seen at the peaks of previous bubbles. [54] [66] [67]

The Fed's acceptance of asset price inflation from 2019 onwards resulted in levels of wealth inequality not seen in the United States since the 1920s. [68] [69] [70] Fed asset purchases were also seen as contributing to the K-shaped recovery that emerged during the coronavirus pandemic, where the asset bubbles protected the wealthier segments of society from the financial effects of the pandemic, [71] [72] at the expense of most other segments, [73] [12] and particularly on the younger non-asset owning segments such as millennials. [74] In January 2021, Edward Luce of the Financial Times warned that the Fed's use of asset purchases, and the resultant widening of wealth inequality, could lead to political and social instability in the United States, saying: "The majority of people are suffering amid a Great Gatsby-style boom at the top". [75]

Powell's expansion of credit through repo contracts, seen as a new "Greenspan put," [53] [74] created large profits for Wall Street investment banks. [76] In June 2020, Jim Grant likened Powell's policy to drug dealing, calling him "the Fed's Dr. Feelgood." [76] [77] In a September 2020 testimony, Powell said: "Our actions were in no way an attempt to relieve pain on Wall Street". [78] By the end of 2020, Wall Street investment banks recorded their best year in history, [79] [80] and Bloomberg called 2020, ".. a great year for Wall Street, but a bear market for Humans". [81] Mohamed A. El-Erian called Powell "a follower, not a leader", of markets. [10]

Powell defended his actions saying: "I don't know that the connection between asset purchases and financial stability is a particularly tight one", [67] and that he wasn't worried that the Fed's actions were creating asset bubbles. [64] [82] [70]

In July 2020, CNBC host Jim Cramer said, "I'm sick and tired of hearing that we're in a bubble, that Powell's overinflating the price of stocks by printing money to keep the economy moving". [83] The Washington Post called the Fed "addicted to propping up markets, even when there is no need". [9] In August 2020, investors Leon Cooperman and Seth Klarman warned of a dangerous "speculative bubble", [84] with market psychology "unhinged from market fundamentals". [85]

In August 2020, Bloomberg News called Powell's policy "exuberantly asymmetric" (echoing Alan Greenspan's "irrational exuberance" quote from 1996), [8] and that the "Powell Put" had become more extreme than the "Greenspan Put". [8] Steven Pearlstein in The Washington Post said that Powell had "adopted a strategy that works like a one-way ratchet, providing a floor for stock and bond prices but never a ceiling", and that any attempt by Powell to abandon this strategy "will trigger a sharp sell-off by investors who have become addicted to monetary stimulus". [9]

By December 2020, Powell's monetary policy, measured by the Goldman Sachs US Financial Conditions Index (GSFCI), was the loosest in the history of the GSFCI (beginning in 1987), and had created simultaneous asset bubbles across most of the major asset classes in the United States: [86] [87] [88] For example, in equities, [89] in housing, [90] [91] and in bonds. [92] Cryptocurrencies also saw dramatic increases in price during 2020, leading Powell to win the 2020 Forbes Person Of The Year In Crypto. [93]

High up on his list, and sooner rather than later, will be dealing with the consequences of the biggest financial bubble in U.S. history. Why the biggest? Because it encompasses not just stocks but pretty much every other financial asset too. And for that, you may thank the Federal Reserve.

— Richard Cookson, Bloomberg (4 February 2021) [94]

The asset price boom during the pandemic attracted a generation of young investors who explicitly credited Powell for promoting froth in financial markets. Gathering in online communities like Reddit's r/wallstreetbets board, they discussed high-risk trades and shared memes that depicted "J-Pow" using the Fed's money printer to flood the economy. [95] [96]

In December 2020, Powell defended high asset prices by invoking the controversial Fed model, saying: "Admittedly P/Es are high but that's maybe not as relevant in a world where we think the 10-year Treasury is going to be lower than it's been historically from a return perspective". [97] The author of the Fed model, Edward Yardeni, said Powell's actions could form the greatest financial bubble in history, [98] while the Wall Street Journal described Powell's comparison as an attempt to "rewrite the laws of investing". [99]

Biden administration (2021–present)

President Joe Biden with Powell and Lael Brainard in November 2021 P20211122AS-0958 (51846498916).jpg
President Joe Biden with Powell and Lael Brainard in November 2021

