John Puskas

Last updated
John D. Puskas
CitizenshipUnited States
EducationPrinceton University

Harvard Medical School

Massachusetts General Hospital

Toronto General Hospital

Emory University
Occupation(s)Cardiovascular surgeon, researcher, educator
Medical career
ProfessionSurgeon
InstitutionsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
ResearchRobotic and hybrid coronary bypass grafting, mitral valve repair, Atrial Fibrillation, novel artificial heart valves, arterial bypass grafting
Website https://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/john-d-puskas

John D. Puskas is an American researcher, author, inventor and cardiovascular surgeon. As of 2022, he is Professor, Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, [1] and chairman, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery at Mount Sinai Morningside, Mount Sinai Beth Israel and Mount Sinai West. He holds 11 U.S. patents and co-founded the International Coronary Congress and the International Society for Coronary Artery Surgery. [2] He is credited by ResearchGate with 330 publications and 15,234 citations [3] and as of 2022 Scopus reports an h-index of 62. [4] Puskas is known for advancing coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery by refining surgical techniques for all-arterial, off-pump CABG and inventing finer instruments to be used for advanced coronary bypass surgical procedures. [5] He is credited with performing the first totally thoracoscopic bilateral pulmonary vein isolation procedure. [6] He is the co-editor of State of the Art Surgical Coronary Revascularization , [7] [8] the first textbook solely devoted to coronary artery surgery. [9]

Contents

In 2021, Puskas ran the New York City Marathon with his patient who, in 2018, suffered cardiac arrest and was clinically dead for five minutes, but recovered after all-arterial CABG. [10] Their trainer, John Garlepp was another CABG patient of Puskas. [11]

Career

Life and education

Born in 1960, Puskas received his MD at Harvard Medical School in 1986 and in 1991, a Master of Science in Surgical Science (MSc) at the University of Toronto. Post-graduate training included a general surgery internship and residency, department of surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital; fellowship in cardiothoracic surgery at Emory University Hospitals, Atlanta, a lung transplantation research fellowship, division of thoracic surgery, Toronto General Hospital; and an advanced fellowship in tracheal surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Division of General Thoracic Surgery. [1] [12] [13]

Research

Puskas research concentrations include arterial bypass grafting, robotic and hybrid coronary bypass grafting, novel designs and materials for artificial heart valves, mitral and aortic valve repair and replacement, surgical and medical treatments for people with atrial fibrillation and surgical instruments for adult cardiac surgery. [14]

He founded the Emory University Cardiothoracic Clinical Research Unit in 2005 and was a founding investigator in the creation of the NIH Cardiothoracic Surgery Trials Network in 2007; he has served on the steering committee of that NIH Network since that time. As of 2022, he has served as the principal investigator (PI) of five multi-center FDA investigatory drug/device exemption trials in cardiovascular surgery. At Mount Sinai Health System, he founded and directs the Cardiovascular Clinical Research Unit at Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai Beth Israel Hospitals to create a multidisciplinary collaborative clinical research infrastructure allowing clinical cardiologists and surgeons to enroll patients in multiple trials. He led 47 clinical sites nationwide to conduct the first RCT of hybrid coronary revascularization. [15] He is listed on NIH RePORTER with 12 NHLBI PI roles. [16]

Clinical and practice

Puskas performs cardiovascular surgical procedures including all-arterial coronary bypass grafting, minimally invasive robotic coronary bypass surgery, hybrid coronary revascularization, off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery, ablation surgery for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, mitral valve repair/replacement, aortic valve replacement, valve-sparing aortic root replacement and surgery for aortic dissection. [17] He performed the first triple off-pump bypass surgery using minimally invasive coronary artery bypass graft instrumentation in 1997. [18] Between 1996 and 2022, he performed approximately 300 cardiac surgical cases annually, specializing in multiple arterial CABG and robotic CABG. [18] In 2019, Puskas, with Gianluca Torregrossa, MD, successfully performed two totally endoscopic coronary arterial bypass surgeries (TECABs) making Mount Sinai the only New York State health system qualified to make the procedure available. [19] As of 2022, Puskas has served as President of the International Society for Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery (2009) and the International Society for Coronary Artery Surgery.

