This is a list of parliamentary by-elections in England held between 1701 and 1707, with the names of the previous incumbent and the victor in the by-election.
In the absence of a comprehensive and reliable source, for party and factional alignments in this period, no attempt is made to define them in this article. The House of Commons: 1690-1715 provides some guidance to the complex and shifting political relationships, but it is significant that the compilers of that work make no attempt to produce a definitive list of each members allegiances.
During this period England counted its legal year as beginning on 25 March. For the purposes of this list the year is considered to have started on 1 January.
The c/u column denotes whether the by-election was a contested poll or an unopposed return. If the winner was re-elected, at the next general election and any intermediate by-elections, this is indicated by an * following the c or u. In a few cases the winner was elected at the next general election but had not been re-elected in a by-election after the one noted. In those cases no * symbol is used.
Date | Constituency | c/u | Former Incumbent | Winner | Cause |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
27 January 1702 | Exeter | u* | Sir Bartholomew Shower | John Snell | Death |
27 January 1702 | Portsmouth | u | Thomas Erle | John Gibson | Chose to sit for Wareham |
27 January 1702 | Seaford | u | Sir William Thomas | Thomas Chowne | Chose to sit for Sussex |
2 February 1702 | Castle Rising | u | The Earl of Ranelagh | Marquess of Hartington | Chose to sit for West Looe |
2 February 1702 | Flint Boroughs | u | Sir Thomas Hanmer | Sir John Conway | Chose to sit for Thetford |
3 February 1702 | Northallerton | u | Robert Dormer | Daniel Lascelles | Chose to sit for Buckinghamshire |
4 February 1702 | Dorchester | u* | Thomas Trenchard | Sir Nathaniel Napier | Chose to sit for Dorset |
4 February 1702 | East Looe | u | Francis Godolphin | George Courtenay | Chose to sit for Helston |
4 February 1702 | Plymouth | u* | Henry Trelawny | John Woolcombe | Death |
5 February 1702 | Milborne Port | c* | Henry Thynne | John Hunt | Chose to sit for Tamworth |
5 February 1702 | Saltash | u* | James Buller | Benjamin Buller | Chose to sit for Cornwall |
5 February 1702 | Weymouth and Melcombe Regis | c* | Maurice Ashley | Anthony Henley | Chose to sit for Wiltshire |
9 February 1702 | Berwick-upon-Tweed | u* | Francis Blake | Jonathan Hutchinson | Chose to sit for Northumberland |
12 February 1702 | Truro | u | William Scawen | Robert Cotton | Chose to sit for Grampound |
19 February 1702 | Cockermouth | c* | Goodwin Wharton | Thomas Lamplugh | Chose to sit for Buckinghamshire |
7 March 1702 | Newport (I.o.W.) | u | The Lord Cutts | James Stanhope | Chose to sit for Cambridgeshire |
23 March 1702 | Calne | u* | Sir Charles Hedges | Henry Chivers | Election voided due to a Double Return |
Edward Bayntun | |||||
13 April 1702 | Higham Ferrers | u* | Thomas Ekins | Thomas Pemberton | Death |
The 1708 British general election was the first general election to be held after the Acts of Union had united the Parliaments of England and Scotland.
Andover was the name of a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England from 1295 to 1307, and again from 1586, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. It was a parliamentary borough in Hampshire, represented by two Members of Parliament until 1868, and by one member from 1868 to 1885. The name was then transferred to a county constituency electing one MP from 1885 until 1918.
Flint Boroughs was a parliamentary constituency in north-east Wales which returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and its predecessors, from 1542 until it was abolished for the 1918 general election.
The 1705 English general election saw contests in 110 constituencies in England and Wales, roughly 41% of the total. The election was fiercely fought, with mob violence and cries of "Church in Danger" occurring in several boroughs. During the previous session of Parliament the Tories had become increasingly unpopular, and their position was therefore somewhat weakened by the election, particularly by the Tackers controversy. Due to the uncertain loyalty of a group of 'moderate' Tories led by Robert Harley, the parties were roughly balanced in the House of Commons following the election, encouraging the Whigs to demand a greater share in the government led by Marlborough
The 1702 English general election was the first to be held during the reign of Queen Anne, and was necessitated by the demise of William III. The new government dominated by the Tories gained ground in the election, with the Tory party winning a substantial majority over the Whigs, owing to the popularity of the new monarch and a burst of patriotism following the coronation. Despite this, the government found the new Parliament difficult to manage, as its leading figures Godolphin and Marlborough were not sympathetic to the more extreme Tories. Contests occurred in 89 constituencies in England and Wales.
The English general election, which began in November 1701, produced substantial gains for the Whigs, who enthusiastically supported the war with France. The Tories had been criticised in the press for their ambivalence towards the war, and public opinion had turned against them; they consequently lost ground as a result of the election. Ninety-one constituencies, 34% of the total in England and Wales, were contested.
After the downfall of the Whig Junto during the previous Parliament, King William III had appointed a largely Tory government, which was able to gain ground at the election, exploiting the decline in Whig popularity follow the end of hostilities with France. During the election, the rival East India Companies attempted to secure the election of MPs sympathetic with their interests by interfering in the electoral process to some extent in at least 86 constituencies. Contests were held in 92 of the constituencies, just over a third of the total. The new Parliament lasted less than a year, and its proceedings were dominated by the attempt to confer the succession of the Crown on the House of Hanover.
After the conclusion of the 1698 English general election the government led by the Whig Junto believed it had held its ground against the opposition. Over the previous few years, divisions had emerged within the Whig party between the 'court' supporters of the junto and the 'country' faction, who disliked the royal prerogative, were concerned about governmental corruption, and opposed a standing army. Some contests were therefore between candidates representing 'court' and 'country', rather than Whig and Tory. The Whigs made gains in the counties and in small boroughs, but not in the larger urban constituencies. After Parliament was dissolved on 7 July 1698, voting began on 19 July 1698 and continued until 10 August, with an order directing the new House of Commons to meet on 24 August 1698.
The 1695 English general election was the first to be held under the terms of the Triennial Act 1694, which required parliament to be dissolved and fresh elections called at least every three years. This measure helped to fuel partisan rivalry over the coming decades, with the electorate in a constant state of excitement and the Whigs and Tories continually trying to gain the upper hand. Despite the potential for manipulation of the electorate, as was seen under Robert Walpole and his successors, with general elections held an average of every other year, and local and central government positions frequently changing hands between parties, it was impossible for any party or government to be certain of electoral success in the period after 1694, and election results were consequently genuinely representative of the views of at least the section of the population able to vote.
The 1690 English general election occurred after the dissolution of the Convention Parliament summoned in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution, and saw the partisan feuds in that parliament continue in the constituencies. The Tories made significant gains against their opponents, particularly in the contested counties and boroughs, as the electorate saw the Whigs increasingly as a source of instability and a threat to the Church of England.