In April 2021, Powell reassured concerns over a potential housing bubble, similar to the one that preceded the Great Recession. He stated, "we don't see bad loans and unsustainable prices and that kind of thing." [100]

In August 2021, Powell expected the Fed to reduce economic support later in the year. [101] [102] [103] [104] In the past Powell has considered inflation transitory, a term Powell states should now be "retired". [105] [106] In response to widespread high inflation readings Jerome Powell has indicated an increase in the speed of tapering asset purchases, namely up to $30 billion per month. [107] [108] In Jerome Powell's confirmation hearing in 2022 he described inflation as being a "severe threat" to the US economic recovery due to "higher costs of essentials like food, housing and transportation". Prices for American consumers are rising at their fastest annual rate since June 1982. [15] In response, the central bank aims to raise rates as soon as March 2022. The most recent December 2021 CPI reading hit 7%. [109] [110] [111]

Powell sworn in for his second term as chair by Lael Brainard in May 2022 NZ78609 (52094516026).jpg
Powell sworn in for his second term as chair by Lael Brainard in May 2022

In light of his term as chair expiring in February 2022, many Democrats began to express opposition to Powell's reappointment. In August 2021, progressive Democrats, including Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, called on President Joe Biden to replace Powell, criticizing him for failing to "mitigate the risk climate change poses to our financial system". [112] [113] In September 2021, Senator Elizabeth Warren, Democrat of Massachusetts, criticized Powell for his financial regulation track record and called him a "dangerous man to head up the Fed." [114] Powell was renominated for a second term by President Joe Biden on November 22, 2021. [6] His initial nomination expired at the end of the year and was returned to President Biden on January 3, 2022. [115]

President Biden presented his nomination to the Senate the following day. Hearings were held on Powell's nomination before the Senate Banking Committee on January 11, 2022. The committee favorably reported Powell's nomination to the Senate floor on March 16, 2022, in a 22–1 vote; Senator Elizabeth Warren was the lone member to vote against his nomination. [116] His nomination for another term as chair through May 2026 was confirmed by the full U.S. Senate on May 12, 2022, in an 80–19 vote. [14] [117] He was sworn in for his second term as chair on May 23, 2022. [117]

Personal life

Powell married Elissa Leonard in 1985 at the Episcopal Washington National Cathedral. [19] They have three children [25] and live in Chevy Chase Village, Maryland, where Elissa is chair of the board of managers of the village. [118] In 2010, Powell was on the board of governors of Chevy Chase Club, a country club. [119]

Based on public filings, as of 2019 Powell's net worth was estimated to be in a range between $20 and $55 million. [120] Powell has served on the boards of charitable and educational institutions including DC Prep, a public charter school, the Bendheim Center for Finance at Princeton University, and The Nature Conservancy. He was also a founder of the Center City Consortium, a group of 16 parochial schools in the poorest areas of Washington, D.C. [31]

Powell is a registered Republican and a longtime fan of American rock band the Grateful Dead. [1]

See also

Notes

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Reserve</span> Central banking system of the US

    The Federal Reserve System is the central banking system of the United States. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of financial panics led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises. Over the years, events such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s have led to the expansion of the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Chair of the Federal Reserve</span> Head of the United States Federal Reserve System

    The chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is the head of the Federal Reserve, and is the active executive officer of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The chairman presides at meetings of the Board.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Janet Yellen</span> American economist (born 1946)

    Janet Louise Yellen is an American economist serving as the 78th United States secretary of the treasury since January 26, 2021. She previously served as the 15th chair of the Federal Reserve from 2014 to 2018. She is the first woman to hold either post, and has also led the White House Council of Economic Advisers.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</span> Member Bank of Federal Reserve

    The Federal Reserve Bank of New York is one of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks of the United States. It is responsible for the Second District of the Federal Reserve System, which encompasses the State of New York, the 12 northern counties of New Jersey, Fairfield County in Connecticut, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Located at 33 Liberty Street in Lower Manhattan, it is by far the largest, the most active, and the most influential of the Reserve Banks.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Fed model</span> Disputed equity valuation model

    The "Fed model", or "Fed Stock Valuation Model" (FSVM), is a disputed theory of equity valuation that compares the stock market's forward earnings yield to the nominal yield on long-term government bonds, and that the stock market – as a whole – is fairly valued, when the one-year forward-looking I/B/E/S earnings yield equals the 10-year nominal Treasury yield; deviations suggest over-or-under valuation.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Quantitative easing</span> Monetary policy tool

    Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy action where a central bank purchases predetermined amounts of government bonds or other financial assets in order to stimulate economic activity. Quantitative easing is a novel form of monetary policy that came into wide application after the financial crisis of 2007‍–‍2008. It is used to mitigate an economic recession when inflation is very low or negative, making standard monetary policy ineffective. Quantitative tightening (QT) does the opposite, where for monetary policy reasons, a central bank sells off some portion of its holdings of government bonds or other financial assets.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Subprime mortgage crisis</span> 2007 mortgage crisis in the United States

    The American subprime mortgage crisis was a multinational financial crisis that occurred between 2007 and 2010 that contributed to the 2007–2008 global financial crisis. The crisis led to a severe economic recession, with millions of people losing their jobs and many businesses going bankrupt. The U.S. government intervened with a series of measures to stabilize the financial system, including the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA).

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Greenspan put</span> Monetary policy tool

    The Greenspan put was a monetary policy response to financial crises that Alan Greenspan, former chair of the Federal Reserve, exercised beginning with the crash of 1987. Successful in addressing various crises, it became controversial as it led to periods of extreme speculation led by Wall Street investment banks overusing the put's repurchase agreements and creating successive asset price bubbles. The banks so overused Greenspan's tools that their compromised solvency in the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 required Fed chair Ben Bernanke to use direct quantitative easing. The term Yellen put was used to refer to Fed chair Janet Yellen's policy of perpetual monetary looseness.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Federal Open Market Committee actions</span>

    This is a list of historical rate actions by the United States Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). The FOMC controls the supply of credit to banks and the sale of treasury securities. The Federal Open Market Committee meets every two months during the fiscal year. At scheduled meetings, the FOMC meets and makes any changes it sees as necessary, notably to the federal funds rate and the discount rate. The committee may also take actions with a less firm target, such as an increasing liquidity by the sale of a set amount of Treasury bonds, or affecting the price of currencies both foreign and domestic by selling dollar reserves. Jerome Powell is the current chairperson of the Federal Reserve and the FOMC.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Lael Brainard</span> American economist (born 1962)

    Lael Brainard is an American economist serving as the 14th director of the National Economic Council since February 21, 2023. She previously served as the 22nd vice chair of the Federal Reserve between May 2022 and February 2023. Prior to her term as vice chair, Brainard served as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, taking office in 2014. Before her appointment to the Federal Reserve, she served as the under secretary of the treasury for international affairs from 2010 to 2013.

    The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, also known as the "bank bailout of 2008" or the "Wall Street bailout", was a United States federal law enacted during the Great Recession, which created federal programs to "bail out" failing financial institutions and banks. The bill was proposed by Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson, passed by the 110th United States Congress, and was signed into law by President George W. Bush. It became law as part of Public Law 110-343 on October 3, 2008. It created the $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), which utilized congressionally appropriated taxpayer funds to purchase toxic assets from failing banks. The funds were mostly redirected to inject capital into banks and other financial institutions while the Treasury continued to examine the usefulness of targeted asset purchases.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">William C. Dudley</span> American banker

    William C. Dudley is an American economist who served as the president of Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 2009 to 2018 and as vice-chairman of the Federal Open Market Committee. He was appointed to the position on January 27, 2009, following the confirmation of his predecessor, Timothy F. Geithner, as United States Secretary of the Treasury.

    Recession shapes or recovery shapes are used by economists to describe different types of recessions and their subsequent recoveries. There is no specific academic theory or classification system for recession shapes; rather the terminology is used as an informal shorthand to characterize recessions and their recoveries. The most commonly used terms are V-shaped, U-shaped, W-shaped, and L-shaped recessions, with the COVID-19 pandemic leading to the K-shaped recession. The names derive from the shape the economic data – particularly GDP – takes during the recession and recovery.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Clarida</span> American economist (born 1957)