U.S. patents

Specifications
Patent NoTitleLicensed to
6,042,538Device for Endoscopic Vessel HarvestingMedtronic
6,479,523Pharmacological Drug Combination in Vagal-Induced AsystoleMedtronic
6,429,217Pharmacological Drug Combination in Vagal-Induced AsystoleMedtronic
6,778,854Methods of Indirectly Stimulating the Vagus nerve with an Electrical FieldMedtronic
6,656,960Methods of Performing Vagal-Induced AsystolMedtronic
7,072,720Devices and Methods for Vagus Nerve StimulationMedtronic
7,142,910Methods of Indirectly Stimulating the Vagus Nerve with an Electrical FieldMedtronic
7,310,552Apparatus for Indirectly Stimulating the Vagus Nerve with an Electrical Field
7,340,299Methods of Indirectly Stimulating the Vagus Nerve to Achieve Controlled Asystole
7,840,278Devices and Methods for Vagus Nerve Stimulation
12/134,842Dual Closing Guide for a Surgical InstrumentScanlan International, Inc.
14/030,606Novel Sternal RetractorScanlan International, Inc.

Present societies

*Present indicates 2022

Publications

Editorial

As of 2022, Puskas is a reviewer and editorial contributor to nine journals, including The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Surgery Forum, The Lancet, The Journal of Cardiac Surgery, Circulation, Innovations, American College of Cardiology, European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Peer reviewed

PubMed lists 320 publications as of 2022. [20] A short list ranked by citations include:

Smith, P. K., Puskas, J. D., Ascheim, D. D., Voisine, P., Gelijns, A. C., Moskowitz, A. J., ... & Michler, R. E. (2014). Surgical treatment of moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(23), 2178–2188; 273 citations [21]

Puskas, J. D., Thourani, V. H., Marshall, J. J., Dempsey, S. J., Steiner, M. A., Sammons, B. H., ... & Guyton, R. A. (2001). Clinical outcomes, angiographic patency, and resource utilization in 200 consecutive off-pump coronary bypass patients. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 71(5), 1477–1484; 324 citations [22]

Gaudino, M., Benedetto, U., Fremes, S., Biondi-Zoccai, G., Sedrakyan, A., Puskas, J. D., ... & Taggart, D. P. (2018). Radial-artery or saphenous-vein grafts in coronary-artery bypass surgery. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(22), 2069–2077; 295 citations [23]

Gillinov, A. M., Gelijns, A. C., Parides, M. K., DeRose Jr, J. J., Moskowitz, A. J., Voisine, P., ... & Argenziano, M. (2015). Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation during mitral-valve surgery. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(15), 1399–1409; 261 citations [24]

El-Chami, M. F., Kilgo, P., Thourani, V., Lattouf, O. M., Delurgio, D. B., Guyton, R. A., ... & Puskas, J. D. (2010). New-onset atrial fibrillation predicts long-term mortality after coronary artery bypass graft. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 55(13), 1370–1376; 338 citations [25]

Books and chapters

State of the Art Surgical Coronary Revascularization. ISBN   0198758782

Winston AD and Puskas JD. "Techniques for Multivessel OPCAB". Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery. 2ndEdition, edited by Oz MC and Goldstein DJ, Humana Press, 2003. [26]

Sharoni E and Puskas JD. "Techniques in Multivessel OPCAB". Operative Cardiac Surgery, edited by Gardner T J and Spray TL, Arnold Publishers, 2004.