    Richard Harris Clarida is an American economist who served as the 21st Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve from 2018 to 2022. Clarida resigned his post on January 14, 2022, to return from public service leave to teach at Columbia University for the spring term of 2022. He is the C. Lowell Harriss Professor of Economics and International Affairs at Columbia University and, from 2006 until September 2018 and from October 2022 to the present, a Global Strategic Advisor for PIMCO. He is notable for his contributions to dynamic stochastic general equilibrium theory and international monetary economics. He is a former Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy and is a recipient of the Treasury Medal. He also was a proponent of the theory that inflation was transitory during the COVID-19 pandemic.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">2007–2008 financial crisis</span> Worldwide economic crisis

    The 2007–2008 financial crisis, or Global Economic Crisis (GEC), was the most severe worldwide economic crisis since the Great Depression. Predatory lending in the form of subprime mortgages targeting low-income homebuyers, excessive risk-taking by global financial institutions, a continuous buildup of toxic assets within banks, and the bursting of the United States housing bubble culminated in a "perfect storm", which led to the Great Recession.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Raphael Bostic</span> American economist, academic, and public servant

    Raphael W. Bostic is an American economist, academic, and public servant who has served as the 15th president and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta since 2017. During his academic career, Bostic served as chair of the Department of Governance, Management, and the Policy Process at the Price School of Public Policy at the University of Southern California.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Quantitative tightening</span> Monetary policy tool of central banks

    Quantitative tightening (QT) is a contractionary monetary policy tool applied by central banks to decrease the amount of liquidity or money supply in the economy. A central bank implements quantitative tightening by reducing the financial assets it holds on its balance sheet by selling them into the financial markets, which decreases asset prices and raises interest rates. QT is the reverse of quantitative easing, where the central bank prints money and uses it to buy assets in order to raise asset prices and stimulate the economy. QT is rarely used by central banks, and has only been employed after prolonged periods of Greenspan put-type stimulus, where the creation of too much central banking liquidity has led to a risk of uncontrolled inflation.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic</span> Economic turmoil associated with the pandemic

    Economic turmoil associated with the COVID-19 pandemic has had wide-ranging and severe impacts upon financial markets, including stock, bond, and commodity markets. Major events included a described Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war, which after failing to reach an OPEC+ agreement resulted in a collapse of crude oil prices and a stock market crash in March 2020. The effects upon markets are part of the COVID-19 recession and are among the many economic impacts of the pandemic.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Everything bubble</span> 2020–2021 correlated bubble in assets

    The expression "everything bubble" refers to the correlated impact of monetary easing by the Federal Reserve on asset prices in most asset classes, namely equities, housing, bonds, many commodities, and even exotic assets such as cryptocurrencies and SPACs. The policy itself and the techniques of direct and indirect methods of quantitative easing used to execute it are sometimes referred to as the Fed put. Modern monetary theory advocates the use of such tools, even in non-crisis periods, to create economic growth through asset price inflation. The term "everything bubble" first came in use during the chair of Janet Yellen, but it is most associated with the subsequent chair of Jerome Powell, and the 2020–2021 period of the coronavirus pandemic.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Economic policy of the Joe Biden administration</span>

    The economic policy of the Joe Biden administration, dubbed Bidenomics, is characterized by relief measures and vaccination efforts to address the COVID-19 pandemic, investments in infrastructure, and strengthening the social safety net, funded by tax increases on higher-income individuals and corporations. Other goals include increasing the national minimum wage and expanding worker training, narrowing income inequality, expanding access to affordable healthcare, and forgiveness of student loan debt. The March 2021 enactment of the American Rescue Plan to provide relief from the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was the first major element of the policy. Biden's Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act was signed into law in November 2021 and contains about $550 billion in additional investment. His Inflation Reduction Act was enacted in August 2022.