Thourani VH and Puskas JD. "Coronary Artery Bypass Procedures·Medical Management of the Surgical Patient." Fourth Edition, edited by Lubin MF, Walker HK, Smith RB III, 2006. [27]

Song HK and Puskas JD. "Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery". Mastery of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 2nd Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, New York, 2007. [28]

Richard J. Myung and John D. Puskas. "Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting for Repeat Coronary Revascularization", Redo Cardiac Surgery in Adults, 2nd Edition, Edited by Venkat R. Machiraju, Hartzell V. Schaff and Lars G. Svensson. Springer. 2011. [29]

Michael E. Halkos, John D. Puskas. "Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Graft to Cardiac Surgery: Recent Advances and Techniques", 2012. [30]

Yanagawa B and Puskas JD. “Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting”, in Mastery of Techniques in Cardiac Surgery, 2016.

Michael E. Halkos, Emmanuel Moss, and John D. Puskas. “Chapter 2 Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting”, in Core Concepts in Cardiac Surgery, Edited by David Taggart and Yasir Abu-Omar, Oxford University Press, 2018.

Bobby Yanagawa, Michael E. Halkos, John D. Puskas. “Chapter 21: Myocardial Revascularization Without Cardiopulmonary Bypass”, in Cardiac Surgery in the Adult, 5e, Edited by Lawrence H. Cohn, David H. Adams, Cenveo® Publisher Services, 2018.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiology</span> Branch of medicine dealing with the heart

Cardiology is the study of the heart. Cardiology is a branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the heart and the cardiovascular system. The field includes medical diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, and electrophysiology. Physicians who specialize in this field of medicine are called cardiologists, a sub-specialty of internal medicine. Pediatric cardiologists are pediatricians who specialize in cardiology. Physicians who specialize in cardiac surgery are called cardiothoracic surgeons or cardiac surgeons, a specialty of general surgery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronary artery bypass surgery</span> Surgical procedure to restore normal blood flow to an obstructed coronary artery

Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass graft, is a surgical procedure to treat coronary artery disease (CAD), the buildup of plaques in the arteries of the heart. It can relieve chest pain caused by CAD, slow the progression of CAD, and increase life expectancy. It aims to bypass narrowings in heart arteries by using arteries or veins harvested from other parts of the body, thus restoring adequate blood supply to the previously ischemic heart.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiothoracic surgery</span> Medical specialty involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thorax

Cardiothoracic surgery is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thoracic cavity — generally treatment of conditions of the heart, lungs, and other pleural or mediastinal structures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cardiac surgery</span> Type of surgery performed on the heart

Cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular surgery, is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons. It is often used to treat complications of ischemic heart disease ; to correct congenital heart disease; or to treat valvular heart disease from various causes, including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. It also includes heart transplantation.

Hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) or hybrid coronary bypass is a relatively new type of heart surgery that provides an alternative to traditional coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention by combining the two into one operation. It is this combining aspect that "hybrid" refers to. HCR is one of several types of hybrid cardiac surgery; it is not to be confused with a MIDCAB procedure, which uses the smaller thoracotomy incision but does not involve coronary stenting.

Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) is a surgical treatment for coronary heart disease that is a less invasive method of coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). MIDCAB gains surgical access to the heart with a smaller incision than other types of CABG. MIDCAB is sometimes referred to as "keyhole" heart surgery because the operation is analogous to operating through a keyhole.

Postperfusion syndrome, also known as "pumphead", is a constellation of neurocognitive impairments attributed to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during cardiac surgery. Symptoms of postperfusion syndrome are subtle and include defects associated with attention, concentration, short-term memory, fine motor function, and speed of mental and motor responses. Studies have shown a high incidence of neurocognitive deficit soon after surgery, but the deficits are often transient with no permanent neurological impairment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Off-pump coronary artery bypass</span> Medical intervention

Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB), or beating-heart surgery, is a form of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery performed without cardiopulmonary bypass as a treatment for coronary heart disease. It was primarily developed in the early 1990s by Dr. Amano Atsushi. Historically, during bypass surgeries, the heart is stopped and a heart-lung machine takes over the work of the heart and lungs. When a cardiac surgeon chooses to perform the CABG procedure off-pump (OPCAB) the heart is still beating while the graft attachments are made to bypass a blockage.

The Cox maze procedure, also known as maze procedure, is a type of heart surgery for atrial fibrillation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert E. Michler</span> Heart surgeon in the United States

Robert E. Michler is an American heart surgeon specializing in heart surgery, aortic and mitral valve repair, coronary artery bypass surgery, aneurysm surgery, and management of the failing heart. In 2017, Michler received the Vladimir Borakovsky Prize in Moscow from the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for “his personal contributions to the development of cardiovascular surgery”.

Minimally invasive cardiac surgery, encompasses various aspects of cardiac surgical procedures that can be performed with minimally invasive approach either via mini-thoracotomy or mini-sternotomy. MICS CABG or the McGinn technique is heart surgery performed through several small incisions instead of the traditional open-heart surgery that requires a median sternotomy approach, and can be performed in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. MICS CABG is a beating-heart multi-vessel procedure performed under direct vision through an anterolateral mini-thoracotomy.

Vessel harvesting is a surgical technique that may be used in conjunction with a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). For patients with coronary artery disease, a vascular bypass may be recommended to reroute blood around blocked arteries to restore and improve blood flow and oxygen to the heart. To create the bypass graft, a surgeon will remove or "harvest" healthy blood vessels from another part of the body, either arteries from an arm or the chest, or veins from a leg. This vessel becomes a graft, with one end attaching to a blood source above and the other end below the blocked area, creating a "conduit" channel or new blood flow connection across the heart.

Robert S. Poston is an American cardiac surgeon at University of Arizona Medical Center most noted for his work in robot-assisted heart surgery and Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hybrid cardiac surgery</span>

A hybrid cardiac surgical procedure in a narrow sense is defined as a procedure that combines a conventional, more invasive surgical part with an interventional part, using some sort of catheter-based procedure guided by fluoroscopy imaging in a hybrid operating room (OR) without interruption. The hybrid technique has a reduced risk of surgical complications and has shown decreased recovery time. It can be used to treat numerous heart diseases and conditions and with the increasing complexity of each case, the hybrid surgical technique is becoming more common.

Richard Lee is a cardiac surgeon in St. Louis, Missouri, who helped pioneer a staged Hybrid Maze, a procedure for atrial fibrillation or AFIB. combining surgery and catheter based approaches.

In medicine, vein graft failure (VGF) is a condition in which vein grafts, which are used as alternative conduits in bypass surgeries, get occluded.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">External support</span>

In cardiac surgery and vascular surgery, external support is a type of scaffold made of metal or plastic material that is inserted over the outside of the vein graft in order to decrease the intermediate and late vein graft failure after bypass surgery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anil Bhan</span> Indian cardiologist

Dr. Anil Bhan is the Chairman of Cardiac Surgery Heart Institute, Medanta Hospital, Gurugram, India. He graduated from Medical College Srinagar. He has the largest experience in aortic surgery in India since he has designed and developed more than 50 surgical instruments in the field of cardiac surgery. He was one of the team members to perform the first successful heart transplant in India in1994. He served as a co-founder of Max Heart and Vascular Institute, Saket, New Delhi, Director and Chief Co-Ordinator, Cardio thoracic and Vascular Surgery, MHVI, Saket.Additional Professor, Cardiothoracic Surgery and Vascular Surgery, AIIMS, New Delhi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George E. Green (doctor)</span> American cardiac surgeon (born 1932)

George E. Green is an American cardiac surgeon best known for pioneering and implementing the first surgical procedure of the left coronary artery bypass graft using the internal thoracic artery sutured to the left anterior descending coronary artery to bypass obstruction to the heart circulation in the late 1960s. He applied these techniques in 1968 at New York University Medical Center. In 1970 he was hired to establish St. Luke's Hospital's cardiac surgery program in Manhattan, New York, which by 1982 was seeing approximately 1,800 cases a year, the biggest program in the state. Green has lectured internationally on the topic, and has written numerous reports on internal thoracic artery grafting, as well as co-authoring Surgical Revascularization of the Heart: The Internal Thoracic Arteries.