    References

    1. 1 2 3 Applebaum, Binyamin (December 27, 2011). "Obama to Nominate Two for Vacancies on Fed Board". The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
    2. 1 2 3 4 Long, Heather (June 2, 2017). "Who is Jerome Powell, Trump's pick for the nation's most powerful economic position?". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
    3. ↑ GONZALES, RICHARD (January 23, 2018). "Senate Confirms Jerome Powell As New Federal Reserve Chair". NPR . Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
    4. 1 2 LANE, SYLVAN (January 31, 2018). "Senate confirms Jerome Powell as Fed chairman". The Hill . Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
    5. ↑ "Federal Open Market Committee unanimously selects Jerome H. Powell to serve as its Chairman, effective February 3, 2018". The Federal Reserve. January 31, 2018. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
    6. 1 2 Smialek, Jeanna (November 22, 2021). "President Biden will keep Jerome Powell as Fed chair, resisting political pressure for a shake-up". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 22, 2021. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
    7. 1 2 Griffiths, Brent D. (November 6, 2020). "The Finance 202: The 2020 election has an early winner: Fed Chair Jay Powell". Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 10, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
    8. 1 2 3 Authers, John (August 4, 2020). "The Fed's Stocks Policy Is Exuberantly Asymmetric". Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
    9. 1 2 3 4 Pearlstein, Steven (June 17, 2020). "The Fed is addicted to propping up the markets, even without a need" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
    10. 1 2 Mohamed A. El-Erian (November 23, 2020). "Joe Biden needs to break the market's codependency with White House" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
    11. 1 2 Authers, John (June 11, 2020). "Powell's Ready to Play the Fresh Prince of Bubbles" . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
    12. 1 2 3 Leonard, Christopher (June 22, 2020). "How Jay Powell's Coronavirus Response Is Changing the Fed Forever". Time . Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
    13. ↑ Greifeld, Katherine; Wang, Lu; Hajric, Vildana (November 6, 2020). "Stocks Show Jerome Powell Is Still Wall Street's Head of State" . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
    14. 1 2 Cox, Jeff (May 12, 2022). "Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell confirmed by Senate for a second term". CNBC. Archived from the original on May 12, 2022. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
    15. 1 2 "US price rises hit highest level for 40 years". BBC. December 10, 2021. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
    16. ↑ "Patricia Powell". Geni.com. March 4, 1926. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
    17. ↑ "Jerome Powell". Geni.com. December 23, 1921. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
    18. ↑ "Obituary: Jerome Powell". The Washington Post . August 7, 2007. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
    19. 1 2 "ELISSA LEONARD WED TO JEROME H. POWELL". The New York Times . September 15, 1985. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
    20. ↑ "Patricia H. Powell's Obituary on The Washington Post". The Washington Post . October 1, 2010. Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    21. ↑ "Jerome Powell Notice". Legacy.com. Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    22. ↑ Powell, Jerome Hayden (1975). "South Africa: Forces for Change". Princeton University Senior Thesis Database. Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    23. 1 2 "Nomination of Jerome H. Powell To Be an Under Secretary of the Treasury". University of California, Santa Barbara (Press release). April 9, 1992. Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    24. 1 2 3 4 Greenhouse, Steven (April 14, 1992). "New Duties Familiar To Treasury Nominee". The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 25, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
    25. 1 2 3 "Board Members: Jerome H. Powell". Federal Reserve Board of Governors . Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
    26. 1 2 3 "Banker Joins Dillon, Read". The New York Times . February 17, 1995. Archived from the original on February 25, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
    27. ↑ Powell, Jerome (October 5, 2017). "Treasury Markets and the TMPG". Federal Reserve Board of Governors . Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
    28. ↑ Loomis, Carol J. (October 27, 1997). "Warren Buffett's Wild Ride at Salomon". Fortune . Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    29. ↑ Hansell, Saul (October 28, 1994). "P.& G. Sues Bankers Trust Over Swap Deal". The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
    30. ↑ Hansell, Saul (May 10, 1996). "Bankers Trust Settles Suit With P.& G." The New York Times . p. 1. Archived from the original on November 7, 2022. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
    31. 1 2 3 "Bipartisan Policy Center: Jerome Powell". Bipartisan Policy Center . Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
    32. 1 2 "GEF Adds to Investment Team" (Press release). Business Wire. July 8, 2008. Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    33. ↑ Long, Heather (October 31, 2017). "Jerome Powell, Trump's pick to lead Fed, would be the richest chair since the 1940s". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