Mario F.L. Gaudino, MD, PhD, MSCE, FEBCTS, FACC, FAHA is an Italian cardiothoracic surgeon who is the Stephen and Suzanne Weiss Professor in Cardiothoracic Surgery (II) and Professor of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Services Research at Weill Cornell Medicine and an attending cardiac surgeon at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medical Center. He is an expert in coronary revascularization and clinical trialist. He is known for conducting the PALACS trial, which demonstrated that posterior pericardiotomy at the time of cardiac surgery reduced the incidence of post-operative atrial fibrillation and pericardial effusion.

References

  1. 1 2 "John Puskas | CTSNet". www.ctsnet.org. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
  2. ↑ "India's first International Coronary Congress Inaugurated by Hon'ble President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee - Core Sector Communique" . Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  3. ↑ "ResearchGate" . Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  4. ↑ "Scopus preview - Puskas, John Daniel - Author details - Scopus". www.scopus.com. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  5. ↑ Myung, Richard J.; Halkos, Michael E.; Puskas, John D. (2010). "Less Invasive Approaches to Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass". Operative Techniques in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 15 (3): 186–193. doi: 10.1053/j.optechstcvs.2010.08.005 . Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  6. ↑ "CCC Symposium". www.cccsymposiumlive.com. Archived from the original on 2022-08-25. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
  7. ↑ Taggart, David P.; Puskas, John D. (2021). State of the Art Surgical Coronary Revascularization. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-875878-5.
  8. ↑ State of the Art Surgical Coronary Revascularization. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 2021-04-04. ISBN   978-0-19-875878-5.
  9. ↑ State of the Art Surgical Coronary Revascularization. Oxford University Press. 2020. doi:10.1093/med/9780198758785.001.0001/med-9780198758785 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN   978-0-19-181867-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  10. ↑ Hambleton, Brittany (2021-11-07). "WATCH: Man running the NYC marathon with doctor who saved his life". Canadian Running Magazine. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  11. ↑ "2021 TCS NYC Marathon: Man running the NYC Marathon with surgeon who saved him". ABC7 New York. 2021-11-07. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  12. ↑ "Dr. John D. Puskas - Thoracic & Cardiac Surgery - New York, NY". Castle Connolly. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
  13. ↑ "Dr. John Puskas, MD, Cardiothoracic Surgery Specialist - New York, NY". Sharecare. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
  14. ↑ "John Puskas | CTSNet". www.ctsnet.org. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  15. ↑ "NIH RePorter". NIH Reporter.
  16. ↑ "NIH RePorter". NIH. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  17. ↑ Puskas, John D.; Williams, Willis H.; Mahoney, Elizabeth M.; Huber, Philip R.; Block, Peter C.; Duke, Peggy G.; Staples, James R.; Glas, Katherine E.; Marshall, J. Jeffrey; Leimbach, Mark E.; McCall, Susan A. (2004-04-21). "Off-Pump vs Conventional Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Early and 1-Year Graft Patency, Cost, and Quality-of-Life OutcomesA Randomized Trial". JAMA. 291 (15): 1841–1849. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.15.1841 . ISSN   0098-7484. PMID   15100202.
  18. 1 2 "Emory Surgery Newsletter | February 28, 2014". www.surgery.emory.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  19. ↑ "TECAB reduces risk, expedites recovery for bypass patients". cardiovascularbusiness.com. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  20. ↑ "Puskas JD - Search Results - PubMed". PubMed. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