    34. ↑ "PN1350 — Jerome H. Powell — Federal Reserve System". United States Senate . June 12, 2014. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
    35. 1 2 Matthews, Steve (November 1, 2017). "Here's What You Need to Know About Powell's Fed Chair Selection" . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
    36. ↑ Robb, Greg (March 4, 2013). "Fed's Powell: Ending too big to fail to take years". MarketWatch . Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
    37. ↑ Borak, Donna (April 7, 2017). "Fed taps Jerome Powell to head oversight of 'too big to fail' banks". CNN . Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
    38. ↑ Klein, Matthew C. (July 7, 2017). "Jerome Powell has some curious ideas about housing finance". Financial Times . Archived from the original on November 4, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
    39. ↑ Gensler, Lauren (November 2, 2017). "Trump Taps Jerome Powell As Next Fed Chair In Call For Continuity". Forbes . Archived from the original on November 2, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
    40. ↑ "Senate panel OKs Trump's pick, Jerome Powell, for the next Federal Reserve chief" . Los Angeles Times . December 5, 2017. Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
    41. 1 2 Torres, Craig (November 28, 2017). "Powell Says Case 'Coming Together' for December Rate Hike" . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on June 10, 2019. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
    42. ↑ Borak, Donna (March 21, 2018). "Fed raises interest rates in Powell's debut". CNN . Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
    43. ↑ Tett, Gillian (March 1, 2018). "Why Jay Powell's Fed taper is not causing tantrums". Financial Times . Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
    44. ↑ Rennison, Joe (December 20, 2020). "Investors raise alarm over Fed's shrinking balance sheet" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
    45. ↑ Bender, Michael C.; Ballhaus, Rebecca; Nicholas, Peter; Leary, Alex (October 24, 2018). "Trump Steps Up Attacks on Fed Chairman Jerome Powell" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN   0099-9660. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
    46. ↑ Phillips, Matt (January 30, 2019). "'Quantitative Tightening': the Hot Topic in Markets Right Now" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
    47. ↑ Jolly, Jasper (June 26, 2019). "Trump criticises Fed chairman Powell for trying to be 'tough'". The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
    48. ↑ Smialek, Jeanna (August 23, 2019). "Powell Highlights Fed's Limits. Trump Labels Him an 'Enemy'" . The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
    49. ↑ Torres, Craig; Litvan, Laura (July 10, 2019). "Fed's Powell Says He Won't Leave If Trump Tries to Fire Him" . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
    50. ↑ Ballhaus, Rebecca; Restuccia, Andrew; Kiernan, Paul (August 23, 2019). "Trump Calls for a Big Fed Rate Cut, Again Criticizes Central Bank Chairman" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
    51. ↑ Miller, Rich; Matthews, Steve (October 8, 2019). "Powell Sees Fed Resuming Balance-Sheet Growth, But It's Not QE" . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
    52. ↑ Long, Heather (October 8, 2019). "Fed Chair Powell says central bank will buy more Treasury bonds soon, but this is 'not QE'" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
    53. 1 2 Petrou, Karen (November 6, 2019). "Repo ructions highlight failure of post-crisis policymaking" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020. The old 'Greenspan put' is now a Powell promise: fear not, the Fed is there for you
    54. 1 2 Howell, Mark (January 16, 2020). "The Federal Reserve is the cause of the bubble in everything" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
    55. ↑ Rennison, Joe; Smith, Colby; Greeley, Brendan (January 16, 2020). "QE or not QE? Why the Fed is struggling with its message" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
    56. ↑ Forsyth, Randall W. (January 3, 2020). "Is the Fed Building Another Stock Bubble?" . Barron's . Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
    57. ↑ Siegel, Rachel (September 13, 2020). "The recession is testing the limits and shortfalls of the Federal Reserve's toolkit". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
    58. ↑ Smialek, Jeanna (June 16, 2020). "Fed Chair Powell Warns Pandemic Downturn Could Widen Inequalities". The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
    59. ↑ Guida, Victoria (September 21, 2020). "Powell's pandemic response gets him bipartisan praise — and a possible second term". Politico . Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
    60. ↑ Matthews, Steve; Jacobs, Jennifer (July 1, 2020). "Trump Says He's Very Happy With Fed Chief Powell's Performance" . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on November 10, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
    61. ↑ GUIDA, VICTORIA (November 20, 2020). "Powell agrees to return unused relief money to Treasury at year end". Politico . Archived from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    62. ↑ Chappata, Brian (November 20, 2020). "This Fed-Treasury Public Fight Has No Winners" . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
    63. ↑ CRUTSINGER, MARTIN (December 2, 2020). "Fed and Treasury urge Congress to approve more virus relief". Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    64. 1 2 "Quick Hits: Powell Isn't Worried Fed Actions Are Generating Asset Bubbles" . The Wall Street Journal . September 16, 2020. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
    65. ↑ Mackenzie, Michael (June 13, 2020). "Investors reset for Fed's single-minded pursuit of policy goals" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
    66. ↑ Lachman, Desmond (May 19, 2020). "The Federal Reserve's everything bubble". The Hill . Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
    67. 1 2 Randall, David (September 11, 2020). "Fed defends 'pedal to the metal' policy and is not fearful of asset bubbles ahead". Reuters . Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    68. ↑ Rabouin, Dion (October 13, 2020). "Jerome Powell's ironic legacy on economic inequality". Axios . Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
    69. ↑ Long, Heather (January 20, 2020). "The global economy is likely to rebound in 2020, but the IMF warns of eerie parallels to the 1920s". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
    70. 1 2 Gold, Howard (August 17, 2020). "Opinion: The Federal Reserve's policies have drastically increased inequality" . MarketWatch . Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
    71. ↑ Cox, Jeff (September 4, 2020). "Worries grow over a K-shaped economic recovery that favors the wealthy". CNBC . Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
    72. ↑ "Yet another 'K-shaped' recovery data point" . Financial Times . August 19, 2020. Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    73. ↑ Hillflower, Hillary (January 13, 2021). "The tools that rescued America's economy are mostly helping wealthy Americans". Business Insider . Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
    74. 1 2 Bair, Sheila (April 14, 2020). "Op-Ed: Overreliance on the Fed is compromising the future for millennials". CNBC . Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
    75. ↑ Luce, Edward (January 3, 2021). "America's dangerous reliance on the Fed". Financial Times . Archived from the original on January 4, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
    76. 1 2 Grant, Jim (June 28, 2020). "Powell Has Become the Fed's Dr. Feelgood" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
    77. ↑ Kass, David L. (June 30, 2020). "'Feelgood' Fed Treating the Patient Correctly". The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
    78. ↑ Saraiva, Catarina; Matthews, Steve (September 23, 2020). "Powell Grilled by Congress on How Fed Is Helping Main Street". Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
    79. ↑ Noonan, Laura (January 20, 2021). "Morgan Stanley posts record profit as trading booms". Financial Times . Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
    80. ↑ King, Kate (October 22, 2020). "Wall Street Profits Soar During First Half of 2020". Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
    81. ↑ Regan, Michael P. (December 21, 2020). "2020 Has Been a Great Year for Stocks and a Bear Market for Humans". Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
    82. ↑ Chapatta, Brian (June 9, 2020). "Fed Needs Better Answers on Runaway Markets and Inequality" . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
    83. ↑ Clifford, Tim (July 29, 2020). "'I'm sick and tired' — Cramer bemoans talk of a Fed-induced stock market bubble". CNBC . Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
    84. ↑ Graffeo, Emily (August 24, 2020). "Billionaire investor Leon Cooperman says Fed relief efforts have created a 'speculative bubble'". Business Insider . Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
    85. ↑ McDonald, Michael (August 1, 2020). "Seth Klarman Says Fed Is Infantilizing Investors in 'Surreal' Market" . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on October 18, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
    86. ↑ Miller, Rich (December 14, 2020). "U.S. Financial Conditions Easiest on Record, Goldman Sachs Says" . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
    87. ↑ Phillips, Matt (December 26, 2020). "Market Edges Toward Euphoria, Despite Pandemic's Toll". The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
    88. ↑ Lachman, Desmond (January 7, 2021). "Georgia and the everything market bubble". The Hill . Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
    89. ↑ Hulbert, Mark (October 30, 2020). "Opinion: The stock market is overvalued, according to almost every measure dating to 1950". MarketWatch . Archived from the original on November 22, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
    90. ↑ Brown, Arron (November 13, 2020). "Home Prices Are In a Bubble. Full Stop" . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
    91. ↑ Shedlock, Mish (November 14, 2020). "The Housing Bubble is Even Bigger Than the Stock Market Bubble". Mish.com. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
    92. ↑ Segilson, Paula (November 9, 2020). "U.S. Junk Bond Yields Hit Record Low as Vaccine Hope Fuels Rally". Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
    93. ↑ del Castillo, Michael (December 26, 2020). "Forbes Cryptocurrency Awards 2020: The $3 Trillion Bitcoin Marketing Campaign" . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
    94. ↑ Cookson, Richard (February 4, 2021). "Rising Inflation Will Force the Fed's Hand". Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