  21. ↑ Smith, Peter K.; Puskas, John D.; Ascheim, Deborah D.; Voisine, Pierre; Gelijns, Annetine C.; Moskowitz, Alan J.; Hung, Judy W.; Parides, Michael K.; Ailawadi, Gorav; Perrault, Louis P.; Acker, Michael A. (2014-12-04). "Surgical Treatment of Moderate Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation". New England Journal of Medicine. 371 (23): 2178–2188. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1410490. ISSN   0028-4793. PMC   4303577 . PMID   25405390.
  22. ↑ Puskas, John D; Thourani, Vinod H; Marshall, J. Jeffrey; Dempsey, Steven J; Steiner, Mark A; Sammons, Bonnie H; Brown, W. Morris; Gott, John Parker; Weintraub, William S; Guyton, Robert A (2001-05-01). "Clinical outcomes, angiographic patency, and resource utilization in 200 consecutive off-pump coronary bypass patients". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 71 (5): 1477–1484. doi:10.1016/S0003-4975(01)02473-0. ISSN   0003-4975. PMID   11383786.
  23. ↑ Gaudino, Mario; Benedetto, Umberto; Fremes, Stephen; Biondi-Zoccai, Giuseppe; Sedrakyan, Art; Puskas, John D.; Angelini, Gianni D.; Buxton, Brian; Frati, Giacomo; Hare, David L.; Hayward, Philip (2018-05-31). "Radial-Artery or Saphenous-Vein Grafts in Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery". New England Journal of Medicine. 378 (22): 2069–2077. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1716026 . hdl: 1983/da0c0152-dab6-4cc0-aca6-60fc9b131219 . ISSN   0028-4793. PMID   29708851. S2CID   13752332.
  24. ↑ Gillinov, A. Marc; Gelijns, Annetine C.; Parides, Michael K.; DeRose, Joseph J.; Moskowitz, Alan J.; Voisine, Pierre; Ailawadi, Gorav; Bouchard, Denis; Smith, Peter K.; Mack, Michael J.; Acker, Michael A. (2015-04-09). "Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation during Mitral-Valve Surgery". New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (15): 1399–1409. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1500528. ISSN   0028-4793. PMC   4664179 . PMID   25853744.
  25. ↑ El, -Chami Mikhael F.; Kilgo, Patrick; Thourani, Vinod; Lattouf, Omar M.; Delurgio, David B.; Guyton, Robert A.; Leon, Angel R.; Puskas, John D. (2010-03-30). "New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation Predicts Long-Term Mortality After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 55 (13): 1370–1376. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.058. PMID   20338499.
  26. ↑ Puskas, John D. "Tips and Techniques for Multivessel OPCAB". Operative Techniques. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  27. ↑ Keeling, W. Brent; Thourani, Vinod H. (2013), Lubin, Michael F.; Winawer, Neil H.; Dodson, Thomas F. (eds.), "Coronary artery bypass procedures", Medical Management of the Surgical Patient: A Textbook of Perioperative Medicine (5 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 557–564, ISBN   978-1-107-00916-5 , retrieved 2022-08-25
  28. ↑ Puskas, John D.; Thourani, Vinod H.; Kilgo, Patrick; Cooper, William; Vassiliades, Thomas; Vega, J. David; Morris, Cullen; Chen, Edward; Schmotzer, Brian J.; Guyton, Robert A.; Lattouf, Omar M. (2009). "Off-pump coronary artery bypass disproportionately benefits high-risk patients". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 88 (4): 1142–1147. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.04.135. ISSN   1552-6259. PMID   19766798.
  29. ↑ Puskas, John D.; Williams, Willis H.; O'Donnell, Robert; Patterson, Randolph E.; Sigman, Steven R.; Smith, A. Shannon; Baio, Kim T.; Kilgo, Patrick D.; Guyton, Robert A. (2011). "Off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting are associated with similar graft patency, myocardial ischemia, and freedom from reintervention: long-term follow-up of a randomized trial". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 91 (6): 1836–1842, discussion 1842–1843. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.12.043. ISSN   1552-6259. PMID   21619980.
  30. ↑ Moorjani, Narain; Ohri, Sunil K.; Wechsler, Andrew (2013-12-17). Cardiac Surgery: Recent Advances and Techniques. CRC Press. ISBN   978-1-4441-3756-9.
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