    95. ↑ McEnery, Thornton. "The Reddit Apes are pleased that Jay Powell is sticking around at the Fed". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on January 26, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
    96. ↑ "The Power of the Fed". Frontline. July 13, 2021. PBS. WGBH. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
    97. ↑ Ponczek, Sarah; Wang, Lu (December 16, 2020). "Soaring Stock Valuations No Big Deal to Powell Next to Bonds" . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
    98. ↑ Winck, Ben (June 23, 2020). "The Fed's unprecedented relief measures could form the greatest financial bubble in history says Ed Yardeni" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on December 19, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
    99. ↑ Lahart, Justin (December 23, 2020). "Has the Fed Rewritten the Laws of Investing?" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on December 25, 2020. Retrieved December 25, 2020.
    100. ↑ Winck, Ben (April 28, 2021). "The Fed is watching housing 'carefully' and hopes builders catch up to the red-hot market, Chair Powell says". Business Insider . Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
    101. ↑ HORSLEY, SCOTT (August 27, 2021). "Powell Says It May Soon Be Time For The Fed To Start Reducing Its Big Economic Support". NPR . Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    102. ↑ Renick, Oliver (September 1, 2021). "Friday's Response To Powell Is Looking Like A Head-Fake" . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    103. ↑ White, Martha C. (August 27, 2021). "Fed Chair Jerome Powell supports tapering this year, cites delta variant as 'near-term risk'". NBC News . Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    104. ↑ Schneider, Howard; Saphir, Ann (August 27, 2021). "Fed's Powell holds fast to 'this year' timeline for bond-buying taper". Reuters . Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    105. ↑ "Omicron raises uncertainty around inflation, says Powell". BBC . December 2, 2021. Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
    106. ↑ Guilford, Gwynn (December 2, 2021). "OU.S. Inflation Hit 31-Year High in October as Consumer Prices Jump 6.2%". WSJ . Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
    107. ↑ Liesman, Steve (December 6, 2021). "A major shift is underway at the Federal Reserve that could see a speedier end to its easy policies". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
    108. ↑ Timiraos, Nick (December 6, 2021). "High Inflation, Falling Unemployment Prompted Powell's Fed Pivot". WSJ. Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
    109. ↑ Egan, Matt (January 15, 2022). "Jerome Powell's pitch for a second term: America can't afford runaway inflation". CNN . Archived from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
    110. ↑ Timiraos, Nick (January 15, 2022). "Fed's Powell Says Economy No Longer Needs Aggressive Stimulus". WSJ . Archived from the original on January 17, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
    111. ↑ Aratani, Lauren (January 15, 2022). "US inflation reached 7% in December as prices rise at rates unseen in decades". The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.
    112. ↑ Egan, Matt (August 31, 2021). "Progressives led by AOC call for Biden to replace Fed Chair Powell". CNN . Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    113. ↑ Thomas, Daniel (August 31, 2021). "Left-wing Democrats want Fed chief replaced". BBC . Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    114. ↑ Smialek, Jeanna (September 28, 2021). "With his reappointment on the line, Elizabeth Warren calls Jerome Powell 'a dangerous man.'". The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 12, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
    115. ↑ "PN1435 — Jerome H. Powell — Federal Reserve System 117th Congress (2021-2022)". US Congress. January 3, 2022. Archived from the original on March 17, 2022. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
    116. ↑ Lane, Sylvan (March 16, 2022). "Senate panel advances Biden Fed nominees to confirmation votes". The Hill. Archived from the original on March 17, 2022. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
    117. 1 2 Lane, Sylvan (May 23, 2022). "Biden's Fed nominees sworn into office". The Hill. Archived from the original on May 23, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
    118. ↑ "Chevy Chase Village: Staff Directory". Chevy Chase Village, Maryland . Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
    119. ↑ "Chevy Chase Club: Directors". Chevy Chase Club. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
    120. ↑ Schmidt, Ann (June 12, 2020). "What is Jerome Powell's net worth?". Fox Business . Archived from the original on September 6, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.

    Official

    Other

    Political offices
    Preceded by Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Institutions
    1990–1992    		Succeeded by
    John Cunningham Dugan
    Preceded by Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance
    1992–1993    		Succeeded by
    Government offices
    Preceded by Member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors
    2012–present    		Incumbent
    Preceded by Chair of the Federal Reserve
    2018–present
    U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
    Preceded byas Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Order of precedence of the United States
    Chair of the Federal Reserve    		Succeeded by
    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.